Ukukhetha Dynamic. Umzekelo uqhuba yokukhetha ifomu

Ngowe-1859, isazinzulu IsiNgesi Charles Darwin wapapasha umsebenzi wakhe angundoqo "The Origin of Species Esebenzisa Ukhetho Natural". Le ncwadi laliqulunqwe kuqala ingcamango mihla izinto zazivelela. amandla ayo uqhuba - Ukukhetha yendalo, nto leyo, yahlulahlulwe iintlobo eziliqela, kuquka ukhetho enamandla. Imizekelo yalo hypothesis, i data kwi "Origin of Species", wabonisa njani indlela yophuhliso ubomi emhlabeni.

ISISHWANKATHELO Ukukhetha nezakhi

Umgaqo Ukukhetha enamandla kukuba abantu abaye bafumana umahluko othile evela imithetho eqhelekileyo eyamkelwe Kwiintlobo, zibe kwindawo kuluncedo kwaye ekugqibeleni aphumelele edabini lokusinda. Le yinkqubo ende kwaye inzima. ukwahluka Intraspecific ichaphazela zonke izakhiwo kunye namaqumrhu kwiintlobo nganye. Ifaka kuzo zombini phawu oluninzi (ubukho okanye ukungabikho yokwahluka) kunye nomgangatho (ledayimenshini, axela).

Imbali lophuhliso mammalian unika abaphandi yimizekelo ezininzi ifomu yokuqhuba ngokukhethwa. Eyona aziphethe ngayo imiqondiso - inani leenwele nganye unit ndawo, ubunzima amalungu ezahlukahlukeneyo, inani iiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Ngexesha zazivelela ubungakanani ukwanda lobuchopho bomntu. Inani elikhulu of umahluko iimpawu uthimbo isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo isihlunu kumthi inyumoniya kwemiphunga, ifomu isibindi.

uhlobo isiqiniseko

A ezininzi iintlobo ezithile intermediate eyenziwe ukhetho olutshintshayo. Imizekelo yalo qela kwakhokelela Darwin ngokwakhe. Le icula British ebomvu, nto leyo kwenzeka iintlobo Norwegian, zinambuzane Madeira, iintaka ye zeGalapagos Islands. Bonke bephela linokuchazwa ngokuthi "iintlobo kuyathandabuzeka." Ziziphi iimpawu zazo eziphambili? Le fomu efana kakhulu ngembonakalo, kodwa into efana kakhulu ezinye iindlela okanye ngokusondeleyo kubo amanyathelo eliphakathi zebhayoloji musa nobaqonda neentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Ezi izidalwa eziphilayo - ezi amalinki zazivelela. iintlobo zentandabuzo - kodwa enyanisweni asakhulayo ezintsha. Nangoku njengoko abazahlulayo kakuhle yookhokho babo, kodwa sele ziyiqalile inkqubo yokuzahlula. Lo ngumzekelo yokukhetha onamandla izilwanyana. Bathi ngenxa umzabalazo ubomi kuvuka. Kangangoko njengongabalulekanga inokuba utshintsho ngamaxesha athile kwi fomu, ukuba nangayiphi na indlela eluncedo, bona, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, baya kuhlala kwaye iya ilifa imbewu.

Ukukhetha enamandla Avian

Umzabalazo ngenxa yobukho - ngokuyintloko ngumzabalazo yokudla. Ukuba umbono lingenako ukubethelela indawo yayo kwikhonkco lokutya, iya ngokuyimfuneko ziphele. Imizekelo ukuqhuba uhlobo yokukhethwa zendalo ngokwegrafu umkhondo kwizilwanyana onombilini.

Cinga nje iintlobo ezimbalwa zeentaka. Tit Big usuku olunye ukutya eninzi izinambuzane, yimilinganiso elinganayo umzimba wakhe, kwaye lo ngumba elide-ezinomsila kuzisa feed amakhulu alo amaxesha ngemini, elinye isabelo prihvatyvaya 5-6 ezinqunquthayo. Pied Flycatcher ulondla inzala kwekilogram ziimpethu kunye zabonwa ngeeveki ezimbini. Wren adla kangangonyaka nezinambuzane million 10 ngonyaka ngamnye. kestrels American ngelo xesha linye ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubamba ukuya iimpuku 300 kunye namacwecwe ziintaka ezincinane. Yalusa amantshontsho abo starlings kunikelwa sinokufaka birdhouse ezintathu.

