Iiproteni alula nanzima. Isakhiwo, imisebenzi, iimpawu, iimpawu, imizekelo iiprotheni ezimbaxa

Enye iinkcazelo wobomi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Ubomi indlela yokuphila lwemizimba protein." On iplanethi yethu, ngaphandle kokukhetha eziphilayo kulawulwe izinto eziphilayo, ezifana iiprotheni. Eli nqaku liza kuchaza iiproteni ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo ezichongiweyo umahluko kubume eziphilayo, kwaye axoxe imisebenzi yabo kwiseli.

Yini ziiproteni

Ukususela imbono ngamachiza - ubunzima eliphezulu eziphilayo Iipholima eziphilayo, monomers ezo iintlobo-20 ezahlukeneyo asidi acid. Bona akumanyileyo ngeentambo covalent lwekhemikhali, eyaziwa ngenye peptide. Ekubeni monomers protein iikhompawundi amphoteric, ukuba ibe zombini iqela acid kunye carboxyl iqela olusebenzayo. Gqithisela CO-NH phakathi kwabo kwenzeka.

Ukuba polypeptide iquka acid acid iintsalela amakhonkco, yenza iproteni elula. Le molecule le Polymer, ngakumbi oquka ion yesinyithi, iivithamini, nucleotides, iikhabhohayidrethi - ziiproteni ezintsonkothileyo. Emva koko, siza kuqwalasela ulwakhiwo lwendawo polypeptides.

Amanqanaba mbutho zeprotheyini neemolekyuli

Bona thaca sisimo ezine ezahlukeneyo. Ukuma lokuqala - yomgama, kuba yeyona nto ilula kwaye indlela kwitsheyini polypeptide ngexesha anda yayo ukuyilwa iibhondi ezongezelelweyo hydrogen. Ukuba kuzinziswe kweleli, ekuthiwa isakhiwo yesibini. Amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo kufuneka iiproteni ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo, uninzi iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. kuvela koqeqesho kwi impefumlelwano molekyuli eziliqela lobume zomthonyama, coenzymes emanyeneyo, ezizezi iiproteni abe isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo, zisebenza kwimisebenzi umzimba ezahlukeneyo - The yoqwalaselo yokugqibela.

A ezahlukeneyo iiprotheni ezilula

Eli qela ayikho polypeptides ezininzi. molecule awo kwenziwa kuphela zeentsalela acid acid. Ukubandakanya iiproteni, ezifana histones kunye globulin. Eyokuqala emelwe lwesakhiwo core, kwaye kudityaniswe iimolekyuli DNA. Iqela lesibini - globulin - la macandelo aphambili plasma yegazi. Loo protein ezifana igamma globulin, wenza imisebenzi wokhuselo omzimba kwaye i lomzimba. Ezi zihlanganisi bangaba izakhiwo, nto leyo eziqulathe carbohydrate ezimbaxa kunye neeproteni. Ezo iiproteni ezilula fibrillar ezifana collagen kunye elastin, bayinxalenye nokuqina izihlunu, intlala, imisipha, isikhumba. Owona msebenzi wabo - ulwakhiwo kunye nenkxaso.

Tubulin protein lilungu microtubules, ezo amacandelo isiliya kunye misila kwiseli enye ezifana ciliates, Euglena, flagellates olwaye lwamfimfitha. Le protein efanayo olilungu eziphilayo multicellular (misila spermatozoa, isiliya ova, epithelium ciliated ye emathunjini amancinci).

Protein albumin imfutshane Stock umsebenzi (umzekelo, iproteni amaqanda chicken). Xa endosperm kwembewu papa - irye, irayisi, ingqolowa - iimolekyuli protein yande. Zibizwa ngokuba inclusions cellular. Ezi izinto zisetyenziswa ndiseyimbumba imbewu ekuqaleni yophuhliso lwayo. Ukongeza, i protein eliphezulu inani ngokokuma kwento ingqolowa luphawu ebaluleke kakhulu umgangatho yomgubo. Isonka esibhakiweyo ukusuka gluten-rich umgubo has a incasa ophezulu luncedo ngakumbi. Gluten ziqulathe ekuthiwa ingqolowa nzima. Utwa-ulwandle iintlanzi plasma yegazi iqulethe iiproteni ezithintela ukufa kwazo engqeleni. Bawathimbe nokubanda, nokuthintela ukufa eziphilayo xa amaqondo obushushu amanzi aphantsi. Kwelinye icala, xa ukwakhiwa yeseli udonga iintsholongwane thermophilic ngemithombo zafakwa eziqulethwe iiproteni nabakwaziyo ukugcina uqwalaselo yendalo (isakhiwo ephakamileyo okanye koqeqesho) yayo kwaye oko denature kwiqondo lobushushu ezisukela +50 ukuya + 90 ° C.

