Unqulo lwaseRashiya. Inkolo kaRhulumente kunye nezinye iinkonzo zaseRashiya zamanje

Kweli nqaku siza kuphendula umbuzo oko unqulo eRashiya khona. inkolo Russian kuyinto isethi yeentshukumo zonqulo, uhlanganiswa kumazwe Russian. Njengelizwe wempangelo, uMgaqo-siseko uchaza Russia, esebenza ukususela 1993.

Yintoni inkululeko yonqulo? Umgaqo-siseko ngowona uxwebhu kuqinisekisa ulongamo nonqulo, kunye nenkululeko yesazela. Inika ilungelo abathi ngamnye okanye ngokudibeneyo kunye nabanye, inkolelo okanye ukukholelwa nantoni na. Ngesi xwebhu, ungenza ngokukhululekileyo ukunyusa, khetha ukuba iinkolelo zonqulo kunye namanye, ukuze isebenze ngokungqinelana nawo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umthetho federal ngoSeptemba 26, 1997 № 125-P "On namanye zonqulo nenkululeko yesazela," usiqinisekisa "lokulingana phambi komthetho; nokuba iimbono kunye nesimo sengqondo wokholo."

ERashiya, akukho umzimba karhulumente federal ezithile ukubeka esweni ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho nemibutho yezenkolo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eSoviet Union phantsi iBhunga labaPhathiswa leBhunga wayekho weMicimbi Religious.

izivumo esiSiseko, kubonakala eRashiya, zezi: ubuBhuda, Islam kunye ubuKristu (ubuProtestanti, kobuOthodoki ubuKatolika). Ngelo xesha inxalenye elinye labemi Russian kuThixo akakholwa.

inani ethembekile

Yintoni ubungqina ntoni na uThixo? Singathanda ukunixelela ukuba ubungqina beNkosi izinto ayiboneleli: isenzo nokuba unayo okanye awuzukuba ukholo. Kwi-Russian Federation ngoku akukho manani ubulungu ezisemthethweni kwizakhiwo nabamhlonelayo uThixo; umthetho uyakwalela ukuba ukufumanisa ukusuka abemi kuyiphi inkolo. Ngenxa yokoyika abantu baseRashiya 'kaThixo uyakwazi ukuthetha kuphela emva kokufunda iziphumo ngophengululo lwezenhlalo yabemi.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i data iziganeko ezinjalo ezimbini. Ngokomzekelo, xa kukho ikhwizi phezu 2007 ROC wavakalisa ukuba abalandeli ayo malunga nezigidi ezingama-120 abantu Russian. Yaye iinkokeli Islam ngelo xesha babekholelwa ukuba lizwe likhaya 13 no-49 million Muslims. Kodwa Russia kuyo ahlala imiphefumlo yezigidi kuphela 144! Ngenxa yoko, omnye amahlelo engazibaxi kakhulu udumo lwayo.

Ngo-Agasti 2012 Inkonzo "bume" wayekholelwa bonke-Russian uphando "Atlas beentlanga neenkolo" kwimimandla Russian 79 out of 83. Nazi ufumene into:

• million 58.8 (okanye 41%) babahlali kuba kwiCawa yobuOthodoki Russian (amaKristu Orthodox).
• million 9.4 Abantu (okanye 6.5% ekhulwini) bakholelwa e Islam (kubandakanywa Shiites, Sunnis nabo njengamakholwa akukho Shiite okanye Cartoon).
• million 5.9 (okanye 4.1%) abahlali ngamaKristu, kodwa ungawuqwalaseli ngokwabo akukho namaKatolika okanye Orthodox okanye amaProtestanti.
• million 2.1 (1.5%) abahlala Orthodox, kodwa Ritualists Old kwaye ndingenguye ROC.
• million 1.7 (okanye 1.2%) ukuziveza unqulo classical wookhokho babo, ukuba amandla endalo kunye noothixo ezahlukeneyo.
• 0.4% (okanye 700,000) abahlala dha (Tibetan ngokuqhelekileyo).
• 0.2% (okanye 350,000) ezi Ritualists Old abantu.
• 0.2% (okanye 350,000) abantu bazibiza amaProtestanti (amaLuthere, umBhaptizi, iTshetshi, abavangeli).
• Okanye 0.1% (170 000) abazibiza ngokuba iinkolo Mpuma kunye nezenzo zokomoya (i Hare Krishnas kunye amaHindu).
• 0.1% (okanye 170,000) bazibiza yamaKatolika.
• 170,000 (okanye 0.1%) bangamaYuda.
• million 36 (okanye 25%) abantu abakholelwa kuThixo, kodwa musa ukuziveza inkolo ethile.
• 18 million (okanye 13%) abazange bakholwe eNkosini.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngoJulayi 2012, inkonzo 'Ilizwi Runet "kwaqhutywa uphando apho kuye kwacaca ukuba uThixo aboyika ezi 67% iindwendwe kwi Internet Russian elithetha.

