Revolution French: ixabiso ezibangela, iziganeko, iziphumo

I-18 leminyaka kucingelwa ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-French Revolution. Ukubhukuqwa ukumkani, lo mbuso kunye nemizekelo ecacileyo orhwaqelisayo zayisithelisa nkqu iziganeko igazi ka 1917 Oktobha Revolution ngakukhohlakala yayo. The French bakhetha ukuhlala cwaka kukudana kwaye ngandlela zonke ukuba romanticize eli xesha kwimbali yawo. Ixabiso French Revolution ayikwazi nemikhuba. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi indlela irhamncwa kakhulu begazi, owoyikekayo, ezifihle ngokwayo iingubo inkululeko, ukulingana kunye bakwinkonzo, ukulungele ukutshona aso yabo nabani na, yaye igama lakhe - Revolution.

IMVELAPHI OF THE ekuqaleni revolution: nengxaki kwezentlalo noqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko

Wenyuka etroneni ngowe-1774, uLouis XVI umisela Robert Turgot Jikelele Finance Controller, kodwa uluhlu olubanzi iinguqu ecetywayo ngulo wezopolitiko sakhatywa. Ebukhosini wanamathela ngamandla amalungelo abo, neento zonke iirhafu kunye nemisebenzi amasiko kubeka umthwalo onzima emagxeni welifa wesithathu, abameli apho eFransi enama-90%.

Ngowe-1778, Turgot, kwi-ofisi ithatha indawo Nekker. Yena ibhangisa serfdom kwi amathambeka yobukumkani, ukungcungcuthekiswa ngexesha ngemibuzo, enciphisa iindleko enkundleni, kodwa ezi zindlela ukuhla kuphela elwandle. Absolutism akavumelekanga ukuba ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane abo exesha yobungxowankulu eluntwini. Ngoko ke, utshintsho Iziseko zoqoqosho yaba kudlula ixesha. Kwenzeka ukuba mandundu intlekele ekuyo kwezoqoqosho, ochazwa ukukhula kwamaxabiso engekho ukukhula kwimveliso. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuye hit kanzima amacandelo zihlelelekileyo yabantu, kwaba enye ehlanganisa podstegnuvshih ekukhuleni abavakalelwa ngayo inguqu eluntwini.

umzekelo omhle wabonisa US imfazwe ukuzimela, waphefumlela ngethemba wokuvukela French. Ukuba sithethe French Revolution, isiyaleli (kunye nokucingela ukuvuthwa), kufanele kuqatshelwe, kwaye umbhodamo kwezopolitiko eFransi. Ebukhosini ingqalelo ngokwayo libekwe phakathi kwelitye nendawo nzima - ukumkani kunye nabantu. Ngoko ngamandla bayivala yonke ezintsha ukuba, ngokokubona kwakhe, wamsongela inkululeko kunye ozikhethayo. King waqonda ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba ubuncinane into: France akaba saba nako ukuphila ngendlela endala.

Kokubizwa eUnited Jikelele 5 Meyi ka1789

Zonke iindidi ezintathu usukelo zabo kunye neenjongo. Lo kumkani wayenethemba lokuba ukuthintela ukuwa kwezomnotho ngokuthi oguqukayo inkqubo yerhafu. Ebukhosini - ukuze ligcine indawo elikuyo, kuyo iinguqu kwakufuneka ngokucacileyo. abantu abaqhelekileyo, okanye ilifa wesithathu, besithembe ukuba eUnited-Jikelele uya kuba yindawo apho amabango abo ekugqibeleni weva. Swan, lo yenamvuna kunye Pike ...

iingxoxo bungwanyalala neengxoxo ngenxa inkxaso enkulu yabantu zisonjululwe wakhetha iLifa yesiThathu ngempumelelo. 1200 ihlala 610, okanye uninzi Ukuthinjwa kwabaninzi. Yaye kungekudala ke ithuba lokuba ababonise amandla abo ezopolitiko. NgoJuni 17, enkundleni ngenxa imidlalo ibhola abamele abantu, ukuthatha uncedo ukudideka kwaye kwakungekho mahluko phakathi abefundisi kunye begazi, isaziso indalo yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe, wafunga ukuba ziye de-siseko. Abefundisi kunye yezikhulu inkxaso kuzo. Ilifa wesithathu iye yabonisa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo.