proteid

Ezi ziiproteni oluxandileyo, luphawulwa iyantlukwano enkulu ngokunxulumene nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyenziwa ngabo. Njengoko sibonile ngaphambili, iqela polypeptides, ngaphandle inxenye protein iqulethe iqela angoozenzele. Phantsi yempembelelo izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, iityuwa heavy metal, kanzulu iiproteni complex kwealkali asidi uyakwazi ukutshintsha isimo sayo lomhlaba, lula kuyo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba nokuguqulwa. Ubume kweziyi ezintsonkothileyo iphazamisekile baphuke iibhondi hydrogen, kwaye molekyuli balahlekelwe iimpawu nemisebenzi yazo. Njengoko umthetho, nokuguqulwa ayibuyiseki umva. Ke kaloku bathi abathile polypeptides kusebenza njengesixhobo, ukuqhuba kunye ebonisa imisebenzi, oko renaturation kunokwenzeka - ekubuyiseleni isakhiwo kwemvelo proteids.

Ukuba intshukumo ngumba esidala ngokuya ixesha elide, kwemolekyuli iproteni itshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhokelela komsipha iibhondi peptide lobume zaseprayimari. Buyisela protein kwaye umsebenzi wayo akusekho kunokwenzeka. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba intshabalalo. Umzekelo yokupheka kwamaqanda: protini ulwelo - albumin, ibekwe isakhiwo ephakamileyo itshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo.

protein biosynthesis

Kwakhona, khumbula ukuba xa polypeptides lwezinto eziphilayo iqulathe asidi 20 acid, ezinye zazo ezinye endaweni yazo. Le lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, njalo njalo. D. bangena egazini ukusuka emathunjini amancinci emva kokusasaza ngayo iimveliso protein. Ukuze nokulungelelanisa acid kubalulekile (alanine, proline, serine), umngundo kunye izilwanyana ziwasebenzisela initrogen-equlethe. Izityalo, ukuba autotrophic, ngokuzimeleyo yakha monomers abasemthethweni kuyimfuneko emele iiproteni ezintsonkothileyo. Kuba oku nokwenziwa reactions ukuba nitrate babesebenzisa, ammonia, okanye nitrogen-free. Kwezinye iintlobo ezincinane ukunika bona kunye iseti epheleleyo acid acid, ngexesha kwamanye kuphela inxenye kuhlelwe monomers. Amanqanaba biosynthesis kweziyi kwenzeka iiseli zonke izinto eziphilayo. Xa undoqo umbhalo kwenzeka, yaye kukho icytoplasm yeseli - broadcast.

Inyathelo lokuqala - i Yindibanisela mRNA komanduleli lwenzeka yi-Polymerase enzyme RNA. Ngaba yena waphula imixokelelwane hydrogen phakathi imixokelelwane DNA, kwaye omnye wabo kumgaqo complementarity uqokelela pre-mRNA molecule. Ubethwa slaysingu oko sivuthiwe, kwaye ke xa iphuma ngumongo ukuba kukho icytoplasm, ukwakha umthunywa ribonucleic acid.

Ukuphumeza sesibini isigaba ifuna ezithile organelles - ribosomes kunye nolwazi ezinto eziphilayo nodluliselo asidi ribonucleic. Enye imeko ebalulekileyo phambi ATP, njengoko reactions ukutya zeplastiki, lalo le biosynthesis kweziyi kwenzeka kunye nokufunxwa amandla.