Uphando yi Levada Centre, kwenziwa ngoNovemba 2012 lwabonisa ukuba ipesenteji amakholwa baseRashiya zasasazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Orthodox - 74%.
• AmaProtestanti - 1%.
• UbuKatolika - 1%.
• Kubukho - 5%.
• Nqabile ukuphendula - 0%.
• Islam - 7%.
• Judaism - 1%.
• UbuHindu - <1%.
• Buddhism - <1%.
• Abanye - <1%.
• Kunzima ukuphendula - 2%.
• Ayikho inkolo - 10%.

Ulwazi malunga FOM ngoJuni 2013 ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• In - 64%.
• Abatsho ngokwabo bogolyubtsami 25%.
• Ezinye Christian (Uniats amaProtestanti, amaKatolika, amaBhaptizi et al.) - 1%.
• Ezinye iinkolelo - 1%.
• Islam - 6%.
• Kulukhuni ukuba bathi, akanako igama mvaba ethile - 4%.

ubuKristu Russian

Religion eRashiya, njengokuba ubona, waba ngokubanzi. UbuKristu imelwe ezintathu ezingundoqo: Orthodox, Protestantism kunye ubuKatolika. Kweli lizwe, kukho kwakhona abalandeli iindidi ezintsha iimvaba zamaKristu, amahlelo kunye emahlelweni.

yenkolelo

Vuma, inkolo eRashiya bandile. Makhe sizame namhlanje ukuze bafunde Orthodox. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uMthetho RSFSR 1990 (Oktobha 25) indawo yayo yathathwa yi-Federal uMthetho 1997 (yomhla we-Septemba 26) №125-FZ "On namanye zonqulo nenkululeko yesazela." Inxalenye okuvula iqulethe ukwamkelwa lunalo 'indima enkulu yamaKristu kwimbali Russia. "

Orthodox yaseRussia limelwe Orthodox Russian Church, Old Likholwa imibutho ', kwakunye inani elikhulu ezizezinye (non-canon) izakhiwo zamaKristu yesiko Russian.

Ngokubanzi, iCawa Orthodox Russian yeyona nkolo likhulu kumazwe Russian. Church Orthodox Russian iqwalasela ngokwayo ngokwembali uluntu lokuqala Russian abangamaKristu: ngokusemthethweni umgaqo karhulumente wayelele phantsi 988 ngu St. Prince Vladimir, ngokutsho historiography lusekiwe.

Ngokutsho inkokeli "Russian Movement Public",-nzulu yezopolitiko Svyatenkova uPawulos (January 2009), ROC de facto ikwimeko encomekayo eyodwa kuluntu lwanamhlanje Russian kunye nobomi kwezopolitiko.

Popularization Orthodox e Russia

kwande njani inkolelo eRashiya? Ngo March 2010, VTsIOM vo kazwelonke lwenziwa, emva koko i data, 75% yabantu bazichaze ukuba bangamaKristu Orthodox. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba 54% kuphela kubo sasifunda iBhayibhile, malunga 73% of amaKristu agcine mbono zonqulo.

