Ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo: isizathu, uguqulelo, indawo kunye nonyaka. Empire Aleksandra Makedonskogo emva kokufa kwakhe

Ngokutsho amaxwebhu yamandulo, ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo weza ngoJuni 10, 323 BC. e. iinjengele mkhulu engama-32 kuphela ubudala. De kube ngoku, ababhali-mbali abakwazi ukufumana isizathu sokuba ngokuhamba kwakhe ubomi. Ukufa ngesiquphe Aleksandra Makedonskogo, iye ayichazwanga indlalifa yakhe, kwakhokelela ekuweni ubukhosi bakhe kunye nokudalwa ithi eziliqela, ikhokelwa ngu likhetha wavuka waza wasondela ukumkani omkhulu.

Buyela eBhabhiloni

Ngo-323 BC. e. Hellenic Army umva ukuya ngasentshona. Aleksandr Makedonsky zigqityiwe uhambo lwakhe ukuya ngasempuma, ukuya kufikelela India. Wakwazi ukwenza umbuso omkhulu kukunaba kwiiBalkans ukuya Iran kwaye ukusuka Central Asia ukuya eYiputa. Ayizange khona njengelizwe omkhulu wabonakala ngokoqobo ngobusuku ukuthanda umphathi kwimbali yoluntu.

Ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo babanjwa eBhabheli. Yaba eMeribha enkulu kunye nobuninzi lamajelo, ukuthatha amanzi avela kumEfrate. Isixeko isoloko ukubandezeleka kwizifo kunye nezifo. Mhlawumbi apha ukuba iNkosi yamakhosi uyichole usulelo.

umngcwabo Hephaestion kaThixo

Kunyaka wokugqibela wobomi bakhe, Alexander waba overstrained kunye nokusola. yokulilelwa kwakhe kwabangelwa ukufa komhlobo wakhe kunye nomphathi uqikelelo Hephaistion. Bonke kwenzeka kobuxhakaxhaka Meyi ezinxulumene imingcwabo. To Hephaestion yakhiwa inqaba enkulu, nto leyo ihonjiswe kunye neembasa emininzi ezifunyenwe ngexesha leli phulo empumalanga.

Ukumkani wayalela ukuba athumele zonke iinxalenye ummiselo yombuso umhlobo wakhe kufuneka ukujonga ngaphandle njengeqhawe (nakubeni ke le polubozhestva status). Ukuba kakhulu inkolo kunye neenkolelo, Alexander kubaluleke kakhulu eziqhotyoshelwe izinto ezinjalo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uye wayengqongwe ngabaprofeti ezininzi zamazwi.

Journey emEfrati

EBhabhiloni ndamcaphukisa Alexander. Wayishiya ngokufutshane sixeko simaxhaphetshu kangaka ukuhlola lomlambo umEfrate kunye nezimbuku angabamelwane. Ukumkani uza ukuhlela hambo ulwandle macala Arabiya Peninsula. Wafunda lomfula, ezama ukufumana phandle indlela ukubeka kummandla waseBhabhiloni 1200 imikhombe, kungekudala kwafuneka ukuba ahambe.

Ngeli hambo, umoya baqhaqhe intloko umlawuli umnqwazi wakhe ebomvu oneribhoni yegolide abenayo njengoko ugwebo. Abaprofeti, abekhe baphulaphula nokumkani yagqiba ukuba lo mzekelo - yimpazamo ezimbi, oko akuthethi ukuba izinto ziya kuhamba kakuhle. Xa ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo kwaba iqiniso, abaninzi omalunga lakhumbula icala elinye misele somEfrati.

uqhekeko nangesigingci

Ekupheleni Meyi, ukumkani wabuyela eBhabheli. Wayeka yokulilelwa kwakhe ukuphawula ukufa umhlobo waza waqalisa ukuba anelise kunye noogxa bakhe. Kubangela umbingelelo festive koothixo, yaye umkhosi waqalisa esasaza okukhona elide-elindelwe - amaqashiso zewayini kunye nenyama. EBhabhiloni, sibhiyozele impumelelo Nearchus hambo ukuya Gulf. Kananjalo ke ukumkani wayezimisele ukuya kweli phulo elandelayo.