Bastille

Ukuqala French Revolution kwaphawula isiganeko esibalulekileyo - ukwenziwa Bastille. The French ukubhiyozela le mini njenge iholide kazwelonke. Njengoko basem-, iimbono zabo, asinga: kukho ukungamthembi bavakalelwa ukuba nayiphi na ingqokelela yaye wayengekho: i de ekampini wanikezela ngokuzithandela kwakhe, yaye konke oko kwenzeke ngenxa nankathalo isihlwele. Kwaoko ke kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ezinye iindawo. Ukuthatha kunjalo, kwaye baneminyaka. Abantu abaliqela baye bazama ukuthoba ibhulorho, kwaye ucinezele ezi iingozi. Lenqaba ukuze sixhathise, waba umpu, kunye namava. Kwakungekho ukutya ngokwaneleyo, kodwa imbali uyazi imizekelo wokhuselo yobuqhawe inqaba.

Ngokusekelwe amaxwebhu sinazo ezi zilandelayo: nguMphathiswa wezeMali Nekkera ukuya isekela kwingqwayi ezinqabeni Pyuzho zonke wathetha ukupheliswa i Bastille, lo gama yokuvakalisa uluvo jikelele. Bayahlelwa odumileyo inqaba-entolongweni kokuvalelwa - njalo yayiya idilizwe. Kodwa imbali akamazi mood esimo: Julayi 14, ka1789 waye ngokuthabatha Bastille, yaye oku kwaba ekuqaleni French Revolution.

neNgonyama siseko

Ukumiselwa yabantu France lanyanzela urhulumente ukuba bakuthembe. Cities Oomasipala zaguqulwa ibe Thethani - an urhulumente olululo elizimeleyo. edumileyo tricolor French - iflegi entsha yesizwe yamkelwa. National Guard okhokelwa de Lafayette, owaba idumileyo US War of Independence. INdibano yesiZwe waqalisa ukuyilwa urhulumente omtsha kwaye ukuyilwa-siseko. Agasti 26, ka1789 bamkela i "Declaration of the Rights of Man kunye Citizen" - uxwebhu ibalulekileyo kwimbali French Revolution. Kulo kwathiwa amalungelo asisiseko kunye nenkululeko i-France entsha. Ngoku wonke umntu unelungelo lenkululeko yesazela yokuchasa ingcinezelo. Ndikwazi baveze izimvo zabo lokukhuselwa nokungena kwipropati yabucala. Ke kaloku bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho kwaye nezibophelelo alinganayo irhafu. Ixabiso le-French Revolution ochazwa ilayini nganye kolu xwebhu okuqhubekayo. Nangona uninzi amazwe aseYurophu waqhubeka ukuqaqanjelwa ukungalingani kwezentlalo eveliswa yi iintsalela zamaXesha Aphakathi.

Nangona iinguqulelo 1789-1791 gg. izinto ezininzi ziye zatshintsha kakhulu, ukwamkelwa umthetho phezu kwezithandani nawuphi na mvukelo wawusalathiswa oludwayi. Kwakhona Akuvunyelwe ukuba lilungu lweemanyano kunye nokuziphatha lugwayimbo. Abasebenzi kwakhona belahlekiswa.

NgoSeptemba 3, 1891 umgaqo-siseko omtsha wavunywa. Ukumkanikazi wamnika ilungelo lokuvota ukuya kwinani lamalungu kwezakhi ephakathi. Wabiza INdibano olutsha lowiso-mthetho, amalungu ayikwazanga baphinde bonyulwa. Konke oku negalelo radicalization abantu kunye namathuba ngesothuso kunye despotism.

Usongo lokuhlasela lwangaphandle kwaye ukuwa ezasebukhosini

England wayemoyika ukuze sikuzuze ukwenziwa kutshintsho loqoqosho phambili nefuthe imigudu yaseFransi, ngoko onke amandla ukulungiselela ngokuhlaselwa Austria kunye Prussia kwaphoswa. WaseFrance Patriotic inkxaso ikhwelo yokuzithethelela kwilizwe labo. I-National Guard of France wakhuthaza shift igunya yokumkani, ukusekwa kwiriphabliki kunye ukhetho kwindibano entsha kazwelonke. INkosana Brunswick wakhupha Manifesto apho echaza iinjongo zakhe: ukuba ahlasele France achithe revolution. Xa bafunda ngayo e-Paris, iziganeko ye-French Revolution waqalisa ukuba ngokukhawuleza. Agasti 10 bavukeli baya Tuileries, nokuphazamisa Swiss Guards, ndabanjwa ezisixhenxe kukumkani. abantu ibalulekileyo babekwa kaThixo inqaba.