Ngalinye kula matyala - umzekelo indlela yokuqhuba ngokukhethwa zendalo. Utshintsho esiswini, amathumbu kunye nemilomo yeentaka ngcembe zatshintsha. Abanye babo bakhula singapheli kwaye awuzali, abanye baye baba ezizingelayo ezinkulu, kwaye abanye baye bafa, wemka kungekho ukutya okanye lwajika lwaba ukutya elumelwaneni.

uhlobo ekhonyayo

Ezahlukahlukeneyo into efunyenwe apho isilwanyana okanye isityalo yandile ehlabathini lonke. Kwakhona Darwin ukubiza ezi ntlobo lubalaseleyo. Yaba abo amaninzi yabela ukhetho olutshintshayo. Umzekelo - abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo Eurasia iingcuka zesiqhelo. Yenza iindlela eziliqela kuzo, njalo ngokubuyisela omnye. Iimpungutye ezihlala ngasentla, ezinkulu kakhulu kunokuba iimpungutye ezihlala ezantsi, xa kwindawo emaqeleni kunye nezo entlango. Zincinane kubo uhlala e Central Asia, ingakumbi e Afghanistan.

Uluhlu olubanzi yehlabathi impungutye - bazivelela, ayenzileyo ukhetho olutshintshayo. Umzekelo izicacele: kumantla izilwanyana kufuneka ukuba yomelele emzantsi. Oku edibene iimeko zemozulu kunye nabamelwane yingozi. Ngexesha ukufuduka, impungutye ukuya ezantsi, isizukulwana ngasinye esitsha kokuba ezincinane ngenxa iinguqulelo ezincinane zendalo. abantu ezintsha ziba lungqanyaniswe emaqeleni neentlango yaye waqhubeka ukoyisa imimandla ezingaqhelekanga.

Ukukhetha Dynamic kunye nonikezelo lokutya

Yonke imizekelo ukhetho zendalo zibonisa ukuba kwimeko nganye uhlobo ugcina imali eseleyo eziphilayo. Nokuba uhlobo entsha sisebenzisa kwaye lube sinamandla, xa kolawulo kukho kusoloko mda. Lo mgaqo esizibonakalisa apho umntu uzama ukuba angenelele iinkqubo zendalo.

Ngowe-1911, phezu Pribilof siqithi kufuphi Alaska, kwaziswa 25 izilwanyana adle. Bona baqhele kakuhle kwindawo entsha - ngo-1938, baba ngamawaka amabini. Abantu kwaba nzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba oko kuye layitshabalalisa ukutya kwaye bonke abantu wafa. Ngowe-1950, 8 kuphela amaxhama esele siqithi. Iimpawu Ukukhetha enezinto mizekelo ibonisa ukuba, ukuba Uhlobo ikwimeko entle kakhulu, Akwandise kakhulu, oko utshabalalisa ukutya ayimfuneko ngokwabo, yaye ekugqibeleni wabulala ngokwakhe.

Le meko ifana i-Arizona ithafa Keybab apho abantu bazama ukubuyisela inani amaxhama iimeyile wahlaba zonke coyotes kunye cougars nokuzingela wavalwa. ingxinano kakhulu yabantu yaba sisiqalo ukuphela yabemi.

izakhi zofuzo

yindlela enamandla ukhetho isebenza elingafani. Darwin ayikwazanga ukuqonda indlela utshintsho regulatory, asakhulayo izizukulwana ezintsha eziphilayo. Iinzululwazi yenkulungwane XX weza kwisigqibo ukuba kukho imisebenzi emitsha izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ngenxa zofuzo. Baya angavela ngendlea ngokuzola shwaka, kodwa ukuba olo tshintsho eziyingenelo umntu, ukuba usindisiwe kwaye esasulela nenzala.

Australia wavula baseYurophu bazisa kwilizwekazi bee esiqhelekileyo, nto leyo ngokukhawuleza kwayitshabalalisa iinyosi bomthonyama na ulwamvila ngaphantsi. Eli tyala aluchananga. ityala lakhe izenzo zabantu. Noko ke, lo mgaqo uyasebenza ukhetho enamandla zendalo.

umzabalazo intraspecific

Umzabalazo ukuphila usoloko neenkani, kodwa umzabalazo ubomi phakathi kwabantu kunye neentlobo zohlobo olufanayo double enganyangekiyo. Ichaphazela ukufana imikhwa kunye nolwakhiwo umzimba.

EScotland, ngenkulungwane XIX, kukho ukruthakruthwano phakathi iintlobo ezimbini thrushes - yokwanda missel inani kukhokelele yokuduka ingoma thrush. Umzekelo intshukumo ifom yokuqhuba yokukhethwa yendalo yinto yokuba eRashiya, le amaphela kudliwe Asian yonke andigweqe izalamane zabo ezinkulu.

umzabalazo interspecies

Kubalulekile ukuba isakhiwo zonke organic ukuba le mpembelelo ebonakalayo kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ecaleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko ke okhuphisana abo yonke imihla ubunzima kunye nezinye ukusinda. Ngoko ke, loo maphalo ezihlala kufuphi amahlosi, wabonakala okusawula ekuso. Baba lula ukubambelela uboya izilwanyana zasendle.

