Ukukhululwa eMoscow ukusuka izinti 1612

Esinye seziganeko eziguqukayo zembali yaseRussia ngokuzithemba kukukhulula eMoscow kwiipolesi ngo-1612. Kwaye kwagqitywa ngoko ukuba ingaba yindawo yaseRussia. Kunzima ukugqithisa ukubaluleka kwalo mhla kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Makhe sithathe enye ingqwalasela kwesi siganeko esibalulekileyo emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi, kunye nokufumanisa oko inkokeli yemikhosi eyenziwe xa ikhulula eMoscow kwiipolisi ukuphumelela.

Ngaphambili

Kodwa kuqala masifunde ukuba zeziphi iziganeko ezandulela ukukhululwa eMoscow kwiipolisi.

Ukulwa kwePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, eqinisweni ukubambisana koBukumkani basePoland kunye neGrand Duchy yaseLithuania, kwaqala ngombuso waseRashiya ngethuba lika-Ivan loLwesantya. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1558, kwaqhambuka iMfazwe yaseVieton eyaziwayo, ngokulandela injongo yayo yokulawula umhlaba wamaBaltic. Ngowe-1583, imfazwe iphelile ngokusayinwa koxolo, okwakungenakunceda eRashiya. Kodwa ngokubanzi, eli lizwe lokuphikisana phakathi kobukhosi baseRussia kunye nePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ayizange ivumele.

Emva kokufa kukaIvan the Terrible ngo-1584, itrone yaseRashiya yathathwa yonyana wakhe-uFyodor. Kwakuyindoda ebuthathaka kwaye idibeneyo, phantsi kwayo leyo urhulumente wengqobhoko wayebuthathaka kakhulu. Wafa ngowe-1598, eshiya iindlalifa. Umzalwana womfazi kaFyodor waba namandla - umfana uBoris Godunov. Esi siganeko sasineempembelelo ezidabukisayo eRashiya, njengokuba ubukhosi beRurik abantu, babusa umbuso iminyaka engaphezu kwemashumi anesixhenxe, bekuncitshiswa.

Ngaphakathi kobukhosi baseRussia, ukunganeliseki kwakhula kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kaBoris Godunov, ababeninzi babecinga umkhohlisi owabamba igunya ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye ngelo xesha waphawula ukuba wayelele ukufa komntu osemthethweni oyindlalifa ka-Ivan the Terrible.

Iimeko ezinzima ngaphakathi kweli lizwe zazinceda gqitha ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Bakhohlisi

Isikhulu esilawulayo sasePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth sasiqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba imbambano yayo yangaphandle yayinguRhulumente waseRussia. Ngako oko, ukuwa kobukhosi baseRurik kwakumqondiso wokuqala kwamalungiselelo okuhlasela.

Nangona kunjalo, kwimfazwe evulekileyo, uRzeczpospolita ngokwayo yayingakulungele, ngoko ke, ngenxa yokunyusa kwakhe, umkhohlisi uGrigory Otrepiev, owazenza ngathi nguDmitri, wafa ebuntwaneni njengonyana kaIvan the Terrible (ngokweminye inguqulelo, ebulawa ngumyalelo kaBoris Godunov), apho wafumana isiteketiso - Lobuxoki uDmitry.

Umkhosi wobuxoki u-Dmitry wabhalwa ngenkxaso yamaPolish neLithuania, kodwa akazange axhaswe ngokusemthethweni yiPoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Wahlasela ummandla waseRashiya ngo-1604. Kungekudala, uTsar Boris Godunov washona, kunye nendodana yakhe eneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala uFedor akakwazanga ukuququzelela ukukhusela. Umkhosi wasePoland waseGrigory Otrepiev ngo-1605 wathatha uMoscow, kwaye yena ngokwakhe wamemezela uTar Dmitry I. Nangona kunjalo, unyaka olandelayo wabulawa ngenxa yokubhikisha. Ngelo xesha, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yamaPolisi ayefike kunye naye abulawe.

UVasily Shuisky waba nguTsha waseRashiya omtsha, owayengummeli we-Rurikovichs. Kodwa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabantu baseRashiya abazange bamqaphele njengombusi wangempela.

Ngomnyaka we-1607 umkhohlisi omtsha wabonakala kwintsimi yasePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, enegama lakhe langempela. Waya emlandweni njengobuxoki uDmitry II. Wayexhaswa yizikhulu, ezathi zaqala ukuvukela inkosi yasePoland Sigismund III, kodwa yalahleka. Ingqungquthela yomkhohlisi yaba yidolophu yaseTushin, ngenxa yokuba i-False Dmitry II ibizwa ngokuba nguTushinsky isela. Umkhosi wakhe wawunqoba umkhosi wakwaSusky kunye noMoscow.