Tarusin Mihail Askoldovich, ngubani waba yintloko Sociology iSebe i-Institute of yoyilo esihlanganyelweyo, ukholelwa ukuba le nkcazelo akazange abonise nto. Wathi ukuba la manani manani nje ungubani yelo xesha Russian yesizwe. Xa sicingela ukuba abantu Orthodox amaxesha ubuncinane isibini ngonyaka ngokuthatha inxaxheba amiswa lobudlelane nokuvuma, ukuba kukho 18-20% kuphela.

Abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuba vo zoluntu zibonisa ukuba inani olungathethekiyo amakholwa ngokuba ngamaKristu Orthodox ngokwabo ngokusekelwe imvumelwano yesizwe.

ubuKatolika

Ngoko ke uThixo okanye akunjalo? Nabani na angenise ubungqina? UThixo kuba akukho namnye wakha wambona. Ukanti ngokwembali Latin ubuKristu amazwe nokuxubana zasempumalanga ababekho nokuzalwa Kievan Rus. Amaxesha amaninzi, abalawuli karhulumente Russian batshintsha isimo kwayo amaKatolika: unokuyala okanye kakuhle ifunyenwe. Namhlanje uluntu yamaKatolika eRashiya iquka amakhulu amawaka amakholwa.

Siyazi ukuba ngo-1917 bawugqiba Oktobha Revolution eRashiya, kodwa iicawa yamaKatolika ixesha elithile waqhubeka ukusebenza ngokukhululekileyo. Sekunjalo, urhulumente waseSoviet ekuqaleni le-20 ukuya ukuphelisa le nkolelo eRashiya. Ngelo xesha iingxaki baye badutyulwa bambamba ababingeleli ezininzi zamaKatolika, ziphangwe, wavala phantse zonke iitempile. A nobuninzi kwamalungu asebenzayo aye zinganakwa kwaye bagxothwa. Xa RSFSR iicawa yamaKatolika ezimbini kuphela wenza emva IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic: Lady Lwethu Lourdes (iLeningrad) ne St Louis (eMoscow).

Umfanekiso kaKristu akasishiyanga eRashiya, yaye ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-1990, amaKatolika aqala imisebenzi yabo eRashiya. Kwakukho ezimbini Ulawulo Apostolic Catholic of isiko Latin yamaKatolika College of Theology kunye Spiritual Seminary ngaphezulu.

INkonzo Registration Federal ngoDisemba 2006 ingxelo ukuba iRussia malunga 230 mabandla, ikota yayo na izakhiwo zetempile. Kwengeniso akumi dioceses ezine, kunye simanyene ombaxa.

Ngo-1996, amaKatolika Russian, kwakukho phakathi-200 ne-500 lamawaka imiphefumlo.

UbuProtestanti

Inani obuProtestante eRashiya R. N. Lunkin uqikelela abantu abazizigidi ezithathu (2014). Kuvakala ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha zazo inani elikhulu amarhamente neecawa neopyatidesyatnicheskih bakwaMoya. Kuba nezinye iimvaba eziphambili zamaProtestanti amashumi amawaka abantu abathembekileyo: amaBhaptizi, amaLuthere, evangelicals kunye Adventist.

Ngokutsho Ministry of Justice inani ngokusesikweni imibutho yenkolo amaProtestanti kweli lizwe kwindawo yesibini, emva kuphela Orthodox. Hi ndlela leyi, amaProtestanti kwi iVolga kunye North Caucasus Federal Districts kwakhona ngaphantsi amaSilamsi kwisithili Far East ibeka kuqala.

enye

Umfanekiso kaKristu kunye yonqulo yamaNgqina kaYehova. Inani labo eRashiya ngo-2013 yaba umlinganiselo 164.187 abashumayeli esebenzayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba malunga 4988 baseRashiya babhaptizwa ngowe-2013, waba liNgqina likaYehova. I-sango-2013, abantu 283.221 batyelela. ERashiya, kukho kwakhona iqela ubuKristu yokomoya, apho Molokans kunye Doukhobors.

Islam

Amagama oothixo behlabathi yamandulo phantse ulibele. Namhlanje, malunga nezigidi ezisi-8 amaSilamsi eRashiya. ICandelo Muslim Spiritual inxalenye yaseYurophu ye-Russian Federation ithi ukuba ummandla beli lizwe uhlala malunga nezigidi mabini ngabalandeli Islam.

