Epetroli ayitshi

olingene ayitshi iqulethe ilothe tetraethyl, nto leyo yikhompawundi organometallic eziyityhefu umlinganiswa. Ngaphambili, oko kusetyenziswa isongezo anti-kunkqonkqozwa zokubasa, kwaye injongo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukunyusa inani octane.

Antiknock isiphumo compound yavulwa «General Motors» izazinzulu American le nkampani ngo-1921. UThomas Midgley, bazi kakuhle iimpawu ezinobungozi yokukhokela nghena ipetroli ayitshi, ecetywayo endaweni igama elithi "bakhokelayo" kwi ngaphantsi aqondwe ngabantu abaninzi, igama elithi "methyl". Akuzange kube kudala, yaye imiphumo ebuhlungu yalo fyabo baqala ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo abasebenza kule nkampani "Motors General". abagula ngengqondo kunye nezifo ezinxulumene baqala ukubathwala ubomi babantu nasekugqibeleni atshabalalise impilo yabasebenzi. Noko ke, uninzi yenziwe kwi US ipetroli eziqulathwe bakhokele.

Kule novalo kwexesha - ngamahlanu ekuqaleni indlela eziyingozi ayitshi ipetroli kakhulu bathetha zonke eqongeni, kodwa ngenxa ikukugayela olomeleleyo nabavelisi baso akwazi ukuphatha ukuvimbela yokuba kuveliswe le ityhefu. Kuphela ngo-1972 uvalwe ngokusetyenziswa tetraethyl ilothe, kodwa kwathatha iminyaka eliqela phambi kokuba wakwazi endaweni ngokupheleleyo imarike. Ngowe-1986, imveliso amafutha, equlethe kwayo yokukhokela ukubunjwa tetraethyl yaqaliswa phandle. Yaqala kwakhona hlanga American: Amanqanaba elikhokelayo igazi labemi lehle nge-78% ngo-1994 xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka 1978. Yaba ngoloyiso ingqiqo phezu imali ngumzekelo.

olingene ayitshi sele inikezelwe kakhulu eSoviet Union. Kule 80 lwekhulu ophelileyo yaqalisa eli ligatya ukusetyenziswa tetraethyl ilothe, leyo eyaphela ngo-2003. January 1, 2000 ngomhla kummandla lwamazwe ngaphandle EU, uye wavalwa ngokupheleleyo ipetroli ayitshi. China washiya ukusetyenziswa tetraethyl phambili ngo-2001. Njengangoku, uninzi ndingenguye owehlabathi uvelisa iziyobisi. Kwi-UK, qhubeka ukukhulula imali encinci, kusetyenziswa isongezo, ukuba sibaso iimoto imidyarho, kodwa imveliso yawo kunye nokusetyenziswa akukho nzuzo ngenxa irhafu eliphezulu kakhulu akumiselweyo abenzi. Tetraethyl luqhutyelwe phambili kangangoko ukusetyenziswa kumazwe aliqela ngokwaneleyo ngenxa cheapness kwemveliso yawo. La mazwe ziquka Afghanistan, Yemen, North Korea kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi.

Namhlanje ehlabathini oluphucukileyo bazama ukusebenzisa ipetroli unleaded, oluqulathe tetraethyl ilothe, aluchaphazeli impilo yabantu, yaye akayi kungqubana bume. Ukuphucula umgangatho zepetroli, oko ibhalwa ongeziweyo ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye nokunciphisa ipesenti umxholo ezikhutshwayo eziyingozi (isalfure, aromatics , njalo njalo. P.). olingene Unleaded kufuneka siqulathe nentlaka kanye xi ukuchophela (akukho mg ngaphezulu kwe-5 100 cm3 nganye). Kwakhona, ipetroli kufuneka ziyahluleka ngo xi engumphunga ifumile kunye nokwakheka iqhezu. Eyona engcono ingabizi kakhulu elolu hlobo ukuba izithuthi kuthathwa ukuba abe A-98.

Le olingene iqulathe amacandelo, ezithi zaveliswa ngenxa ezahlukeneyo neenkqubo zokuvelisa. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, ngqo neyanamhlanje yeoli, ezo nokuqhekeka ekujonganeni ka zokuphosa oguqukayo, oyile negesi hydrocracking lwepolitiki, kunye nezinye iindlela kunye namacebo.

Ukwakheka olingene akuxhomekekanga kuphela indlela imveliso yawo, kodwa kude uphawu. Uphakamile ke inombolo octane, ayanda umgangatho zepetroli. Olingene A-95 iye yokusebenza ngaphezu A-92 petrol. Aviation amafutha has inombolo octane ngaphezu endleleni, ngenxa yokuba iimfuno kubo liphezulu.