UVasily Shuisky wazama ukuthetha noTigismund III, ukuze akhumbule izifundo zakhe. Kodwa wayengenalo uqobo, kwaye akazange afune ukukwenza. Emva koko ukumkani waseRashiya wenza ubudlelwane namaSweden. Lo mbambano wawusinceda uncedo lweSweden malunga noFalsdmitry II kwiimeko zokudluliselwa kweminye imizi yaseRashiya eSweden, kunye nesigqibo sokusebenzisana nePoland.

Imfuneko yokulungiselela ukungenelela ePoland

Ingqiqo eyintloko yokuqala kokungenelela kwePolish kwakuyi-Russian Union-Swedish Union. Oku kwanikela isizathu esisemthethweni kwi-Commonwealth ukuvakalisa imfazwe eRussia, njengenye yeenjongo zokubambisana kwakuye ngqo ukulwa nePoland.

Kwi-Rech Pospolitoy ngokwalo xesha kwakukho ukwanda kwamandla obukhosi. Oku kubangelwa kukuba uKumkani Sigismund III ngo-1609 wanciphisa ukuvuswa komntu ongenelisekile, owawuthatha iminyaka emithathu. Ngoku kukho ithuba lokuqhubela kwangaphandle.

Ukongezelela, ukuphikisana kweRussia-Polish akuzange kuphele ngenxa ye-Livonian War, kwaye ukungenelela kwePoland efihliweyo ngendlela yokungaxhasi ngokungafanelekileyo kwabakhohlisi abazange banikezele umphumo.

Le mibandela yaba yintliziyo kwisigqibo sokuhlasela ngokungaqhelekanga impi yasePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth kwintsimi yaseRashiya ukuze ibeke phantsi kolawulo lwayo olupheleleyo. Nguye owamisa ikhonkco zeemeko, iinqhagamshelo zokubanjwa kwe-Russia eyinkunzi yasePolish-Lithuania, kwaye ke inkululeko yeMoscow esuka ePoles.

Ukubanjwa kweMoscow yiPoles

Ekwindla ka-1609 umkhosi wasePoland owaholwa nguHetman Stanislav Zholkevsky wahlasela intsimi yaseRashiya waza wajikeleza uSmolensk. Ehlotyeni ka-1610 banqoba amajoni aseSweden-eSweden ekulweni oluqinileyo kufuphi neKlushino waza waya eMoscow. Ngakolunye uhlangothi uMoscow wazingqingwa ngumkhosi wobuxoki bamanga uDmitry II.

Ngelo xesha, le nkwenkwe yabuyisa uVasily Shuisky yamvalela entolongweni. Bamisa urhulumente owaziwa ngegama leSemiboyarschina. Kodwa iincwecwe ezazisetyenziselwa amandla azizange zithandeke phakathi kwabantu. Basenokulawula kuphela iMoscow. Eyesaba ukuba i-False uDmitriy II eyathandwa kakhulu yayingakwazi ukuthatha amandla, loo nkwenkwe yavuma ukudibana nePoles.

Ngokwesivumelwano, unyana kaKumkani Sigismund III wasePoland, uVladislav waba ngu-Russian tsar, kodwa ngelo xesha wajika waya kwi-Orthodoxy. Ekwindla ka-1610 umkhosi wasePoland wangena eMoscow.

IMigidi yokuqala

Ngaloo ndlela, i-capital yaseRashiya yabanjwa yiPoles. Ukususela kwimini yokuqala yokuhlala kwabo, baqala ukuhlambalaza, okokuthi, ngokwemvelo, kubangele ukungabi namnandi kubemi basekuhlaleni. UHetman Zolkiewski wasuka eMoscow, waza waya ekhosini lasePoland kwisixeko esashiya u-Alexander Gonsevsky.

Ekuqaleni kwe-1611, phantsi kolawulo lukaPrince D. Trubetskoi, I. UZarutsky noP. Lyapunov, okwakuthiwa yi-First Militia yenziwa. Injongo yakhe yayikuqala ukukhululwa kweMoscow kwiipolisi. Amandla amakhulu aloo mkhosi yayinguRyazan kunye noTushino Cossacks.

Umkhosi waya eMoscow. Ngelo xesha, ukuvukela kwenzeka kuloo mzi ngokumelene nabahlali, indima ebonakalayo ekudlalweni nguDmitry Pozharsky, inkokeli yempi yexesha elizayo ekukhululweni eMoscow kwiipolisi.

