Ukubizwa kwama-Varangi njengeqhosha eliphambili ekwakheni iRashiya

Ukwakhiwa kombuso waseRashiya kudibaniswa ngokungahambelani nesiganeko esinjengokubizwa kwama-Varangi ukuya eRussia. Namhlanje, phakathi kwababhali-mlando, kukho iingxoxo ezivuthayo malunga nokuba ngaba esi siganeko senzeke kwimbali yelizwe okanye ingaba yenziwe ngumbono ngabagcini-ndaba. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba la ma Varangi yintoni-inzala yezikhulu zaseRashiya. Ngokweengcamango zabanye izazinzulu, amaVikings kumaxesha mandulo ayebizwa ngokuba ngamaVikings amaVikings. Eminye imithombo yazi kwakhona imvelaphi yaseByzantium yama-Varangi. Eli gama lisetyenziswe ngamajoni ayenesithuba esikhethekileyo enkundleni yabalawuli bamaByzantium, ukuqala ngekhulu le-11. Ngokomthombo waseRussia endala, amaRarangi ayebhekwa njengamagosa avela ngasemva kolwandle (kule meko iLwandle lwaseBaltic), kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe babo.

Ngokutsho kwimiqulu, ekupheleni kwe-862 ukubizwa kwala ma-Varangi kwenzeka, umhla ke, ngokuqinisekileyo, unobungqina obunzima, nangona kunjalo, nguye ovela kwimithombo eminingi ebhaliweyo yale minyaka. Umthombo oyintloko, oqulethe ulwazi olunzulu malunga nemvelaphi yesi siganeko, "nguTale of Age of Age". Nangona kunjalo, amaRarangi aseRashiya avele ixesha elide ngaphambi kokubiza kwabo. Kuyaziwa ukuba, ngokuqala ngekhulu lesithoba, iintlanga zeSlovenes, iChudis, i-Krivich kunye nabanye bahlala behlawula abaqhawe abavela emva kweLwandle laseVarangi (iBaltic) , oko kukuthi, ama-Varangi. Ngo-862, la majoni ayaxoshwa kumazwe aseRussia ngamabutho amanyeneyo aseSlavic, nangona kunjalo, kungekudala emva kwesi siganeko, phakathi kwezizwe ngokwabo, iimfazwe ezibudlova zaqala. Emva koko abameli babo banquma ukubiza ukubusa kwesikhulu esivela kwicala baza bafuna ulwandle.

Abantu base-Varangi bokuqala, ababizelwe ukulawula kwamanye amazwe, babe ngabazalwana abathathu: uRurik, uSineus noTruvor, ababehlala kwizixeko zaseIzitskki naseLadoga, kunye neenxweme zeLwandle oluLwandle. Ngendlela, namhlanje kunengcamango ethile, ngokubhekiselele kuwo amagama uSineus noTruvour abangumntu onguxoki. Ngelo xesha, kukho imithombo eninzi ebonisa ukuba la magama ayenayo kwaye ayeqheleke kakhulu kumaStandinavi mandulo. Ukulawulwa kweenkosana zokuqala ngamazwe kwakubandakanya ukuqokelela kubo umrhumo ngokuthanda ukugcina imikhosi xa kwenzeka imfazwe. Ngo-864, uNkosana uRurik wasuka eLadoga waya kwisixeko esitsha nesinqomekileyo saseNovgorod, waza wanika abazalwana ubukhulu beKrivichi Polotsk, Beloozero, Murom noRostov. Ukusasazwa komhlaba okunjalo kuncedisa ekwakhiweni kweyokuqala kumntla we-Yurophu umbuso omnye-rhulumente othiwa u-Upper Rus. Ngaloo ndlela, ukubizwa kwama-Varangi kumazwe aseRashiya kwenzeka kwaye ekuqaleni kokulawula kobukhosi baseRurik, obusa ilizwe ngokuya ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, kwafakwa.

Esi siganeko asiyekanga ukuchukumisa iingqondo zabaphandi banamhlanje kunye neembali zembali. Ngokomzekelo, kwisahluko esithi "I-Tale ye-Bygone Years", ezinikezele kwi-vocation, unokufumana ezininzi izinto eziphikisanayo. Ukuba amaRarangi axoshwa kumazwe aseRussia, kutheni kwagqitywa ukuba aphendukele kubo ukubizwa kwethetheli? Izazi-mlando zichaza ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kookhokho ngale ndlela elandelayo: izizwe, ezikhululiwe ekugqibeleni abanye abahlaseli, zazilungiselela ukutshabalalisa abanye ngokutsha. Ingongongo yokuhlaselwa ngabantu baseScandinavia emantla aseRussia asemazantsi yayinyani. Ikhwelo lama-Varangi ukuya kulawulo kunye nokukhethwa kukaRurik njengomphathi kubenegalelo ekulondolozeni uxolo kumazwe aseSlav, kwaye wawakhusela ekuhlaselweni kwabaseScandinavia abanobudlova.

Ukwakhiwa koburhulumente baseRashiya kuhambelana negama likaRurik. Ubukho balo mntu wasemgangathweni namhlanje buqinisekiswa ngamaqiniso amaninzi, nangona kunjalo, iingxabano malunga nokuba ngubani uRurik okwangoku eqhutyelwayo. Ezinye izazinzulu ziyamchazela ngolunye u-Danish knight uRörik owayengumqhawe obalaseleyo kwaye wakhonzelela amakhosi akhe, ngokuqinisekileyo wawavikela amazwe abo aze ahlasele ngokuphumelelayo kumazwe ommelwane. Ngexesha apho ukubizwa kwamaRarangi kumazwe aseRashiya kwenzeka, uRörik wafumana ithuba elixabisekileyo le-diplomate, umlawuli kunye nomqhubi. Mhlawumbi, nguye owayebizwa ngokuba yinkosana ngabathunywa bezizwe zakudala zaseRashiya.

Nangona zonke iingxabano zenzululwazi malunga nokuba ngaba abadala bezizwe benza okulungileyo, bambiza umfokazi ukuba alawule umhlaba wabo, esi siganeko saba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwelizwe lonke. Ama-Varangi azisa nesixhobo esihle esinokukhusela ukutshabalaliswa kweentshaba, iinqanawa ezigqibeleleyo, zaququzelela intlangano yorhwebo phakathi kweRussi kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngelo xesha, bafumana ubusi, i-wax, okusanhlamvu kwiSlavic. AmaScandinaviya ayenziwa ngegolide le-Arabia, athululela emazweni abo kunye neendlela ezidumile zolwandle "ukusuka kuma-Varangi ukuya kuma-Arabhu" kunye "ukusuka kuma-Varangi ukuya kumaGrike".