Ubudlelwane Binary neempawu zazo

Uluhlu olubanzi unxulumano Umzekelo iiseti kunye inani elikhulu kweekhonsepthi ukususela iinkcazelo zabo kunye nohlalutyo okuhlalutya ophela kephofu. Iintlobo kweekhonsepthi kuxutyushwa kwinqaku kwi isethi ngonaphakade. Nangona xa sithetha udidi ezimbini, ngokuthi oku kwakuthetha ulwalamano yokubini phakathi kwezinto ezininzi. Kananjalo phakathi kwezinto okanye amazwi.

Njengoko umthetho, ubudlelwane yokubini kuboniswe yi-R, oko kukuthi, ukuba xRx naliphi na ixabiso x entsimini R, ipropati elolo kuthiwa zochazo, apho x kwaye x - yenziwe izinto zokucinga, kwaye R luphawu ezinye uhlobo lobudlelane phakathi kwabantu . Ngelo xesha, ukuba express okanye xRy® yRx, uzithetha malunga karhulumente macala apho ® - umqondiso kukusulela, esifanayo komdibaniso 'ukuba ... emva koko ... "Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ziqonde imibhalo (xRy uy Rz). ®xRz ndixelele ngolwalamano Isixando, kunye umqondiso u - oku ngesihlanganisi.

A ngokunxulumene binary oko kukuthi zombini zochazo, twatsa, kwaye ukusuka 'kothiwa ubudlelwane ukulingana. Umlinganiselo f - msebenzi, ibe i f kunye i f kuthetha ukulingana y = z. Simple umsebenzi binary kube lula isicelo kwi iimpikiswano ezimbini ezilula zicwangciswe ngendlela ethile, yaye kuphela kulo mzekelo, inika ixabiso kuyo, waqondisa la mabinzana mabini, ayathathwa kwimeko ethile.

Kufuneka bathi f iimephu x ukuba y, Ukuba f ngumsebenzi kommandla inkcazelo indawo amaxabiso x kunye no y. Noko ke, xa extrapolates f x kwi y, kunye y In z, ngoko oku kukhokelela kukuba ubonisa f kwi x z. A umzekelo olula: Ukuba f (x) = 2x isebenziseka ngobulungisa engenasizathu elipheleleyo x, ngoko esiya kuthi, f Iimephu iseti esayiniweyo zonke integers ezaziwayo ezininzi lonke efanayo, kodwa eli xesha namanani. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ulwalamano yokubini ukuba ngaxeshanye zochazo, twatsa, kwaye Isixando, ulwalamano ngokulinganayo.

Ngenxa yoku kungasentla, ubudlelwane ngokulinganayo emiselwe iimpawu yobudlelwane yokubini:

• reflexivity - umlinganiselo (M ~ N);
• lohlukanisa - Ukuba ukulingana M ~ N, apho kuya kubakho N ~ M;
• transitivity - Ukuba ukulingana ezimbini M ~ N N ~ P, isiphumo M ~ P.

Ekubeni ingqalelo iimpawu yesicelo yobudlelwane kabini iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Reflexivity - yenye iimpawu yamakhonknco, apho isiqalelo ngasinye yeeseti vavanyo kule yokulingana ngokwayo. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi kwamanani a = c kunye a³ ne - unxibelelwano ejoliswe kumenzi, ngokuba kukho kusoloko kukho = c = c, kunye a³, s³ kunye. Kwangaxeshanye, umlinganiselo wokungalingani a> c - antireflexive ngenxa nakwenzeka ukungalingani a> a. Saziwe yale propati ufakwe Abalinganiswa: aRc® Ara u CRC, apha isimboli ® lubonisa igama elithi "lithetha" (or "lithetha") kunye uphawu U - umi yi "kunye" (okanye isihlanganisi). Ukusuka mazwi kulandela ukuba ukuba inyaniso a isiphakamiso okwenyaniso kwaye ARC ibinzana ara and CRC.

Ulingano ibandakanya ubukho ubudlelwane kwaye ukuba izinto ngengqondo kupheliswa, okt ubudlelwane ngokutsha macala zezinto ingakhokeleli inguqu kwefom "neentlobano yokubini." Umzekelo, ulwalamano ukulingana a = c macala ngenxa ukulingana ngokunxulumene c = a; Kwakhona a¹s ngokulinganayo nomgwebo, njengoko sihlangene s¹a unxibelelwano.

Isixando iseti - yinto ipropati kuhlangana apho le mfuno ilandelayo: ndakufika mna, x, z ı y ® z ı x, apho ® izenzo ngumqondiso ingena la mazwi: "Ukuba ... emva koko ...". Ngomlomo ifomula oko njengelifundeka ngolu: ". Ukuba ezimeleyo x, z fanele y, z njengoko umsebenzi x"