Ngeli xesha, i-militia yakwazi ukuhlala kwisixeko saseChina, kodwa ukungafani phakathi kwayo kwaholela ekubulaweni kwesinye seenkokheli, i-Procopius Lyapunov. Ngenxa yoko, ama-militia empeleni ahlukene. Injongo yale phulo ayiphumelelanga, kwaye inkululeko yeMoscow evela ePoles ayizange ibe khona.

Ukuqulunqwa koLondolozo lweKhaya lweSibini

Unyaka we-1612 ufikile. Ukukhululwa kweMoscow kwiipolisi kwaba ngumnqweno we-Second Militia. Iqhinga lokudala indalo laphuma kwi-trade and craft class yaseNizhny Novgorod, eyaxinezeleka kakhulu kunye nelahleko ngexesha loPoland. U-Nizhegorodtsy akazange aqonde amandla enkcazelo yoBuxoki uDmitry II okanye uVladislav Zhigmontovich - isikhulu sasePoland.

Enye yeendima eziphambili ekudalweni kweMidiya yesiBili yesiBili yadlalwa nguZuzma Minin, owayephethe isikhundla somdala wezemstvo. Wabiza abantu ukuba bahlangane nomzabalazo wabemi. Kwixesha elizayo, waba udumo njengenkokeli yempi ekukhululweni kweMoscow kwiPoles kunye neqhawe likazwelonke. Emva koko uVucma Minin wayengumculi olula okwazi ukuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi ababethelela kwi-call yakhe kuNizhny Novgorod evela kwezinye iindawo zaseRashiya.

Phakathi kwabafikile kwakuyiNkosana uDmitry Pozharsky, omnye umntu owafumana udumo njengenkokheli yempi ekukhululweni eMoscow kwiipolesi eziyi-1612. Wayebizwa ngokuba ngumkhosi wabantu kwimibutho ebanzi, kubuza iNkosana uPozharsky ukuba iholele abantu emzabalazweni wabangeneleli. Isikhulu asikwazanga ukulugatya lesi sicelo kwaye sinamathele abantu bakhe kwi-militia, eyaqala ukubunjwa phantsi kobunkokheli be-Minin.

Umqolo we-militia wawuquka igumbi laseNizhny Novgorod elinabantu abangama-750, kodwa i-servicemen esuka e-Arzamas, iVyazma, i-Dorogobuzh kunye nezinye izixeko zasiza kwisibheno. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ungayiqapheli ubuchule obuphezulu be-Minin no-Pozharsky kubunkokeli bokumiswa komkhosi kunye nokusebenzisana nezinye iidolophu zaseRashiya. Enyanisweni, baye benza umzimba osebenza njengoRhulumente.

Kamva, i-Second People's Militia, xa iMoscow yakhululwa kwiipolesi, xa ifikelela kwisikhulu-mali, yazaliswa ngamanye amaqela avela kwi-Militia yokuqala.

Ngaloo ndlela, phantsi kobunkokheli beMinin nePozharsky, kwakhiwa iqela elikhulu elinokukwazi ukuchasana ngempumelelo nabantu abancedisayo. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqala ukukhululwa eMoscow kwiipolesi ngo-1612.

Ubuntu bukaDmitry Pozharsky

Ngoku masihlale kwiinkcukacha zobuntu bomntu owaziwayo njengenkokeli yempi ekukhululweni eMoscow kwiipolisi. KwakunguDmitry Pozharsky oye waba yinkokeli ye-militia ephakamileyo yabantu, kwaye unelungelo elifanelekileyo legalelo kulolu luleko oluzukileyo. Ngubani yena?

UDmitry Pozharsky wayengowomntu osapho lwangaphambili, okwakumacandelo aseRurikovichs kunye nomgca we-Starodub. Wazalelwa ngo-1578, oko kukuthi, ngexesha lokubunjwa kwama-militia ekwindla ka-1611, wayeneminyaka engama-33 ubudala. Uyise wayeyiNkosana uMikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky, nonina - uMaria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva, ohlala kuyo, enikezwe ngedini, uDmitry wazalwa.

Kwimisebenzi yoluntu, uDmitry Pozharsky wangena kulawulo lukaBoris Godunov. Umlawuli wexesha elizayo, owamisela ukukhululwa eMoscow kwiPoles, phantsi koTsar Vasily Shuisky wahokela enye yeendlela, ezachasene nomkhosi we-False Dmitry II. Emva koko wamkela isigxina solawulo lwe-Zaraisk.