Imfazwe kunye nefuthe layo phezu revolution

Ukuchaza ngokufutshane French Revolution, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba isimo kuluntu French ukuxuba imaxongo zavuza, uloyiko, seyenze ekrakra. Lafayette wabaleka Kumda inqaba Longwy kwiNgxowa ngaphandle umlo. Waqala ukucoca, wokubopha ekubulaweni kwenqwaba kwi kwinyathelo lokuqala Jacobins. Uninzi Girondins kwi Convention baba - abo balungiselela ukuziphendulela, yaye ekuqaleni owoyisileyo. izicwangciso zabo ezinde; ukusuka Ukungabikho Paris Thethani ukuya kuthinjwe Holland. Xa France ilwa phantse lonke Europe.

iingxabano zobuqu kunye kwiingxwabangxwaba, nokwehla imigangatho yokuphila kwafa kwezoqoqosho - phantsi kwempembelelo yezi meko iphembelela Girondins baqala ukuncipha, yaye oku bazuza i Jacobins. Ukungcatshwa Jikelele Dumouriez yaba benesizathu ogqibeleleyo ukuba kummangalela urhulumente ngokusebenzisana yotshaba asuse kuye ngamandla. Danton wakhokela iKomiti of Safety Public - amandla yolawulo iye buzinze ezandleni Jacobins. Ixabiso le-French Revolution kunye iinjongo ngenxa emi kuwo, andilahlekwanga yonke intsingiselo. Bawelwa nogonyamelo itshayelwe France.

ukwesaba Apogee

France wayehamba ngenye yezi maxesha anzima kwimbali yethu. umkhosi sakhe esoyiswa, ntshona zaphenjelelwa Girondins wakhokela imvukelo. Ukongeza, abaxhasi esebenzayo yookumkani. Ukufa uMarat Robespierre na ndabanda kangangokuba wayelangazelela igazi kuphela.

IKomiti Safety Public wadlula imisebenzi karhulumente - nokulatyuza ngokunxunguphala kutshayelwa phezu eFransi. Emva kokuba ukwamkelwa kummiselo kaJuni 10, 1794 ummangalelwa babengavunyelwa ilungelo lokuzithethelela. Iziphumo ze-French Revolution, ngexesha ngokozwi lakhe Jacobins -. Bamalunga nama-35 amawaka efile kwaye ngaphezu kwama-120 amawaka ubaleka ekuthinjweni ..

imigaqo izothuso ukuze wendele kwabayili yalo, ukuba kwiriphabliki, ndifaniswe ethiyiwe, wambulala.

uNapoleon Bonaparte

IFrance wopha lwabamhlophe imfazwe yamakhaya, mbuso buthathaka zaphembelela kunye okumbophelela. Yonke into itshintshile: ngoku intshutshiso bentshontsho zaye phantsi ngokwabo Jacobins. club yabo lavalwa, kunye neKomiti loKhuselo loLuntu ebegqwese balahlekelwa amandla. Convention, ukukhusela izilangazelelo abo baba zizityebi kwiminyaka ye revolution, phezu koko, waqinisa isikhundla sakhe, kodwa isikhundla sakhe engenamali. Ukuxhaphaza eli, le Jacobins abaqalise zidale ngoMeyi 1795, ukuba nangona wadandatheka kakhulu, kodwa yanda kokupheliswa Convention.

Phakathi Republican kunye Girondins ukwenza ulawulo. France ukuba zibandakanyeke ukonakala, uburheletyo kunye kuwa izele yokuziphatha. Enye amanani ubalaseleyo Directory waba Bala Barras. Yena wathi UNapoleon Bonaparte ze iqhutywe ngaye beziingcamba ngeengcamba ngokuthumela kumaphulo yasemkhosini.

Ekugqibeleni Abantu baphelelwa lukholo kwi weefayili kunye neenkokheli zayo zezopolitiko, yaye oku wathabatha uNapoleon. November 9, 1799 lazisiwe imo Consulate. Lonke igunya lolawulo buzinze ezandleni Consul First - uNapoleon Bonaparte. Imisebenzi ye kwezinye consuls babini iingcebiso kuphela. I-mbuso phezu.

Iziqhamo revolution

Iziphumo ze-French Revolution kuchazwe utshintsho Iziseko zoqoqosho kunye notshintsho nobudlelwane kwezentlalo noqoqosho. I iCawa basebukhosini ekugqibeleni baphelelwe ngamandla alo angaphambili kunye nempembelelo. France liqalise yimiqolo zoqoqosho capitalism kunye nenkqubela. abantu balo, sigalelwe kumadabi nobunzima, ilifa umkhosi enamandla eyiyo ngelo xesha. Ixabiso le-French Revolution mkhulu; ezingqondweni eentlanga ezininzi aseYurophu wabumba iminqweno kokulingana kunye iphupha wenkululeko. Kodwa ke ngelo xesha kwakukho ukoyika kuphazamiseka ezintsha yotshintsho olululo.