Uninzi, Kakade, uzibiza Muslims "yobuhlanga". Abayi ukuzalisekisa iimfuno womgaqo kwaye bazijonge kuyo ngenxa yesithethe okanye kwindawo yokuhlala (Tatarstan, Bashkorostan). ECaucasus, uluntu banamandla ngaphezulu (ummandla lamaKristu North Ossetia yinto ngaphandle).

A lot of AmaSilamsi Angema kulaa mmandla iVolga-Urals, eSt Petersburg, eMoscow, le North Caucasus kunye Western eSiberia.

ubuJuda

Vuma izizwe inkolo umdla gqitha ukufunda. Makhe sibone ukuba kwenzeke njani abantu abaninzi Russian Federation iwonga kubuYuda. 1.5 million amaYuda Iyonke eRashiya kukhona. Russian Federation of Uluntu yamaYuda (FJC) uchaza ukuba amaYuda ahlala 500 lamawaka, lo gama eSt Petersburg, eMoscow - amawaka 170. In Russia, iye malunga 70 zesikhungu.

FJC isebenza ngexesha elinye nelinye manyano enkulu yoluntu zonqulo zamaYuda - i-Congress of imibutho zonqulo zamaYuda kunye nemibutho Russia.

2002 ubalo ithi ukuba ngokusesikweni 233.439 amaYuda ahlala eRashiya.

Buddhism

Iinkolelo unqulo ifundwe ngonaphakade. Kuba ezinye iingingqi zemveli Buddhism Russian? Yena kwande e Buryatia, Kalmykia kunye yaseTuva. Dha Association of Russia iqikelela ukuba inani labantu abanqula Buddha, ephakathi-1.5 no-2 million.

Ngokubanzi, inani "yobuhlanga" obuBhuda Russia (ngokutsho ulwazi malunga abemi zobalo ngo-2012) ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i Kalmyks - 174 amawaka abantu, Buryats - 445 000, yaseTuva - 243 amawaka abantu. Iyonke imiphefumlo malunga 900 namawaka bebefudula abazibiza ngokuba Tibetan ubuBhuda lesikolo Gelugpa.

Kwiminyaka 90 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Zen kunye Tibetan nobuBhuda wazuza kuthandwa omkhulu phakathi nezazi ezidolophini. Ngaloo mihla, kwakukho uluntu nokuba ezichaphazelekayo.

E St. Petersburg ibandla kakhulu kumantla dha ehlabathini. Yayakhelwe phambi revolution Petrograd ( "Datsan Gunzechoyney"). Namhlanje i - umkhenkethi kunye neziko yonqulo inkcubeko dha.

Ezinye iintlobo zonqulo zobuhedeni

Ubukho likaThixo bungqinelwa inzululwazi, kodwa ke abantu bomthonyama eFar Mpuma kunye nemimandla zaseSiberia kwi efanayo ixesha babethi ngokusesikweni Orthodox sigcina bokuqonda Bogolyubov zemveli. Ezinye Finno-Ugric izizwe (Udmurtia, Mari kunye nabanye) njengoko bamhlonelayo zinkolelo yamandulo.

iinkolelo zabo zixhomekeke ekulondolozweni lweziqalelo zemveli lubonakala njengoko Orthodox okanye nemilingo ethandwayo. Kwenzeka ukuba, igama elithi "abantu ayencokola" uyakwazi bagqitywe kwaye kuninzi baseRashiya, ingakumbi ezilalini.

Amagama oothixo ukusebenza umlingo wabo. Ngoko ke, abaninzi abantu Russia ozama ukuvuselela iinkolelo zesithethe. Ngo-2013, isevisi yokwenza "ngoLwesithathu" wazimisela ukuba abahedeni bazibiza 1.5% yabantu baseRashiya. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, zonke iintshukumo zonqulo olu hlobo zibizwa ngokuba "neo-ubuhedeni".

Xa ezidolophini nasezilokishini, ukongeza iinkolelo lusekiwe, ezomculo iintshukumo ezintsha zonqulo empuma (Tantrism, njalo njalo. D.), The ubugqi kunye Neo-Yobuhedeni (Rodnoverie njalo njalo D..) Ukweyisela.

