Imbali Vyborg: isiseko, iziza zembali, ezopolitiko kunye nokubaluleka zomkhosi

Bambalwa naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini izixeko ezininzi kangaka, zombini eRashiya. Umxholo ukubuyekeza yethu - imbali Vyborg. Esi sixeko uyazingca abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu izinto ezohlukileyo ukubaluleka zenkcubeko nezembali.

Le ndawo ibaluleke qhinga

Vyborg base malunga kunyaka 1293. Ababhali-mbali badla eli nani phikisa, ukususela emdeni Vyborg mihla sele kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, iya kuhlala yi zezizwe Slavic kunye Karelian. Ukuba uyakholwa yemihla, i balwa ngamaxesha ayihlasela emazweni kubamelwane babo. Babefuna ukuba ilifa kwiziqithi Vyborg Nqabakazi iinjongo zobuchule military - Vyborg leziqithi yinto indawo elula kakhulu ukuba iinqanawa. Emaweni kulula ukufihla nkqu umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu. Ukongeza, Nqabakazi eziliqela kunye ziingxinano nzulu, akusoloko kwanele navigation - ngumgibe efanelekileyo yendalo ukuze nabaqhekezi.

Eyona engundoqo amanqanaba imbali Vyborg

Imbali Vyborg lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngezinyuko ezisixhenxe:

• Isigaba sokuqala - phambi kokuba ukuhlaselwa Swedish. Sisihlandlo sokuqala kulo mmandla kunye nabemi balo libhekisela kwinkulungwane IX. I edumileyo mbali Russian Tatishchev kwiincwadi zakhe ekhankanywe Ioakimovskaya Chronicle ethile, wathi kusolwa ukuba inqaba Vyborg yasekwa Elder Novgorod Gostomysl. Omnye woonyana bakhe igama ukhetho - yiyo igama inqaba.
• Inqanaba lesibini - ixesha Swedish. Ubude bayo - ukususela 1293 de 1710, xa yafakwa yoBukhosi baseRashiya.
• Isigaba sesithathu - yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya.
• Isigaba sesine - Finnish.
• Elesihlanu Isigaba - iminyaka imfazwe 1940-1944.
• Elesithandathu Isigaba - kwi-USSR
• Isigaba Seventh - loo mihla, oko kukuthi, ukususela ngowe-1991 ukusa kwixesha langoku.

Umsunguli emzini

Ngo-1293 i-Swedish yalelani nokumkani ibamba Torkel Knutsson sathathwa kanye, ngoku noloyiso, Nyathela kumhlaba Karelian kunye Novgorod. Ngenye ziqithi, wamisa inqaba yomkhosi, ekuthiwa inqaba oyiNgcwele. Leyo yindlela kwi uguqulelo kwigama Swedish izandi "Vyborg". 1293 kucingwa unyaka wokuzalwa ka Vyborg. Ngokusekelwe kule, sinako ukubala inani leminyaka Vyborg, kwaye zabo phantse anamakhulu asibhozo.

Bakhokelwa izisusa obutofotofo Zomnqamlezo, Marshall wayecebe ukusasaza ubunini Sweden kunye neendawo ezikude. Wayenazo iitalente enkulu, hayi kuphela kwimicimbi yasemkhosini kodwa kwezopolitiko. Njengoko ummeli omnye iintsapho kakhulu kwaye bazizinhanha Sweden, Torkel Knutsson waba ngumlawuli wokuqala komthunzi kwi Magnus King I Ladulose abagulayo, yaye emva koko, emva Ukuvuma kwetrone kukho Birger Magnusson minor wamiselwa ibamba. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kukayise, malunga 1290, kweshumi Birger Magnusson wabeka Knutsson ePhakamileyo ndingumthetheli Sweden.

Ukuqala kwinkulungwane elandelayo nga ozakuthathwa kwelanga biography of igosa. Kwiminyaka ephakathi 1302-1303 Birger Magnusson kunye nabazalwana bakhe, kwavuka imbambano phezu ilungelo ngokulandelelana. Torkel Knutsson ijika nanjengesivuthevuthe of ngamayelenqe, kodwa eli xesha isikhundla sakhe ingakumbi ebuthathaka ngenxa ungquzulwano noPopu Boniface VIII. Into yokuba ukumkani ibamba, nazo imfuneko enkulu kuthetha ukuba silawule ilizwe, uzame ukuyiqhuba ngokwakho amalungelo ebuncwaneni ibandla. Ngenxa yoko, yena wathi njengotshaba okholo lizwe kunye esidlangalaleni intloko.

