Ukuphunyezwa ukuphunyezwa kwesijeziso

Kwixesha eliphambi kwePetrine, izigwenxa zaseRashiya zahlwayelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wecala, ngaphezu kokubanjwa kwenkululeko, baxoshwa ngamakha, batshisa igama elithi "isela" ngesinyithi eshushu ebunzini labo, banqumla isandla sokunene apho ubusela bubekwe khona. Kwiimeko ezizodwa, umgcini we-villain wanikela ngokufa okuhlazolayo kwi-scaffold, wenza isenzo sobulungisa kwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Umlawuli-uguquleli washiya indlela yokwenza ukuba izityholo zenzeke ngokungazitshintshiyo, kwakuhambelana nemilinganiselo yaseYurophu, kodwa yaguqula igama le nkqubo.

Leli lizwi lavela phi?

Intsingiselo ecacileyo yegama elithi "ukuphunyezwa" ayithethi nto. Inguqulelo yakhe esuka kwisiLatini ihambelana namazwi aseRashiya athi "ukubulawa" okanye "ukusebenza." Nangona kunjalo, umongo wokusetyenziswa kweli gama elisemthethweni linike le ngcamango intsingiselo ebunzima. Ummangalelwa, ukuphunyezwa kwesivakalisi akuzange kube kuhle. Eyona ndlela, ijeziso esinobuqhophololo luya kuba, lubi kakhulu, ukuba umbulali unqunywe okanye unxiliswe, kwaye kuya kuba kubi xa intloko iwela kwi-scaffold okanye entanyeni.

Leli gama lisidlulisela ngelifa kwi-Roman jurisprudence yasendulo. Isikhundla somenzi-mthetho asihambisani nemisebenzi yomenzi, kodwa ngokucacileyo kwaye wayigqiba ngokucacileyo umlinganiselo wecala, uhlalutya kwiimeko zenzeke uphando, kwaye wazimisela isijeziso esimele senziwe. Le ngcali kwizinto zomthetho nezohlwayo zijongene nazo zonke iinkqubo, kwaye emva kokugqitywa kwayo zathi: "Uphando luphelile". Emva koko wanezela ngokukhawuleza: "Khumbula."

Ukubukela ukuphunyezwa, i-yawn ayikufanelekanga

Ukusetyenziswa koluntu kusekwa ngamanye amaxesha kuthathwa njengesicatshulwa esiqhekezayo inkohlakalo nokusela. Kwamanye amazwe, ukugwetywa kwezivakalisi zokufa kukwasasazwa kumabonwakude, ukuvuselela abaphangi kunye nabathathi-thola. Mhlawumbi uloyiko lunjalo kwaye luyakwazi ukubamba, kodwa njengomthetho, umphumo ubonakaliswa ukwanda kwenani lentlawulo, okwenza ukuba ixhomekeke ekubandezelekeni kokuziphatha kwamagosa angonakaliyo. Kwaye kwimeko ephakathi kweYurophu, kwaphawula ukuba kwakukho ukubulawa kwabantu emagqatsheni amasela abonakalisa umsebenzi omkhulu, ukusika izikhwama zabo kunye nokugubungela kwiipokotshi zabo, abakhangela ezinye izandla ukuba zihlulwe.

Ukusetyenziswa njengendlela yokufundisa

Ngoko, ukuphunyezwa kukusetyenziswa kwexesha elilodwa kwisigqibo segosa eligunyazisiweyo. Le nkcazo ibalulekile, ekubeni ukuthunyelwa entolongweni okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni kwakungabizwa ngaloo ndlela. Kwiintsuku zakudala, ubunzima bezohlwayo akuzange kubandakanyeke, ukungaqiniseki kwayo nokubaluleka kwakubalulekile. Phakathi kokuthotyelwa kwesigqibo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo kumaziko emfundo, umzekelo, yayisithuba esincinane sexesha. Ngesinye kuphela, kwimeko yePasika kaKristu, ngokuya khumbula umfundi owayengumfundi waseBursa Pomyalovsky, ukugqitywa kweentonga kwahlehliswa (kodwa akupheliswa). Akunakulungelelanisi iindlela zokudala ezinokuthi zingaphandle kwexesha, umntu akanakunceda kodwa uqaphele ukuba zinefuthe elifanelekileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo. Abantu abanemfundo emine ye-parochial baphelelwe kakuhle ngemisebenzi yabasebenzi bee-commissars kwiminyaka yokuqala yamaSoviet, izinga lolwazi livumelekile. ENgilani, ngendlela, isihlwayo sesikolo sasisesikweni saphela kuphela kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60 e-XX leminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kukaMichael Gove, uNobhala weeNgingqi waseBrithani wezeMfundo, akwenziwanga ize. Ucebisa ukuba ungene kwakhona.

Ukwenziwa koyiko kulwaphulo lwabantu

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, imigaqo emitsha yayisetyenziswe ngokubanzi, ichaza iintlobo zolwaphulo mthetho phambi komntu: ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuQothulwa kweNkqantosi kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukubulawa. Eli gama lithetha ukubulawa kwabantu abanzi ukuze babatshitshise. Uloyiko olubhekiselele kubemi beemimandla ebekwe kuyo lusetyenziswe ngamagumbi okugweba aseJalimane, amabutho ahlangeneyo eHitler aseJamani kunye namaqumrhu kazwelonke ama-SS athathwe kwiingxaki. Ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga okwenzakalayo kwenziwa eLviv ngeBattalion yaseNachtigal, eKieya amashumi amawaka wabemi baseSoviet adutshulwa waza wangcwatywa eBhab Yar ngeentsebenziswano, e-Odessa, abahlali baseRomania baxhomekeka kwizitrato ezisemaphandleni zesixeko kunye nezidumbu zabathinjwa. Ininzi yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaye lwabonakala ngexesha lokulingwa kwezigwenxa zamaNazi eNuremberg.

Ukwenziwa koqoqosho lwemihla

Kodwa eli gama linesimo esahlukileyo, esinokuthula, nangona sithandekayo kubahlali abaninzi. Namhlanje emazweni aseYurophu, ukubulawa kukunyanzeliswa kwepropathi ngenjongo yokulimala. Ipropati inqatshelwe kwiintlawulo zabangenakuthengisa kwaye ithengiswa kwintengiso, kwaye i-income iya kubakhokelela kubathengi. Izenzo ezifanayo ziyenziwa kwilizwe lethu, kwaye xa umsizi wesikhalazo egosa emnyango kwaye unesigqeba (executio!) Ishicilelo esandleni sakhe, abacebisi abanonya bafumana iimvakalelo ezingabikho muntu ongaluthandayo. Ewe, abayi kuthatha kum, kodwa ...