State and Religion

Inkululeko unqulo ixabiso omkhulu naliphi na ilizwe. NgokoMgaqo-siseko we-Russian Federation kuba lilizwe wengqesho apho ayikwazi ukuba mandatory okanye yoluntu akukho nkolo enye. In Russian mihla mkhuba evelele ilizwe clericalization - ukusekwa okuthe imodeli kunye zonqulo.

Ukuziqhelisa, eRashiya akanayo umgca ecacileyo kwemida phakathi kukarhulumente kunye nemigaqo, apho ubomi uluntu iqala ize iphele nge confessional.

Hi ndlela leyi, ilungu leKhomishini of Sciences yokulwa ukuguqula imifuniselo yezenzululwazi kunye mbumbulu V. Kuvakin ikholelwa ukuba iinkokeli langoku eRashiya yenza impazamo enkulu yembali izama ukutyhila ibe unqulo Orthodox karhulumente. Eneneni, izenzo ezinjalo zichasene-siseko.

clericalization

Sonke siyazi ukuba uMdali omkhulu iphela! Inkolo bawo zonke iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. Izakufunyanwa kwezo ndawo apho, phantsi kwe siseko, bahlukane nokholo ezikolweni, emkhosini, ii-arhente zikarhulumente, ezenzululwazi kunye nemfundo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uDuma State livumile kunye labefundisi of eMoscow ukuqhuba iindibano yokuqala kuzo zonke izibalo, amathandabuzo lutsha. Kwizikolo Russian, abafundi baqala ukufunda izisekelo neenkcubeko zonqulo, kukho "kwemfundiso" ekhethekileyo kwezinye iiyunivesithi.

Kombutho semkhosini ziye zaziswa kwindawo entsha - Umfundisi (Umfundisi). Inani elikhulu zamasebe, zabaphathiswa,-arhente urhulumente iitempile yayo. Amaxesha amaninzi kukho khona amabhunga oluntu, ezifikelela imiba yonqulo kwezi imisebenzi.

Armenia

Kwaye makhe sihlolisise inkolo Armenia. Kuthetha ntoni amele? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uninzi Armenia - amaKristu bazibiza abalandeli Armenian Apostolic Church. Kweli lizwe, ubuKristu wabonakala BC I leminyaka. e. Kungelo xesha awathi uKristu wayeshumayela apha Abapostile nguBhartolomeyu kunye Thaddeus, abo kuthiwe abaxhasi Apostolic Armenian Church.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane IV (umhla yemveli iminyaka 301), ukumkani Trdat III wathi ubuKristu unqulo karhulumente. Oku yindlela Armenia waba urhulumente lokuqala lamaKristu ehlabathini.

Ukholo, Orthodox yinxalenye phantse yonke Armenian. Ngoko ke, ukuba ubalo-2011 abemi Armenia ithi ukuba ubuKristu amahlelo ezahlukeneyo kwi-State othi umphefumlo 2858741. Lo mzobo ubonisa ukuba eli lizwe ekhaya ukuya 98,67% kubantu-owoyika uThixo.

Religion Armenia ngokwahlukileyo: 29.280 amakholwa banqula Armenian Evangelical Church 13 843 - yamaKatolika Church Armenian, 8695 abazibiza ngokuba ngamaNgqina kaYehova, 7532 ababezibiza Orthodox (halkadonitami), 2872 - Molokans.

Hi ndlela leyi, Apostolic Armenian Church phakathi amabandla Orthodox Oriental. Ezi ziquka: i-Coptic, Eritrea, elingumTiyopiya, Eyijenti yeMpilo ne waseSiriya.

Yezidism

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kukho inkululeko yonqulo eArmenia. Eli lizwe lilikhaya 25.204 Yezidis mxhasi (phantse-1% yabemi kwimo abangcwele). Oku ikakhulu Kurds. Bahlala emizaneni zeArarati entilini, kancinane kumntla-ntshona Yerevan. Temple 'Ziarat' sivulwe ngobume kummandla Armavir Septemba 29, 2012.