Ukukhunjulwa ngunozala umzi immortalized kwi ilitye lobhedu, ifakelwe phambi kwesakhiwo kweeHolo Old Town.

ayehla nqaba

Eyona umtsalane umzi - Vyborg Castle. Uphawu of Vyborg yasekwa ngo-1293, inkokeli yenkolo Torkel Knutsson. Ngelo lampompoza Kwangaxeshanye, le ndawo yaba ulawulo lwe Novgorod, waza wahlala phezu Karelia kuyo. yalelani Swedish, akuba wathimba kwidolophu Vyborg, Novgorod sinamafu kwindlela yorhwebo kuphela eYurophu, wammisa izicwangciso zakhe kulo ilizwe nemisinga kakhulu zikude nokuxubana.

Le nqaba ngumzekelo omhle yaseYurophu lwezakhiwo zomkhosi ephakathi Western. Imela kwi Inqaba Island, eyayisaziwa ngokuba iinkomo. inxalenye yawo kumntla luphantsi yaye ilungele iinjongo zolimo, kwaye wasempumalanga induli enamatye. Kukho wakha enamandla udonga ubukhulu phantse 2 eemitha. Xa iziko lesiqithi wakha inyango. Ngelo emazantsi ngayo icandelo cross square. Nenqwaba Iindonga-imitha ezine ezigcina ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela embindini nqaba evela cannonballs. Ngoko ke isakhiwo emide eScandinavia. Kwathiwa igama kwinqaba iSt Olav imbeko uKumkani eNorway, ebengabhaptizi amazwe aseScandinavia.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XV, irhuluneli ye-Swedish uKumkani Karl Knutsson Bunde ngocoselelo wabaphakamisa isithuba yomhadi ngaphakathi, ebabela ngayo ezingontsini ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, neenqwelo zokulwa kunye iiholo zemikhosi, wenza izitovu magumbi. Gorilla burhanqwe udonga inxalenye komhlaba kunye ilitye eliphezulu kwavula. Egoqweni wongezelela Unogada square kweenqaba ezinde esasimiswe kwintendelezo Paradise Tower. Le nqaba round kananjalo ingqalelo ufuzisela Vyborg yaye ngokufuthi kuboniswe postcards eveza isixeko kunye zezikhumbozo. Kwi irhuluneli nemisinga wakha udonga inqaba ezinde omzimba, ngaloo ndlela sakujika Vyborg Castle inqaba ngasemva iludonga kabini.

Ngowe-1556, kwisiqithi ngobuchule ebalulekileyo, wahambela Swedish ukumkani Gustav Vaz. Kwakhona, utshintsho olubalulekileyo ukufumene Vyborg Castle. Vyborg inqaba zatshintsha ngal: nenqaba engundoqo wongezelela ibali ezisixhenxe intsika libe kunye amakroba ezimbini up. Alapho elingaphakathi waye indawo kunye izakhiwo ezitsha, zibiza imali eninzi kwaye ehle, kwaye entendelezweni nqaba wongeze ifama esiqinileyo.

Uninzi zakhiwo eyenziwe ngomthi. Ngokufuthi utshiswe, yaye ngenkulungwane XVI, ezi zakhiwo isuswe, kwaye endaweni yazo wamisa ilitye. Eyadini nqaba wemba amachibi eziliqela kunye umthombo. Owayame eludongeni emntla ngaphandle lethu amatye eyakhelwe. Ezinye izindlu kumaxesha, owayebonakele ngelo xesha, isekhona.

Vyborg Castle wahlala ingafikeleleki de 1710.

Vyborg kuBukhosi Russian

Emva kokoyiswa kuMntla Imfazwe ukuwa enqabeni Oreshek St. Petersburg weza phantsi usongo a usihlasela yi-balwa. Ukususela nge 1706 uPetros Ndenza iinzame eziliqela ukuze ufumane balwa kuye kubaluleke kangaka siqithi Russian ukunika, kodwa bonke boyisakala. Kuphela yokugqibela, yasungulwa ngo-1710, wazisa uloyiso ukumkani. June 23 ekampini Swedish esayiniweyo isixhobo iindlela zokunikezela.