Kamva, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, uPozharskii wayebandakanyekile ukulungelelanisa iipolisi zaseMoscow ngexesha lobukho boLuntu lwaBantu bokuQala.

Ngokwemvelo, indoda eyayinzima ngokunyanzela ukulwa nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe ayinakukwazi ukuphendula kwisibheno seZuzma Minin. Akukho nxaxheba encinci kwinto yokuba nguDmitry Pozharsky owayekhokela i-militia, wadlala ukuba wayenempahla kufuphi noNizhny Novgorod, oko kukuthi, uNizhny Novgorod, owawubumba umqolo wamabutho, wawajonga njengabo.

Lo ngumntu owayekhokela ama-militia ekukhululweni eMoscow kwiipolisi.

Uhambo oluya eMoscow

Siye saqikelela ukuba ngubani owamyalela xa ekhulula eMoscow kwiipolesi, ngoku sihlale sihlala esichengeni saloo phulo.

Ama-militia ahamba ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1612 esuka eNizhny Novgorod ukuya kwiVolga eya eMoscow. Njengoko abantu baqhubela phambili, abantu abatsha bajoyina. Uninzi lweendawo zokuhlala zadibana nama-militiamen ngovuyo, kwaye apho oogunyaziwe basekhaya bazama ukulungisa inkcaso, njengokuba kwakuseKostroma, baphunyelelwa kwaye bathatyathwa ngabantu abathembekile kumkhosi waseRussia.

Ngo-Ephreli 1612 ama-militia angena eYaroslavl, apho yahlala khona ngo-Agasti 1612. Ngaloo ndlela, i-Yaroslavl yaba yinkunzi yesikhashana. Eli thuba lokuphuhliswa kwentlangano yenkululeko yathatha igama elithi "Stoyanie e Yaroslavl."

Emva kokuba ufumene ukuba umkhosi kaHetman Khodkevich ufikile eMoscow ukuqinisekisa ukukhusela kwawo, uPozharsky ekupheleni kukaJulayi wathumela ngokukhawuleza iinqwelo ezivela kwiYaroslavl, eya ngqo kwi-capital, kwaye phakathi no-Agasti onke amabutho aseMoscow agxininise eMoscow.

Ibutho lamaqela

Kwacaca kuwo wonke umntu ukuba imfazwe eqinileyo yayiza kulwa. Yayiyiphi inani lemikhosi kumacandelo aphikisanayo kunye nelungiselelo labo?

Inani elipheleleyo lemikhosi elithunyelwe kuDmitry Pozharsky, ngokwemithombo, ayidluli abantu abayi-8 000. Umqolo walo mkhosi wawuyi-Cossack yabasebenzi abalingana nabantu abangama-4 000 kunye nabaphandi abayiwaka. Ukongeza kwiPozharsky naseMinin, uDmitry Pozharsky-Lopata (isihlobo se-voivod) kunye no-Ivan Khovansky-Bolshoy babengabathetheli beempi. Yona kuphela yokugqibela kubo ngexesha elilodwa elawulwa amaqhinga empi emfundo. Abanye abanye, njengoDmitry Pozharsky, babefanele bawisele amagosa amancinane, okanye amava obunkokeli ayengekho ngokupheleleyo, njengasePozharsky-Lopata.

UDmitry Trubetskoi, enye yeenkokeli zoMkhosi wokuqala, waletha naye amanye ama-Cossacks angama-2 500. Nangona wavuma ukuncedisa isizathu esifanayo, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo wagcina ilungelo lokungalandeli imiyalelo kaPozharsky. Ngaloo ndlela, inani labasebenzi baseRashiya lali-9 500-10,000.

Inani lamaqela asePoland uHetman Khodkevich, eza eMoscow evela entshonalanga, anabantu abangama-12 000. Amandla amakhulu phakathi kwawo kwakuyi-Zaporozhian Cossacks enamaqela angama-8 000 aphantsi kolawulo luka-Alexander Zborovsky. Inxalenye eyilungeleleneyo yokulwa nomkhosi yayisisityezelo somntu we-hetman, abantu abangama-2000.

Amagosa ebutho lasePoland - iKhodkevich neZborovsky - babe nolwazi oluninzi lwezempi. Ngokukodwa, iKhodkevich yazihlukanisa ekukhutshweni kokuhlaselwa kwenyango, kunye nemfazwe neSweden. Phakathi kwamanye amagosa kufuneka kuqatshelwe uNevyarovsky, uGraevsky noKoretsky.