Ekuqaleni kuka June, Alexander wabonakala umkhuhlane omkhulu. Wazama ukuphelisa esi sifo, ethatha ibhafu kunye nokwenza iminikelo nesisa koothixo. Amarhe malunga isigulo kakumkani avuza kuwo umzi. Xa kubulisa abalandeli bakhe, kodwa imbonakalo yakhe yonke wathi kumkani ebanjwe esidlangalaleni, ngamandla ka-8 Juni isihlwele abelaseMakedoni yimincili atyhoboza, angena kulo yokuhlala zomlawuli walo, ukumkani.

kokufa kukaAleksandire

Ngosuku olulandelayo, Juni 9, Alexander wawa isiqaqa, kwaye-10 oogqirha ngaba ukufa kwakhe. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, ababhali-mbali kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo wanikela iintlobo kweengcamango yintoni eyabangela ukurhoxiswa ubomi umphathi oselula, wayesoloko eyahlukileyo nempilo entle. Zesayensi mihla, imboniselo ixhaphakileyo, nto leyo ithi unobangela wokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ikude lee nobugqi.

Kungenzeka, ukumkani nesifo seengcongconi. It ephawulekayo buthathaka umzimba, yaye akazange ukumelana ukudumba emiphungeni (ngolunye uhlobo - leukemia). Ingxoxo kwi sifo yesibini esibulalayo lusaqhubeka. Ngokutsho kwithiyori kancane, unobangela wokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo yaba icesina West umNayile.

Version yityhefu

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba akukho ngamabelana ukumkani wabulawa sisifo esosulelayo. Mhlawumbi umlawuli konakalisa impilo yabo ngokusela rhoqo. Ngexesha iholide kutshanje akazange usuku olunye zange ayeke izidlo, apho izixa enkulu zesiselo.

Abaphandi Modern uhlawule ingqalelo imiqondiso ezazihamba isifo womyaleli. Uphethwe unditsho, ukugabha rhoqo, buthathaka kwezihlunu kunye nezinga intliziyo azingqinelani. Konke oku bubungqina yityhefu. Ngoko ke, inguqulelo ye ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ziquka kwakhona ingcamango yonyango olungachanekanga kumkani.

Oogqirha angamnika hellebore hellebore omhlophe okanye ukuququzelela isigulo yakhe yokuqala, yaye ngenxa yoko wenza izinto zibe mbi nangakumbi. Kwamandulo yaba uguqulelo ethandwa kakhulu ubuthi Alexander iinjengele zakhe avuza, ngubani umnwe ukususwa e-ofisini irhuluneli eMakedoni.

Engcwabeni ukumkani

323 BC. e. (Year of ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo) yaba sisijwili ukuba wonke lo mbuso omkhulu. Nangona abantu abaqhelekileyo ubebuhlungu inkosi ngaphambi kwexesha wabhubha, ukulandelwa wakhe wagqiba Okanye yintoni na enawe umzimba kamfi. Kwagqitywa ukuba bawuqhole umzimba.

Ekugqibeleni, umzimba yababephethwe nguPtolemy, ngubani waqalisa ukulawula eYiputa. Le Ma lidluliselwe eNofu emva koko ku Alexandria - isixeko nisekelwe ogama wokuwonga elaa jikelele enkulu. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, Egypt yoyiswa ngamaRoma. Abalawuli Alexander ingqalelo imodeli indima enkulu. Abalawuli baseRoma badla zonqulo engcwabeni yokumkani. Ulwazi oluthembekileyo lwagqibela ngayo lwabhalwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane III, xa le ndawo watyelelwa woMlawuli Caracalla, wayibeka phezu nengcwaba umsesane wakhe kunye ingubo. Ekubeni trail lulahlekile mama. Namhlanje, isiphelo sayo olungolunye ayaziwa.

i Regency of Perdiccas

Kuhleli ulwazi impikiswano malunga imiyalelo zakutshanje bokumkani, wenza phambi kokuba ekugqibeleni wafa isiqaqa. Empire Aleksandra Makedonskogo emva kokufa kwakhe, kwaba ukufumana indlalifa. YoMlawuli wayeyiqonda oku, eziva isiphelo yakhe eza, uza kumisela ozothatha. legend lihanjiswa kulo kudala ukuba buthathaka irhuluneli wanikela wakhe wokutywina-ring Perdiccas - inkokheli zomkhosi abathembekileyo, lowo owayeza kuba yinkosikazi ibamba uRoxana, na ngenyanga yokugqibela lokukhulelwa.

Kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokufa Alexander, wazala unyana (njengoko Alexander). The Regency of Perdiccas ukususela kwasekuqaleni ezingazinzanga. Emva kokufa igunya ezihlangwini Aleksandra Makedonskogo baqalisa umngeni omnye esondele ukumkani umfi. Xa historiography, ukuba eyaziwa ngokuba Diadochi. Phantse zonke kumabamba kumaphondo bathi inkululeko yabo wamisa ngaphansi yabo.

Diadochi

Ngo-321 BC. e. Perdiccas ngexesha lephulo yakhe eYiputa, owabulawa iinjengele zakhe, aneliseke yedwa bakhe. Emva kokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo ekugqibeleni ubukhosi bakhe ngalo imfazwe yamakhaya, apho Olwa nganye amandla imfazwe nawo wonke. Impalalo gazi waqhubeka iminyaka engamashumi amabini. Ezi mfazwe abaye phantsi imbali yeeMfazwe i Diadochi.

Ngokuthe ngcembe lo iinjengele ndalahla onke abahlobo nezalamane of Alexander. nomfowabo wenkosi Arrhidaeus babulawa, udade Cleopatra, unina ka-Olimpiki. Nyana (ngokusemthethweni engaganiweyo Alexander IV) waphulukana nobomi bakhe eneminyaka engama-14 ngowama-309 BC. e. Lo mlawuli enkulu omnye umntwana. unyana ongumgqakhwe ka uMofokeng, othe wazalwa ngumntu ishweshwe Barsine, owabulawa ngexesha elinye kunye nomzalwana wakhe.

Bukhosi section

EBhabhiloni (indawo ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo) baphulukana ngokukhawuleza amandla alo phezu amaphondo. Emva kokufa Perdiccas indima ebalulekileyo kwitekisi phambi kokuba ubukhosi omnye baqalisa ukudlala Diadochi Antigonus kunye USeleucus. Kuqala babehlangene. Ngo-316 BC. e. Antigonus wafika eBhabhiloni babefuna ukuba ulwazi USeleucus kwiindleko yemali imfazwe nxamnye abamelwane babo. Le yokugqibela, ihlazo esoyika, wabalekela eJiputa, apho wafumana ikhusi umlawuli wengingqi uPtolemy yena.

Ukufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo, ngamafutshane, kuye ixesha elide kwixesha elidlulileyo, kunye nabaxhasi bakhe baqhubeka kulwa omnye komnye. Ngu 311 BC. e. Kuye kwasekwa kulandela ukulingana kwamandla. Antigonus walawula Asia, Ptolemy - eYiputa, UCassandra - eGrisi, USeleucus - ePersi.

Iimfazwe yokugqibela Diadochi

Le yokugqibela, imfazwe wesine Diadochi (308-301 gg. BC. E.) Alwa ngenxa yokuba noCassander kunye uPtolemy wagqiba ekubeni limanyane imanyano nxamnye Antigonus. Kanti ke ukumkani kwelaseMakedoni, ULysimachus kunye USeleucus, umseki uBukhosi kaSeleucus.

Uhlaselo lokuqala Antigonus, uPtolemy. Wazithimba Cyclades, Sicyon kunye eKorinte. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho imikhosi enkulu umYiputa lawela iPeloponnese, leyo kumangaliswa ngayo iinkampu zokumkani laseFrigi. UPtolemy wahlaselwa elilandelayo Malaya Aziya. Ukumkani waseJiputa wadala wazazi olomeleleyo eSipro. Kweli siqithi isekelwe umkhosi wayo kunye weenqanawa. Ekubeni yayisazi izicwangciso lutshaba, Antigonus bahlangana umkhosi wakhe. nempi yakhe, wemka okwexeshana Greece. Lo mkhosi weenqanawa 160 aya eSipro. Emva igqampe kwi siqithi, amawaka 15 abantu ikhokelwa ngu Demetriya Poliorketa wayingqinga eSalami.