Inani labemi lwenqila akazange waba ngempatho-abahlaseli Russian. Abayi ekusasazeni umthetho serfdom. Kumazwe Orthodox, baye baqhubeka ikhaya labo, ukholo yamaLuthere. Ngaphezu koko, esi sixeko waqhubeka ehlala endala zabo, okt Swedish, imithetho. Kuthi kwakufika yorhwebo Russian esixekweni, ndafa ke, naziphi na amashishini mveliso, inani kwiindawo zokuhlala, iindawo zokuhlala, kuphuculwe iinqaba endala. Hi ndlela leyi, omnye oosodolophu basetsha Abrama Petrovich ithawula, uyisemkhulu imbongi A. S. Pushkina.

Ukususela ekupheleni nedolophu Swedish of Vyborg yaba liphondo esifumileyo yaseRashiya. Nkqu imbonakalo sixeko kunye ngezakhiwo unenzondelelo utshintsho kakhulu. kokuba iiprojekthi zabo, abakhi abaninzi abadumileyo, kuquka noEduard Ivanovich Totleben kunye Yuhon uYakobi Arenberg kuthwalelwa phandle phaya.

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX e Vyborg yaba luhamba ngesantya esincomekayo kakhulu mveliso. Shipping sabekwa Saimaa Canal, isixeko gasified, ngoko kwafika ithuba kombane, ubonelelo lwamanzi oluyintloko zeefoni. Ukususela ngo1856 ukuya 1912 Vyborg waba lane unprecedentedly kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho olukhawulezileyo. Kwiminyaka emithathu ukwakha kaloliwe ngobude km ezingaphezu kwama-350, yaye ngowe-1870, kumzila wakhe St. Petersburg - Helsinki yasingatha inxalenye yokuqala. Ngowe-1912, iimbombo ezisemaphandleni Vyborg wajoyina imigca nokuhamba abemi abaninzi beso sixeko ngelo xesha likhulile ukuya amawaka 50 abantu. waba ngumzi yesibini inkulu Grand Duchy of Finland. Abemi kwa- eFinland - malunga ne 81%, IsiSwedish eseneminyaka eli-10%, kwaye Russian - 6.5% kuphela.

elidlulileyo ethile, iinkolelo nezithethe liberalisticheskie ke isizathu sokuba Viborg iye yaba liziko lwe umtsalane iqela ubukhosi. Ku apha wazalwa edume "Vyborg Manifesto" ubiza kwizenzo yokungathobeli yoluntu. Phambi kokuba revolution apha ezimele V. I. Lenin.

Lomhleli Jacob Arenberg

Arenberg umakhi noluvo lokuba kowabo ukuze abe ngumzekelo bonke, kufuneka sibonise kwaye afundise, njengabameli beentlanga ezahlukeneyo kunye iicawa siphile ngoxolo ndawonye. Kuyinto ebalulekileyo ukuba abasemagunyeni ukulawula ummandla ahlala kuzo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ubudlelwane obuhle-olungileyo nentlonelo.

Arenberg uye wahlala kwaye wasebenza kuBukhosi Russian, Ndakugqala ke yena ngokomakhi Russian (ngexesha Vyborg waye Grand Duchy of Finland njengenxalenye Russia). Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Swede ngokuzalwa, ngoku ingqalelo ngokomakhi eFinland. Ngoko, babonakalalisa inkalo ekhethekileyo lomhlaba Vyborg.

Ngokubanzi, imbali Vyborg - imbali yeemfazwe ukhohlakele ngokoyisa, kunye Torkel Knutsson lesikhumbuzo, wadalwa uYakobi Arenberg - litye lesikhumbuzo yokuqala, uzibaxa kwaye oxolelenisa nembali mmandla.

UYakobi Arenberg (1847-1914) yenzelwe wakha eziliqela izakhiwo asekhona ahombise isixeko mazwe ezintathu. izitrato enjalo Vyborg, njengoko eSoviet (owayesakuba Posesskaya) kunye Fortress (owayesakuba Catherine), ibekwe esizikithini sixeko, eyona umdla ekubalele indalo womzobi odumileyo. Right kwikona sabo kwesakhiwo senqwelo-ofisi yeposi. Le yiprojekthi yokugqibela Arenberg. Apha umakhi thile siphambukile njengesiqhelo Renaissance wakhe waphefumlelwa ubuhle ibhotwe Drottinghemskogo uxelisa i Petrine ezimbejembeje.

Esitalatweni yiSoviet, uyakwazi ukubona yokuhlala owayesakuba irhuluneli Vyborg. Ngoku, oko likwaneklinkhi iBhunga City of yamaSekela lesithili Vyborg. House yeRhuluneli kungathathwa lwalawo Arenberg. eyenziwe ezichuliweyo womzobi Italian kwenkulungwane XVI kwaye sibonakaliswa kuyilo olungaphambili. Le projekthi isebenzisa yesikhumba ithayile elingaphantsi, imiqolo Ionic, iifestile polutsirkulyarnye, ulingano kunye imigca engqongqo zejiyometri. Kwisitrato lowo isakhiwo kakuhle abalondolozwa yangaphambili munhu wa xiviri, ukuba uhamba phambili umganyana, ukuya School of esitratweni, yaye apho ungabona kulwakhiwo lwesikolo amantombazana yangaphambili ', ezakhiwe inkosi odumileyo.

ixesha Finnish

I-February Revolution of 1917 kunye neziganeko okwadala Oktobha babe zothelekiso kucalu-imfazwe yamakhaya kunye kusungulwe i-Grand Duchy of Finland. Xa urhulumente omtsha, Finland, i-revolution ebomvu woyiswa, kwaye kweli lizwe waseka urhulumente republic.

aphulwa lonke unxibelelwano kunye eSoviet Union. Ukulingana beentlanga ezahlukeneyo indawo ngolawulo yabantu eFinland. Ulwimi Finnish yaba karhulumente.

waba Vyborg isixeko yesibini olubaluleke kakhulu kweli lizwe - indlela nenkcubeko, kunye neshishini kunye njengeziko kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. umyili Local Otto Iivari Meurman iphuhlise isicwangciso sophuhliso iminyaka emashumi mane, yaye ngokuhambelana zalo namadlelo. Ukuphunyezwa neengcedevu zaso yasungulwa ngo-1929 e-Finland, kwaye bagqiba 70s eSoviet Union.

Imbali Vyborg walondoloza ubungqina phambi kokuqala imfazwe iJamani yamaNazi kwezinye izakhiwo umdla kakhulu, ngokufanayo indlela functionalist kwakhiwa. It yenzelwe yi Ragnar Yupyuya urhwebo Naval Academy, iprojekthi Archives kaRhulumente kunye Uno Ullberg Vyborg Library.

Vyborg Library

Ngo-2013, emva kokuba kugqitywe ukulungiswa okukhulu, oko wavula iingcango zalo abafundi Vyborg City Library. Kulo lonke ihlabathi yaziwa ngokuba Vyborg Library. Kwathi kuphela ngaphakathi isakhiwo lizwe umyili lethu ebalaseleyo Finnish. An kunyango lwe functionalism, kudityaniswe kwimpucuko, Aalto yenzelwe bakha isakhiwo uyahlangabezana nazo zonke ezi mfuno ezichongiweyo ngeendlela bokwakha.

Ithala yakhiwa kwiminyaka esibhozo yaye yavulwa ngo-Oktobha 1935. Kulo alizange ebudeni bemfazwe, kodwa hayi kakubi kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe. Ngenxa ngamathontsi kunye nokungahoywa kuza lutshabalale unxibelelwano, ukutyabeka, iisilingi, imidlalo kunye nempahla baye balahleka, kucocwe inkqubo umoya ezizodwa.

Ukubuyiselwa yokuqala imi--50 lwaqhutywa ngaphandle imizobo yokuqala, ngoko ukuvulwa kwithala 1961 wamzalela zifana encinane ekuyilweni Alvar Aalto. Ukubuyiselwa yesibini iminyaka 1994-2013. Yabuyela uhlobo yokuqala. Lo msebenzi wawuquka yasekwa ngowe-1992 e-Finland, iKomiti ukuze kubuyiselwe Vyborg Library. Inkqubo yophando ngamazwe olubanzi nokubuyiselwa umsebenzi wezakhiwo Alvar Aalto iye yaphuhliswa. Icala Russian iye ngezimali mali federal.