Imizekelo yokuhambisa yokukhetha izityalo nako kunganikwa ingqwalasela kwimeko lomzabalazo interspecies. Abazaziyo zonke edandelion na pappose hoholkami-. Ethwele iimbewu kwaye inxulumene kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi, apho kukho isityalo. Loo isakhiwo kwenza kube nje kuphela ukusinda kodwa ukuze nande amanani amakhulu. Imbewu lubekwe kude kungawunwenisa emoyeni uwele okwangoku esithathwe emhlabeni.

ukwanda

Xa uqala kuqala, nangoncedo ukutya iimbewu zezityalo ezininzi akanayo ngokunxulumene kwezinye izityalo. Kodwa enyanisweni, kuba kukho into ebaluleke kakhulu. Ihlala izinga lokukhula isithombo, ukunyanzelwa ukujongana engqongileyo ngaphandle utyani. Kumanqanaba okuqala ngamasebe abatsha ekuphuhliseni ngokukhawuleza ertyisi okanye iimbotyi. Ekuhambeni zazivelela yaso imbewu yabo yaqala ukufumana eninzi ukutya, nto leyo yanceda ukuba bathathe niche obalulekileyo kwihlabathi organic. Species okhuphisana ertyisi neembotyi, akazange afumane le iadvanteji, baphulukana umzabalazo interspecies kwaye wanyamalala kobuso bomhlaba.

Lo mzekelo ungentla ubonisa ukuba ulawulo ebalulekileyo. Xa izilwanyana kunye nezityalo yeyela ilizwe elitsha kwaye uphakathi singabaphambukeli phambi khuphiswano, iimeko zobomi zinokwahluka kakhulu, nokuba imozulu iya kuhlala injalo. Ukuze ufumane zintshula kwintsimi entsha, hlobo kufuneka ukuba ziphambuke kuphuhliso lwabo yookhokho babo.

Ukukhetha kwekhompuyutha

Ukukhetha Dynamic isebenza yonke iyure yonke imihla. Uyasindisa ashenxe utshintsho luncedo, ngokwenjenjalo kuphuculwe ntle eziphilayo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko yobomi bakhe. Ukukhethwa iyacotha kwaye imperceptible emehlweni abantu; kodwa ayinakutshintshwa. Evolution ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa kwizizukulwana ezininzi. Ukuze wenze oku, izazinzulu kufuneka bafunde ezi zaphawula zejoloji lonke kunye namaxesha ngamawaka okanye izigidi elide zeminyaka.

Ukhetho akanakho ukusebenza ngenxa iimpawu, oko kubonakala kakhulu zingabalulekanga. Umzekelo, izinambuzane ezitya amagqabi, ezahlukeneyo eluhlaza kunye ukutya amaxolo kwemithi luphawulwa obungwevu nezinala. Ukuba ukutshintsha umbala, aba bantu sibonakale bengakhuselekanga amarhamncwa. Ngokufanayo, umhlambi weegusha emhlophe amatakane ubukho esibulalayo nkqu ndawo encinane emnyama.

Nobudlelwane kunye nolwamkelo

Iimpawu abantu esiphilayo ezingqingqwa nje kuphela ngenxa izakhi random, kodwa ngokutsho umgaqo nobudlelwane. Yintoni umongo wayo? Xa utshintsha elinye ilungu lomzimba, oko ngokuyimfuneko kuya kukhokelela utshintsho kwezinye iindawo. Amaxesha amaninzi ezi ilenze ezi yokuzivelela iimpawu kakhulu engalindelekanga.

Eyona umsebenzi utshintsho - device. Mhlawumbi kungenzeka kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Umzekelo, amantshontsho iinciniba kwi kumlomo elingaphezulu ukuba amaqhuma iimpawu horny, okwabizwa ngokuba kwezo amazinyo. Kwiintsuku zokuqala emva hatching ukusuka kwiqanda, bona ukunyibilika kwaye shwaka. kuphela injongo yawo - ukunceda intshontsho ukwaphula iqokobhe. Esi sixhobo ekuthiwa osandul. It ivumela ingqondo yakho ukwandisa izinga zokuzalwa kunye ngempumelelo ngakumbi ukulwa ukusinda. Ngenxa ngokweempawu obonakala kungekho ezifana nemisebenzi ukhetho neguquguqukayo.