Ukongeza kumajoni angama-12 000 awakhupha kunye noKodkevich, kwakukho elinye igoli lasePoland elingu-3 000 eliseMoscow Kremlin. Baholwa nguNikolai Strus noJoseph Budilo. Lawa ayenamava anesibindi, kodwa ngaphandle kweetalente ezizodwa.

Ngaloo ndlela, inani lamaqela asePoland lafikelela kubantu abayi-15,000.

Amajoni aseRussia ayefumaneka kwiindonga zeSixeko saseMhlophe, ephakathi kweenkampu zasePoland eziseKremlin, kunye nemikhosi yaseKhodkevich, phakathi kwesando kunye ne-anvil. Inani labo lincinci kuneliPoles, kwaye abalawuli babengenalo lukhulu lwamapolisa amava. Kwakubonakala ngathi ikusasa lama-militia lavalwa.

Imfazwe yaseMoscow

Ngoko, ngo-Agasti 1612 imfazwe yaqalisa, umphumo wokuba inkululeko yeMoscow evela ePoles. Unyaka walo mfazwe uye wangena kwimbali yaseRashiya ngonaphakade.

Ookuqala ukuhlasela imikhosi yaseHetman Khodkevich, ewela umlambo waseMoscow, baya esangweni le-monastery yaseNovovicvic, apho iinqununu zama-militia zagxininiswa. Ukulwa kwehashe kwaqala. Igoli lasePoland lazama ukuphuma kwinqwelo yalo, ngoxa uPrince Trubetskoi walinda kwaye akazange akhuphe ukusiza uPozharsky. Kumelwe kuthiwa umlawuli wamkhosi wayala ukukhululwa kweMoscow kwiipolesi kunoko ngokubulumko, okwakungavumeli ukuba intshaba ichithe i-militia isikhundla kwindawo yokuqala. Khodkevich kwafuneka abuyele.

Emva koko, uPozharsky watshintsha ukufuduswa kwemikhosi, ehamba eZamoskvorechye. Imfazwe eqinileyo yenzeke ngo-Agasti 24. U-Hetman Khodkevich waphinda waphonsa amajoni akhe ekuhlaselweni, enethemba lokuchoboza ama-militia amancinci. Kodwa ayizange isebenze njengoko yayilindele. Amajoni aseRashiya wema ngokuqinile, ngaphezu koko, amatsha kaTrubetskoi ekugqibeleni ajoyina imfazwe.

Abachasayo banqume ukuthabatha. Ngokuhlwa, ama-militia aye ahlasele. Baqhekeza isikhundla sotshaba bamnyanzela ukuba abuyele kwisixeko saseMozhaisk. Ekubonile oku, igoli lasePoland lanyanzeliswa ukuba lizinikele kuma-militia. Ngaloo ndlela wagqiba ukukhululwa kweMoscow kumaxhoba angaphandle.

Iziphumo

Ukukhululwa kweMoscow kwiipolesi ngo-1612 kwakuyi-guji ye-Russo-Polish yonke. Enyanisweni, izenzo zamkhosi zahlala ixesha elide.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1613 ummeli wobukhosi obutsha baseRomanov, uMikhail Fyodorovich, wayevalelwe. Oku kwasebenza njengamandla okomeleza isiRashiya.

Ekupheleni kuka-1618, oko ekugqibeleni wenza Deulino mawabeke phakathi Russian kunye Polish. Ngokutsho iziphumo zolu isgqibo, eRashiya wanyanzeleka ukuba ukunika iindawo ezinkulu Commonwealth, kodwa kugcinwa okubaluleke - sokumiswa yayo. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuba bamnceda ukuyibuyisela emhlabeni elahlekileyo, nkqu inxaxheba kwicandelo ezininzi Commonwealth.

Ixabiso nokukhululwa eMoscow

Kunzima ukuba zazi ngokubaluleka kokukhutshwa eyinkunzi Russian for kwimbali yelizwe. Esi siganeko wanceda ukugcina imeko Russian kumzabalazo nzima nxamnye bahlaseli. Ngoko ke, i-Battle of eMoscow ubhalwe kuzo zonke iincwadi ngembali Russian kwaye yenye mihla eziphawuleka kakhulu.

Khumbula thina kunye neenkokeli umkhosi wamajoni Second - Prince Pozharsky kunye Kuzma Minin, ngubani ixesha elide awanalo iwonga amaqhawe esizwe. Bachitha ixesha leeholide, wabeka ezikhumbuzo yokukhumbula.