Yathi yabuyiswa isilingi light - ngeenxa zonke iifestile 57 uphahla tyaba. ububanzi yabo 1.8 m. Aalto ubukhulu ubalwe kwaye bevels imingxunyana zezindlu ukuze kwelanga refracted kulo yabonisa. Le ukukhanya esichitha-chithwe aziyongozi amehlo livimbela batshise iincwadi.

yaqala kwakhona ukusebenza enomoya nenkqubo "control". Alvar Aalto sungula ukuze uthuli alubathundezi emoyeni. Imibhobho zokufudumeza emisa kwisilingi, xa eludongeni imvelaphi inyuselwa khona umoya emigodini, naphantsi iifestile efakiweyo umoya otyiwa lwezivalo.

Kwiholo intetho i silingi ekhethekileyo lihlangana ive saphiliswa.

Ukubuyisela kwithala leencwadi, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezimbalwa, thina wasebenzisa enye izinto ezisetyenziswa womzobi ngokwakhe.

iminyaka emithathu 1939-1944

Ukususela kuNovemba 1939 ukuya kutsho ngo June 20 1944 ngomhla kummandla wesithili Vyborg izihlandlo ezithathu waza watshintsha isakhiwo amandla yabemi. All campaigns ezintathu emkhosini luphawulwa izimpi kunye wancipha kakhulu phakathi abangenanto yakwenza.

I wahlala Okokuqala ezimbalini kunye igama "I-Winter War". version eSoviet uthi umlo yaqala eFinland, bechuba indawo umda zokudubula eSoviet. World uluntu longxowankulu isaziso ekuqaleni imisebenzi zomkhosi Ngokuqunjiswa urhulumente waseSoviet kunye eSoviet Union wagxothwa uManyano Lwezizwe. March 12, 1940 imfazwe yaphela ngokutyikitya le Moscow iSivumelwano, njengako 11% yommandla Finland, kuquka Vyborg, bafudukela eSoviet Union. Urhulumente Finnish ngenkani kwenye indawo abantu balapha kwi kummandla Finland. On iimali Kukuthathe iiyure 24: akukho mntu ixesha lokuba kunye ngenene, yonke impahla yomtshato washiywa ukuba isiphelo sayo. A mazwe Inkqubo ekhethekileyo yathathwa waba bantu baninzi kakhulu abantu baseRashiya, baqala mveliso ukusebenza, amaziko enkcubeko, imfundo kunye nezempilo.

Loxolo yaphela August 29, 1941, xa inxalenye 4 Corps yomkhosi Finland lasungula intshukumo ukuziphindiselela, wayithimba Vyborg. Russia kwakhona salahlekelwa inqaba yayo ntshona. Abendlu ka-Workers 'kwaye Abalimi' Red Army wemka kweso sixeko. labantu Finnish ukubuyela kwilizwe lawo, kodwa hlalani apha kuphela iminyaka emithathu.

June 20, 1944, imikhosi yaseSoviet kwakhona wangena Vyborg - Russia wathabatha impindezelo wayo, kwaye eFinland ngokukhawuleza bakhutshwe kwi embindini weli lizwe.

Elesithandathu Isigaba - kwi-USSR

Eli xesha ithathwa ehlotyeni ka-1944 ukuya 1991. iimfazwe ezintathu ziye zabangela umonakalo omkhulu umzi. Ngaphambi kokuba bahambe, i eFinland geni amashishini ibalulekileyo mveliso kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Asingabo bonke yakwazi ukudambisa. izakhiwo abangaphezu kwama-500 baye kutshatyalaliswa. Emagxeni abantu Soviet wayelele umthwalo onzima yokubuyisela uqoqosho lwedolophu. Vyborg wafakwa phakathi imizi-15 ibe nto iphambili kurhulumente.

Ngowe-1947 Isicwangciso sophuhliso lwezibonelelo of Vyborg yasungulwa. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-50 baqalisa isixhobo kwesityalo imikhumbi, citric acid kunye nabanye abasebenza. Endaweni kokufakelwa esiporweni ibhasi weza, kufakwe zikaloliwe zombane. sites zembali ezifana ayehla nqaba, iinqaba, iibrorho izindlu ezininzi kumaxesha, baqala ukubuyisela. Avulwe park Umfanekiso kunye museum "Mon Repos Park." Ku kancane iwotshi Tower Cathedral.

"Park Mon Repos"

Tverdysh kwi siqithi, kwinxalenye esemantla Vyborg, na ezimbalini, ngokwesiyilo zendalo museum-reserve "Mon Repos Park." Ekuqaleni, la mazwe uPeter wamnika ngalo, libhange kwingqwayi i Vyborg inqaba Stupishin. Yena likhanyelwe le imigxobhozo, owazisa umhlaba ochumileyo watyala imithi yeziqhamo ezinamagqabi avuthulukayo. Bonke abanini ezilandelayo nayo yafak 'isandla ukuphuculwa welifa.