Enzyme, yesakhiwo umsebenzi

Le iqela elikhulu iiprotheni (malunga 2000), enza indima izinto ezichaphazela izinga reactions kwemichiza iiseli. Iiplastiki elula (trepsin, pepsin) okanye ezintsonkothileyo. iiproteni Complex olwenziwa apoenzyme kunye coenzyme. Ingakumbi kwiproteni kuthelekiswa ukuba iikhompawundi apho esisebenza ngayo, imisela ukuba coenzyme, kunye nomsebenzi proteids liyasetyenziswa kuphela kwimeko apho icandelo protein edityaniswe kwi apoenzyme. Umsebenzi ekujonganeni ye-enzyme izimele kwemolekyuli, kodwa kuphela liziko esebenzayo. nesakhiwo sayo elivumelana isakhiwo imichiza kwezinto catalyzed yi umgaqo "key-yokutshixa", ukwenzela ukuba isenzo enqanda lilinganiselwa ezithile. Imisebenzi iiproteni ezimbaxa sele inxaxheba kwiinkqubo pathways kwaye usebenzisa nabo acceptors.

Iiklasi kweziyi ezimbaxa

zaye ke ziqulunqwe biochemists, ngokusekelwe kwindlela 3: iipropati physico-imichiza, iimpawu kunye neempawu zolwakhiwo proteids Okukodwa. Iqela lokuqala kuquka polypeptides kuhluka iipropati electrochemical. Zahlula-hlulwe basic, cala acidic. Relative kwiiproteni amanzi kuba esibamba, amphiphilic kunye hydrophobic. Iqela lesibini enqanda ukuba ziqwalaselwe ngaphambili. Iqela lesithathu iquka polypeptides eyahlukileyo kumafa imichiza iqela zokufakelwa (i chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Cinga iimpawu iiproteni ezintsonkothileyo iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, iprotini asidi oyinxalenye ribosomes, iqulathe acid 120 yaye ubhetyebhetye. Le ise organelles protein-synthesizing, zombini iiseli prokaryotic kunye eukaryotic. Elinye ilungu le qela - S-100 protein, iquka ngemixokelelwane emibini ezinxulumene calcium ion. Yena lilungu luvo kunye glia - nokuxhasa umcu-luvo. Ipropati oqhelekileyo yonke protini asidi - enesiqulatho aphezulu asidi dicarboxylic: glutamic kunye aspartic. Ngu iiproteni awana ziquka histones - iiproteni ezenza RNA ne-DNA asidi acid. Le peculiarity ye ubume kwemichiza na isixa esikhulu lysine kunye arginine. Histones, kunye yenyukliya ifomu chromosome chromatin - ezibalulekileyo Isakhiwo cell yofuzo. Ezi proteni inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ze umbhalo kanye translation. iiproteni Amphiphilic ngokubanzi amelwe imifinya iseli, ekusekeni bilayer lipoprotein. Ngoko ke, eli qela wafunda iiproteni ezintsonkothileyo kuxoxwe ngasentla, saqiniseka ukuba iipropati zabo physico-imichiza ngenxa isakhiwo icandelo protein kunye namaqela zakhe.

Ezinye proteni cell inwebu entsonkothileyo bayakwazi ukuqaphela iindidi anemichiza, ezifana ezisegazini kwaye sisabele kuwo. Oku umqondiso umsebenzi proteids, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba inkqubo ukufakwa ukukhetha, izinto ukusuka kwindawo engaphandle, yaye ukuze azikhusele ngayo.

Glycoproteins kunye proteoglycans

Bona ziiproteni ezintsonkothileyo nezahlukileyo phakathi sisincoko zengqo- amaqela zakhe. Ukuba Iimbophelelo yemichiza phakathi icandelo protein nenxalenye ekudleni - covalently-glycoside, izinto ezo zibizwa ngokuba glycoproteins. Apoenzyme zamisa molecule mono- kunye oligosaccharides, imizekelo iiproteni ezinjalo prothrombin, lwefibrinogen (iiprotheni ababandakanyekayo coagulation igazi). Kortiko- kunye gonadotropic iihomoni, interferon, enzyme inwebu zizinto glycoproteins. Xa iimolekyuli protein proteoglycan inxalenye yi-5% kuphela, intsalela ekubeni iqela zokufakelwa (geteropolitsaharid). Omabini la malungu idityaniswe ngokuzikhanyeza glycosidic ye OH qela-threonine kunye arginine amaqela kunye NH₂-glutamine, kunye lysine. molekyuli Proteoglycan zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu iiseli nethe amanzi amtyuba. Apha ngezantsi kukho uludwe iiprothini ezintsonkothileyo, sasifunda.