UPtolemy wathumela enqabeni yengeniso eCyprus phantse ubuciko bayo yonke. UDemetriyo wagqiba ukunikela idabi yomkhosi. Ngenxa yokuba kwenzeke ingozi amaYiputa balahlekelwa imikhumbi yabo. Inkoliso yabo izikhukhula, neenqanawa zothutho waya Antigonus. Ngo-306 BC. e. ESalami ekwanti bayishiya. Antigonus bambamba naseSipro, nkqu yazibeka ngukumkani.

Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba le mpumelelo Photiki wagqiba ukuba ziphumeze ngesibetho zicolwe nguPtolemy kumhlaba wakhe, waza wathumela hambo eYiputa. Kodwa ke umkhosi satrap ayikwazanga kuyiwela umNayile. Ukongeza, Ptolemy wathumela abaphembeleli kwinkampu yotshaba, ngubani eneneni wathenga amajoni welinye icala. Mamandla Antigone kwafuneka sibuyele ekhaya elambatha.

De kweminyaka embalwa bamelene enye kwenye, ukuba ukuhlasela nye elwandle. Antigone wakwazi ukuqhuba ULysimachus evela laseFrigi. Ngelo xesha Demetri ekugqibeleni wagqiba phulo eGrisi waza waya Asia Minor, ukuze yenz kunye akhe sizana. idabi Jikelele bonke beze. Kwathi kwiminyaka nje emva 8 ukusukela waqalisa imfazwe.

Battle elaliseIpsus

Ngehlobo lowe-301 BC. e. impi zenzeka elaliseIpsus. Eli dabi yaba Isingqi lokugqibela yeeMfazwe i Diadochi. Antigone amahashe, ikhokelwa ngu UDemetriyo I Macedon wahlasela mabutho elinzima namahlakani, ukhokelwa unyana Selevka Antioh. Eli dabi yaba nzima. Ekugqibeleni, mabutho uDemetriyo iintshaba waza wabaleka emva kwabo. Esi senzo yaba yimpazamo.

Xa befuna abakhwele utshaba sehla kude kakhulu ukusuka imikhosi eziphambili Antigonus. USeleucus, eqonda ukuba utshaba wenza miscalculation, wangena edabini iindlovu. Abazange yingozi yiMakedoni, baye bafunda ukusebenzisa nxamnye isilwanyana enkulu iindlela ezinokutsha of iinzipho kunye neebhodi. Noko ke, iindlovu, banqunyulwe ngokupheleleyo kude nangabamahashe Antigone.

yokuhlasela ezikhulu yokumkani waseFrigiya yayibiyelwe. It bahlasela elihamba namahashe abatoli ukukhanya. Yokuhlasela, abakwazi ukuba atyhudise ukuqapha, iiyure ezimbalwa emi phantsi bombardment. Ekugqibeleni, amajoni ka Antigonus okanye ibuyiselwe okanye basaba edabini. UDemetriyo wabona ukuba makaye eGrisi. Antigonus oneminyaka eli-80 ubudala walwela wokugqibela, ide yawa, wambetha utshaba emkhontweni.

Lona Alexander

Emva kwedabi elaliseIpsus namahlakani ekugqibeleni wabahlula ubukhosi owayesakuba Alexander. Cassandre washiya eThessaly, elaseMakedoni Hellas. ULysimachus wafumana eThrace, ilizwe laseFrigi noLwandle Black. USeleucus waya kwelaseSiriya. imbangi lwabo UDemetriyo waqhubeka izixeko eziliqela Greece kunye Asia Minor.

Zonke izikumkani eyavelayo phezu emanxuweni ubukhosi Aleksandra Makedonskogo, wathabatha esuka kwisiseko kuyo yayo zenkcubeko. Nkqu laseYiputa, waba Ptolemy, waba yamaGrike. Kumazwe amaninzi kuMbindi Mpuma kwabonakala kwikhonkco ngohlobo ulwimi zamaGrike. Le ihlabathi malunga amabini eminyaka, ide yoyiswa ngamaRoma. Empire New wafunda lukhulu uphawu inkcubeko yamaGrike.

Namhlanje, indawo kunye nonyaka zokufa Aleksandra Makedonskogo abonisiwe kuzo zonke incwadi yembali yamandulo. nokufa ngaphambi kokuba jikelele enkulu waba ngomnye ziganeko zibalulekileyo bonke bexesha lakhe.