Eyona idumileyo nabayili bezakhiwo, ngabapeyinti, abakroli kunye iinkosi umyezo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo babesebenza izakhiwo kwefama kunye mhlaba. Kwanele ukukhankanya amagama afana Montferrand, Martinelli, Gonzaga, uThomas de Thomon A. Stakenschneider, Mettenleyter, Takanen. Ebudeni beminyaka emithathu 1939-1944 iimfazwe ezininzi obukhulu yayonakele, isuswe okanye yatshatyalaliswa. Kumaxesha Soviet, umsebenzi wokubuyisela kwintsimi park ligubungela kancinane. Uninzi izakhiwo lokusinda zisetyenziselwa kwiziko loluntu njongo - abancinane, ikhaya lokuphumla, njalo-njalo ...

Okwangoku ke ngcono park. Wonke umculo zasehlotyeni ngamatheko Celtic intsomi umculo, kukho ukubuyiselwa endala kunye nokwakhiwa kweendawo ezintsha, eyenzelwe ukuba abuyele epakini inkangeleko endala kunye nenjongo.

Imbali zakutshanje Vyborg

Imbali zakutshanje Vyborg iyalinganiselwa ukususela ngowe-1991 ukusa kwixesha langoku. Nangona ezinye abaphila bathi ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa emantla-ntshona imida Russian Federation, Vyborg isabalulekile yangaphambili, siyakholwa ezi ngcinga ziphosakele yingozi. Le dolophu enqatyisiweyo nangoku sikhusela yaye kulo mmandla, yaye ilizwe lethu ekuhlaselweni urhulumente ezingafunekiyo kunye nendlela yokuphila. Lilele ukubaluleka kwayo yezopolitiko neyezomkhosi. Nguye lo yomkhosi wamanzi kunye zomkhosi isiseko ebaluleke kakhulu kweli lizwe.

Modern Vyborg - oku elihle, isixeko mihla uziphethe esebenzayo zokomoya ishishini ubomi. Kukho mveliso, amaziko eliqela ephakamileyo kunye namaziko emfundo aphakamileyo, izikolo, abancinane eziguqulweyo, izibhedlele kunye nokuphumla amakhaya. Iingxaki ngezithuthi karhulumente isonjululwe Bulelani ukuvela iziphambuka ezintsha izithuthi. Ukuphuhlisa icandelo lezokhenketho kuqoqosho. Ngokukodwa, ukomelezwa Vyborg endulini gun yaba yinxalenye iindlela abakhenkethi.

iisimboli omzi

Phakathi iisimboli eziphambili umzi, osoloko xelela ngabakhokeli kwaye apho kuboniswe njengezikhumbuzo ezi woxande olude ayehla, incwadi Latin i W, ingubo iingalo mzi, i Vyborg pretzel odumileyo, Drakkar, ibandla eseshumi, nenqaba ende St. uOlaf, iParadesi kunye nenqaba iwotshi, kwakunye njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla isikhumbuzo Marshal Knutsson.

Pretzel, njengoko besithi, akufani ukuba kanye bazisa uzuko kuwo umzi, kodwa nangoku okunencasa kakhulu, kwaye nabakhenkethi basazama ukuthenga ungathengisi ngayo abantu babo ababathandayo.

Ngokumalunga Umfuziselo, itshintshe izandla amaxesha amaninzi. Ngowe-1710, emva kokuba ngoloyiso Peter I, nto iinzame ukuhombisa umfanekiso wakhe ngayo indlovu, kodwa unobumba awukafikeleli. Ingubo yanamhlanje Iingalo Vyborg - isuntswana akumgangatho inguqulelo Umfuziselo, nangaphezulu ezivunyiweyo uKumkanikazi uCatherine II ngo-1788. On kulo amasimi ezintathu - bhlowu, mthubi nabomvu. Bona - izizithsaba ezintathu kunye neleta W. Okulungileyo washiya iingelosi ezimbini. amaphiko amakhulu labathengi zasezulwini nodonga inqaba kwisiqalo kunye nokukhusela impilo-ntle yabemi ihlabathi ilizwe wayinikela kubo.