Umphakathi ukuzazi

Imbali wohlulwe iileya ezimbini: kuluntu abangekaphuhli kunye nempucuko. I lokuqala Inqanaba lophuhliso loluntu ngumsebenzi abangekaphuhli odibanisa ubude bexesha kwiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezibini, xa kungekho iimanyano karhulumente, azikabikho mthetho.

Ngaphambi kwalo, uluntu abangekaphuhli lifikile indlela ende yendaleko, apho kwakukho utshintsho umfanekiso walo yentlalo nenkcubeko kunye nezoqoqosho ifowuni. Kukho izigaba ezibini eziphambili oluntu eyayingekaphuhli: eyokuqala - uqoqosho appropriating, okwesibini - uqoqosho nemveliso. Le tshintsho lwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba Neolithic (revolution Neolithic) ngo-8-3 leminyaka BC

Inqanaba lokuqala luphawulwa ukuyilwa bomntu sokuba biosocial. Abantu basebenzisa izixhobo amatye ezilula, baphila ngeendleko ulwabiwo yemveliso zendalo (indibano, ukuloba, kuzingela), bendiphila ubomi abhadulayo, simanyene amaqela asekuhlaleni phantsi kokukhokelwa yinkokeli. Olu hlobo elula ubomi kunye nohlelo lwezentlalo, ebonisa inqanaba elisezantsi ekuphuhlisweni kobudlelwane onemveliso, ezentlalo nezenkcubeko, ngokuba isigaba eyayingekaphuhli okanye uluntu yokuqala. Noko ke, nangona ubomi umbhodamo yangaphakathi zomhlambi, oko ndizilandile nje yokuqala izithethe zentlalo yoluntu nobu-, imithetho, imilinganiselo, kunye nezinye iipatheni zokuziphatha.

neemvakalelo zokwemvelo ziqala ukunika indlela iimbono yentlalo nenkcubeko. Ubudlelwane phakathi qembu olinganayo. Ukusasazwa ukutya kunye nezinye izibonelelo into efanayo. Isiseko sale ukulingana kulingana ngexabiso exchange (njengokutya, izixhobo, nabafazi, njalo njalo). inkokeli yeqela igunya kubonakala imizwa kakhulu. intando yakhe waqonda njengoko umhlambi eqhelekileyo.

Xaka ukwanda nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, utshintsho kubudlelwane zomtshato (ukubonakala exogamy, engavumi imitshato phakathi kwezalamane igazi) kunye Neolithic Revolution kukhokelele ekuveleni usapho kunye clan amaqela. Kwakukho utshintsho lenkomo phezu kuluntu wesizwe, leyo yayisekelwe nomini. ubudlelwane rodoobschinnye wakha bakwazi matriliny okanye imigaqo patrilineal.

Prehistory emva kokuba revolution Neolithic into ngokungenisa ngeenxa elitsha. Abantu baye kuqoqosho ekhobokisayo, nto leyo ebavumela kungekuphela nje ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusinda kwabo, kodwa baqale ukunika enonjongo ngokwabo ukutya kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze siphile. Kuye kube yimfuneko ukuba kutshintsho ukuphila umzimba. Ngokuthe ngcembe, amaqela clan usapho ngamnye liseke ulawulo phezu kwintsimi ethile. sigaba lwasekuqaleni iba inkampani wakhula ngokolandelelwano lwamanani kwaye enxulumene ethile iqela abenzi ndawo. Umbutho elitsha elisekelwe self-government kunye somoregulyatsii.

Kweli nqanaba nophuhliso loluntu eyayingekaphuhli ihambisa kwicandelo fixed yabasebenzi, ukwabiwa kokutya kunye umtshato. Imigaqo ukulingana kunye egalitarianism zisekho. Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, imveliso kunye nokuhanjiswa enokwenziwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwiindima nemisebenzi yamalungu ayo (by ngesondo, ubudala, njalo njalo). Izinto eziluncedo weqela ophethwe nenkokeli yalo. Around naye yayigxile amalungu eqela, owathi, ngenxa iinzuzo elinikwe balibona inkokheli ukuthembeka. Ngoko kwakukho uhlobo pre-karhulumente karhulumente.

Uluntu yezizwe sele zikhona imithetho yokuziphatha sibandakanya onke amalungu eqela lakhe. imigangatho Generic zanxulunyaniswa totems, kuba izandi ezincinane nangqondo. Umyalelo zokusasaza yemveliso luthe kulawulwa, ulawulo phezu kwesi nkqubo ithatha kwi yinkokeli. nobuhlobo Social luphawulwa self-ukulungelelanisa: baxhasa izilangazelelo, iinkolelo zonqulo kunye nezinye nofundiso ixabiso. Kodwa oku akukhethi izithethe uphindaphindo enyanzelekile ukuba kuphuhliswe abantu kwakudala. Xa ukunyhashwa mthetho abangafuniyo kwa ikhatyelwe ngaphandle okanye phantsi ukufa.