I-General Theory of Systems of Ludwig von Bertalanffy kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

Austria Scientist-eziphilayo, owayehlala eKhanada kunye eUnited States, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, ngowe-1937 okokuqala ukubeka phambili inani iimbono, awathi kamva zidityaniswe zibe ingcamango enye. Walibiza "Imfundiso ngokubanzi kweenkqubo." Yintoni na? Olu phando Ingcamango lwenzululwazi izinto ezahlukeneyo ingqalelo njenge nkqubo.

Ingcamango osisiseko thiyori ecetywayo kukuba imithetho elawula inkqubo izinto - nye, okufanayo iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Kuyinto elungileyo, ukuba bathi ingcinga ephambili Bertalanffy babekwa Abaphengululi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, sobulumko Russian, umbhali, abapolitiki, ugqirha, emsebenzini wakhe angundoqo "Tectology", ebhalwe nguye 1912. AA Bogdanov iye yathath 'inxaxheba kwi revolution, kodwa iinkalo ezininzi ukungavumelani VI ULenin. Oktobha revolution akazange athathe, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka basebenzisane kunye iiBolsheviks, wahlela nendlela yokuqala ngoko into Russian Institute of Igazi kwaye ufake kwi eksperimenti zonyango. Wafa ngo-1928. Bambalwa abantu bazi namhlanje ukuba lo sisazinzulu ekuqaleni Russian kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kunye komzimba VM BEKHTEREV kungakhathaliseki AA Bogdanova, wachaza imithetho ezingaphezu kwama-20 jikelele kummandla iinkqubo engqondweni kunye nezentlalo.

Iinkqubo theory jikelele ufunda iintlobo, iinkqubo, isakhiwo, iinkqubo, umsebenzi wabo ezahlukeneyo kunye noPhuhliso, umbutho yeekhomponenti kumanqanaba zesakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya, kwaye ngaphezulu. Bertalanffy likwaqhube uphando ekuthiwa-iinkqubo vula utshintshiselwano lwamandla simahla, akunamsebenzi kunye nolwazi kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Iinkqubo theory jikelele njengangoku liphanda imithetho nkqubo-ngokubanzi afana ne-siseko, ezifana hypothesis ka semiotic ukuqhubeka lo mgaqo ingxelo, inkqubela lombutho, ukuzisebenzela kweesoftwe, ubudlelane iyavumelana, umthetho iintlobo eziyimfuneko, oluneqela wembuyekezo siseko nomthetho monocentrism ubuncinane, umthetho ubuncinane ukumelana isihlobo , yangaphandle Ngaphezu mgaqo recursive izakhiwo theorem, umthetho kunye nezinye iiyantlukwano.

Imeko yangoku inzululwazi malunga kweenkqubo isandla Bertalanffy. Iinkqubo theory jikelele sifana kakhulu ngeenjongo zophando okanye iindlela cybernetics - isayensi yemithetho jikelele inkqubo yolawulo kunye nokudlulisela ulwazi kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo (ngomatshini, zebhayoloji okanye zentlalo); ulwazi theory - isebe yemathematika egqiba ingqikelelo lolwazi, imithetho kunye neempawu zayo; umdlalo, zahlalutywa ukhuphiswano yemathematika ezimbini okanye imikhosi ephikisayo ngakumbi ukuze afumane inzuzo enkulu nelahleko kancinane; theory isigqibo, kuhlalutywa izigqibo ezivakalayo nezinengqiqo phakathi iindlela ezahlukeneyo; Uhlalutyo factor, ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo ulwabiwo nemigibe yeli nesenzeko kunye variables ezininzi.

Namhlanje, ithiyori systems jikelele Kufunyenwe negalelo enamandla kuphuhliso yayo iyasebenzisana. Prigogine and Haken aphande iinkqubo nonequilibrium, izakhiwo dissipative kunye entropy kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo. Ukongeza, ithiyori ye Bertalanffy bekela ezinjalo iinkalo yenzululwazi ayisebenzisa ezifana zobunjineli iinkqubo - inzululwazi yocwangciso nkqubo, uyilo, uvavanyo kunye nokuyilwa kweenkqubo le fom "ndoda-kumatshini"; kwengqondo engineering; theory entsimini yokuziphatha Lewin; Imisebenzi Research - inzululwazi kumacandelo kolawulo lwezixokelelwano yezoqoqosho (abantu, oomatshini, izixhobo, ezemali, njl); SMD-ndlela, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa yi GP Shchedrovitskii, oogxa bakhe nabafundi; theory sobuntu ezifunekayo W. merlin, isiseko apho ubukhulu becala ingqalelo ngaphezu ingcamango jikelele iinkqubo Bertalanffy.