He kubhekwa itempile sokuqala esakhiwe amazwe kumntla Iraq - zezabelo wokuqala Yezidis. Umnqophiso walo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno yokomoya Yezidis eArmenia.

ubuJuda

UThixo - uMdali zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni. Le mbono kwabelwana ngabo onke amakholwa, ukuze abe nantoni na unqulo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba eArmenia apho phezulu ukuya ku-3 amawakawaka amaYuda, ngubani ikakhulu abahlala Yerevan.

Islam

inkolo yobuKristu Armenian saxoxa. Ke owamkela Islam kweli lizwe? Siyazi ukuba le mfundiso ababezibiza Kurds, Azeri, amaPersi, Armenia kunye nezinye izizwe. Yerevan ngakumbi kuba Muslims yakha mosque.

Namhlanje, kweli lizwe Muslim oluntu nokusungula kuquka imiphefumlo amakhulu eziliqela, inkoliso yabo Angema kulaa mmandla Abovyan. Ezinye Azerbaijan Muslim ohlala imida ezisemantla nasempuma neArmenia ezilalini. Ngokubanzi e Yerevan malunga eliwaka amaSilamsi - Kurds, abantu kuMbindi Mpuma, yamaPersi omama 1,500 Armenian yokuguqulela Islam.

Neopaganism

Ngaba udiniwe kodwa ukuhlola esingenasiphelo izizwe inkolo? Ngoko, siqhubeka ukuncothula le esinomdla isihloko. 2011 Ubalo ibonisa ukuba eArmenia kuphila 5434 lweli ubuhedeni.

yenkolo Neopagan ekuthiwa getanizmom. It recreates emisiwe ukholo langaphambi kobuKristu Armenian. Getanizm wasungula Armenology nikunqena Kakosyan ngokusekelwe imisebenzi Garegin Nzhdeh - ubuzwe odumileyo Armenian.

Neopagan ngamaxesha onke amasiko lwenziwa etempileni Garni. Uluntu Armenian yi umbingeleli yobuhedeni Petrosyan Zograb. Inani elithile abalandeli yale ukholo akukho bani owaziyo. Ngokubanzi, i Neopaganism ethandwayo Armenian, njengoko umthetho, phakathi abalandeli ultra-ekunene nemisinga ubuzwe.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba gitanistami ingqalelo ngokwabo ezaziwayo-kakuhle umgaqo-Armenia Ashot Navasardyan (waliseka sigqibo Armenian Republican Party) kunye Margaryan Andranik (owayesakuba iinkulumbuso).

Inkululeko inkolelo eRashiya

Iinkolelo kunye nenkolo yabantu Russian kwenze koMlawuli Nicholas II ngo-1905 (17 Apreli) lokukhupha umthetho ngenxa igama yeeNgwevu Ephakamileyo. Le ummiselo etha kwi ukumanywa imithombo ukunyamezelana zonqulo. Yiyo le phepha okokuqala kwimbali weRashiya wathi ngokusemthethweni kuphela amalungelo nenkululeko inkolelo abantu non-Orthodox zokholo, kodwa umisela ukuba isivuno kwezinye iinkolelo zayo akayi kutshutshiswa. Ukongeza, ukumkani amakholwa Endala kunye suschestvovashie ngokomthetho wazibhukuqa ukuvalwa ngaphambili kunye nezithintelo nezinye iimvaba zamaKristu.

umthetho Religion ucacisa ukuba unqulo January 20, 1918 eRashiya ngumbandela labucala. Kwaba njalo wavakalisa umthetho leBhunga Abantu Commissars le RSFSR.

A siseko Russian (Indima 2, Inqaku le-14) uthi:

• Russia lilizwe yehlabathi. Akukho nkolo kujongwe apha nje mandatory okanye yoluntu.
• neenkolo zohlukile kurhulumente kunye bayalingana phambi komthetho. Federal uMthetho "On namanye zonqulo nenkululeko yesazela" ngo-1997, ebhalwe i "indima ebaluleke Orthodox kwimbali Russian ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko yalo kunye ngokomoya."

Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku iye yakunceda ufumane uluvo jikelele amahlelo Russian.