metalloproteins

Ezi izinto ziqulathe njengenxalenye ion yayo beemolekyuli zesinyithi omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Cinga imizekelo iiprotheni ezinzima ngoweqela ngasentla. Kuba ngaphezu zonke enzayim ezifana cytochrome oxidase. Sikhoyo kwi cristae ye-mitochondria kwaye iyazingenela Yindibanisela ATP. Ferrin kunye transferrin - proteid equlethe ion zentsimbi. Imvelaphi iidipozithi nabo iiseli, kwaye eyesibini i zothutho protein kwegazi. Enye metalloproteins - alfaamelaza iqulethe ion calcium iqukiwe nokwakhiwa ngamathe kunye juice pancreatic, abathatha inxaxheba ukuqhekeka istatshi. Athwala yindlela metalloproteins kunye hromoproteidov. Ukhonza iproteni zothutho ethwala ioksijini. Ngenxa yoko ambaxa oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation le carbon monoxide, okanye carbon monoxide-ekuthiwa, iimolekyuli yayo ihemoglobin zakha erythrocytes ambaxa izinzile kakhulu. Ngokukhawuleza ichaphazela Amalungu nezihlunu, ebangela iseli ityhefu. Ngenxa yoko, inhalation emva elide le carbon monoxide bayafa ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuphefumla. Athwala kancinci ithwala kunye ne-carbon dioxide kwasekwa kwiinkqubo catabolic. Ukususela igazi kumsinga carbon dioxide imiphunga kunye nezintso, yaye kubo - yemeko ezisingqongileyo. Ezinye intlanzi kunye molluscs iiproteins zothutho ethwele ioksijini, nguye nhla. Endaweni intsimbi iqulethe ion zobhedu, amagazi isilwanyana ayikho aluhlaza.

umsebenzi ngokuba yiklorofili

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, iiprotheni ezinzima bangaba izakhiwo kunye ngombala - izinto elimbala organic. umbala wabo ixhomekeke kumaqela hromoformnyh ukuba emane ukufunxa spectra ezithile kwelanga. Xa iiseli sityalo plastids eziluhlaza - chloroplasts equlethe yiklorofili ebala. Le nto ndiyibhalayo athom magnesium a utywala polyhydric, phytol. Bona ezinxulumene iimolekyuli protein, kwaye ngokwabo ziqulathe chloroplasts thylakoids (iipleyiti), okanye inwebu okunxulumeneyo ngokufumba - isici. Bona ngombala photosynthesis - yiklorofili - kunye carotenoids ezongezelelweyo. Nazi yonke enzayim ezisetyenziswa ngayo photosynthesis. Ngoko chromoproteids, eziquka yiklorofili, ukwenza imisebenzi ezibalulekileyo ukutya, elileli reactions nokwenziwa kunye dissimilation.

iiproteni legciwane

Ziquka abameli iintlobo ezingezizo cellular zobomi, wangena ebukumkanini Latest. Virus abanalo ezabo izixhobo zabo protein-synthesizing. asidi acid, DNA okanye RNA, Ingabangela ukuba Yindibanisela amasuntswana ezininzi iiseli eyakho abanentsholongwane yintsholongwane. iintsholongwane Simple kwenziwa kuphela iimolekyuli protein, oyimbumba ndawonye kwisakhiwo helical okanye imilo polyhedral, ezifana ntsholongwane yecuba emihle. iintsholongwane Complex abe inwebu olongezelelweyo eziyinxalenye plasma inwebu yomkhosi cell. Njengoko kungahlanganisa glycoproteins (virus B hepatitis, ingqakaqa virus). Eyona Umsebenzi glycoproteins - ukuqaphela receptors ezithile kwinginginya cell ndizayo. Ukubunjwa inwebu ezongezelelweyo wentsholongwane egazini kunye neeproteni ziquka enzayim ukubonelela reduplication lwe-DNA okanye RNA tumbuluxiwa. Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, omnye siyakwazi ukubona oku kulandelayo: viral iiproteni yamasuntswana oonokrwece kuba isakhiwo ethile, kuxhomekeke iiproteni inwebu yomkhosi cell.

Kweli nqaku siye banikwe iimpawu iiprothini ezintsonkothileyo, wafunda yesakhiwo umsebenzi iiseli eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo.