Ngenxa itshayo UGIORDANO Bruno? Eyona eziphambili iingcamango, imibhalo, ezifunyaniswe

Kukho iindawo ezininzi iimbono malunga batshiswa UGIORDANO Bruno. Xa ukwazi mass emva kwakhe umfanekiso localu wendoda owabulawa lwela imfundiso yakhe heliocentric. Noko ke, ukuba jonga ngakumbi kwi ngobomi kunye nemisebenzi uRhazes, uya kuqaphela ukuba ungquzulwano yayo yamaKatolika iCawa kakhulu kunqulo yenzululwazi.

Biography of nzulu ngezinto

Phambi kokuba deal, kuba athe itshiswe UGIORDANO Bruno, kufuneka ucinge indlela yalo yokuphila. Le sobulumko elizayo wazalwa ngo-1548 e-Italy, kufuphi iNaples. Kulo mzi, lo mfana waba indela kwi eMonastri wasekuhlaleni St. Dominic. Bonke ubomi bakhe ukunxanela kwakhe zonqulo beza kunye nophando. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uBruno wayengomnye wabantu abaninzi izifundiswa ngexesha lakhe. Njengokuba umntwana wafunda logic, uncwadi, kunye ngengqiqo.

Kwi-24, lo Dominican mfana waba ngumbingeleli. Nangona kunjalo, ubomi UGIORDANO Bruno kuba kudala enxulumene nenkonzo ebandleni. Xa waxwilwa ukufunda uncwadi emishini mthethweni. Ke Dominican ebaleka eRoma, ngoko ukuya kumantla eItali, yaye emva koko ngokupheleleyo bemke kwelo zwe. Kwakukho isifundo ngokufutshane kwiYunivesithi Geneva, kodwa kukho bruno bagxothwa ngezityholo njengomwexuki. Sazi ukuba ngengqondo nxanelwe ulwazi. Xa imbonakalo yabo karhulumente kwiingxoxo wayesoloko waya phesheya imfundiso yobuKristu, kungekhona kwisivumelwano kunye mfundiso eyamkelekileyo.

kwimisebenzi yezobunzululwazi

Ngowe-1580, UBruno wafudukela eFransi. Wayefundisa eyunivesithi lizwe likhulu - i Sorbonne. Kukho wabonakala imisebenzi yokuqala eshicilelweyo UGIORDANO Bruno. Iincwadi sazi swi zokukukhumbuza - ubugcisa uyafihla. sobulumko French waphawula Korol Genrih III. Waba ukusekelwa i-Italian, ebamema ukuba inkundla nokunika zonke iimeko eziyimfuneko zokusebenza.

Ukuba uHenry negalelo isixhobo Bruno e IsiNgesi e Oxford University, apho wafudukela eneminyaka engama-35. E London ngo-1584 nzulu ngezinto wapapasha enye yeencwadi zakhe ibalulekileyo "Ngomhla Infinity wendalo kunye indalo." Izazinzulu ziye kudala wafunda ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nemiba isithuba isixhobo. imihlaba Infinite, wathetha kwincwadi yakhe, kuchasene ngokupheleleyo ukuba yamkelwe ke inqubo.

I-Italian waba lweli theory Nikolaya Kopernika - lelinye "nto", apho ke itshiswe UGIORDANO Bruno. kubume bayo (heliocentrism) kukuba embindini inkqubo langa ilanga, kunye izijikelezi-langa zijikeleza ngeenxa zonke. point Church of view kulo mba nje eyahlukileyo. AmaKatolika bakholelwa ukuba uMhlaba kweli ziko, kwaye zonke izidumbu kunye Ilanga ihamba ngeenxa (oku geocentricism). Bruno wakhuthaza iimbono Copernican e London, kuquka kwi kwinkundla yakomkhulu Elizabeth I. Abaxhasi Italian kwaye andiyifumananga. Nokuba Shakespeare, umbhali sobulumko Bacon akazange ukuxhasa iimbono zakhe.

Buyela ku Italy

Emva kweminyaka embalwa eNgilani, uBruno waya eYurophu (ikakhulu Germany). Umsebenzi rhoqo ukuba tight, kuba iiyunivesiti bayoyika ukuthatha Italian ngenxa izimvo zakhe olukhulu rhoqo. Sisibhadu wazama ukuba bazinze kwi-Czech Republic. Kodwa e Prague, ukuba wayengonwabanga. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1591 njengomntwana onengqondo isigqibo phezu enesibindi. Wabuyela eItali, ngakumbi ngqo e Venice, apho wacelwa intshisakalo Giovanni Mocenigo. Lo mfana yaqala ukuhlawula handsomely ukuba izifundo Bruno zokukukhumbuza.

Noko ke, ubudlelwane lomqeshi kunye nzulu ngezinto muncu. Xa incoko yakho waqiniseka Bruno Mocenigo ukuba kukho imihlaba ongapheliyo, i iLanga embindini ihlabathi, njalo njalo. D. Kodwa kukho impazamo benze sobulumko enkulu, xa waqalisa ukuxoxa nonqulo yeengcungcu. Ukusuka kwezi iincoko, uyakwazi ukuqonda isizathu sokuba bazitshisa UGIORDANO Bruno.

Utshutshiso Bruno

Ngowe-1592 Mocenigo wathumela amazwi eziliqela kubathuthumbisi yelo xesha, apho wachaza iingcamango ngqindilili elalisakuba Dominican. Giovanni Bruno ukhale ukuba uYesu wemilingo, waza wazama ukuphepha ukufa kwakhe, akamzeka-nkolo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-yeVangeli. Ngaphezu koko, lo njengomntwana onengqondo, wathetha nakwenzeka umvuzo wesono, yaye lokonakala ngokutsha kwe lendela Italian. Bemkhanyela uMnini-iimfundiso zamaKristu ezisisiseko malunga ubuthixo bukaKristu, ekuzalweni enyulu, uBathathu Emnye, njalo njalo. E., Waba kunqandwa utshaba efungelweyo kwebandla.

Bruno ezingxoxweni kunye Mocenigo wakhankanya umnqweno ukwenza eyakho imfundiso yakhe yentanda kunye zonqulo 'intanda entsha. " Umthamo nezimvo heretical oluvakaliswe i-Italian, waba bukhulu kangangokuba kubathuthumbisi ngoko nangoko aphande. Bruno wabanjwa. Ayichitha entolongweni kunye yokugocagocwa ngaphezu kweminyaka esixhenxe. Ngenxa yokuba imbuka neprobivaemosti, watshintshelwa eRoma. Kodwa ke, wahlala elukhuni. February 17, 1600 yena watshiselwa esibondeni endaweni yokubutha of Flowers eRoma. Sazi akazange anikezele iimbono zabo. Ngaphezu koko, wathi ku ayitshise akuthethi ukuba ukuphikisa imfundiso yakhe. Namhlanje kwindawo kubulawa na ilitye lesikhumbuzo ku Bruno efakiweyo apho ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX.

yemfundiso

Isazinzulu Onemisebenzi UGIORDANO Bruno zastragivalo kokubili isayensi kunye nokholo. Xa sobulumko wabuyela eItali, wabona ngokwakhe ngumshumayeli wonqulo zingaguquka. Isiseko yokuba ukuya ulwazi kanye lwenzululwazi. Le yindibaniselwano ucacisa ubukho kwi kwimibhalo Bruno njenge ingqiqo ukwasikhombisa ukuba nobugqi.

Kakade ke, lo sobulumko, eyila ingcamango yakhe kwenzeka nje. kwiinkalo ezininzi iingcamango Dzhordano Bruno yayisekelwe kwimibhalo ababengaphambi kwakhe emininzi, kuquka nabo babephila kumaxesha amandulo. An isiseko kubalulekile ukuba Dominican yaba olukhulu zikaPlato. Esi sikolo yamandulo bulumko bafundiswa indlela eyimfihlakalo-ongenantandabuzo kukuqonda ihlabathi, logic njalo njalo. D. I-nzulu ngezinto wathabathela kuye evela ingcamango yakhe ehlabathini-umphefumlo, eqhuba indalo yonke kunye sisiqalo yokuba elinye.

Bruno kwakhona lathembela kaPythagoras. Le mfundiso yentanda-zonqulo kusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba yonke nje inkqubo harmonic, imithetho ezincane ngamanani. abalandeli zakhe zaba kakhulu Kabbalah kunye nezinye izithethe eyimfihlakalo.

iinkolelo zonqulo

Okubalulekileyo, iimbono anti-zoomabhalana UGIORDANO Bruno akuthethi ukuba uThixo ukho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-Italian wahlala likholwa, kodwa iingcinga zakhe kaThixo eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka iimfundiso yamaKatolika. Ngokomzekelo, phambi kokuba ukubulawa yayisele endikulungeleyo ukuwufela Bruno wathi wayeya ukuya ngqo umdali.

Ukuze sazi ukuzimisela kwakhe heliocentrism nga uphawu yokulahlwa yonqulo. Nale mbono, uBruno wazibonakalisa inyaniso izimvo zakhe kaPythagoras, kodwa akazange ayiphikisani nobukho bukaThixo. Leyo heliocentrism yaba uhlobo ngendlela zezibalo ukuncedisa nokuphuhlisa intanda-nzulu.

Hermeticism

Omnye umthombo ebalulekileyo dude i Bruno ifilosofi Hermetic. Le mfundiso yavela ngamakhoboka emva kwexesha, xa lweMeditera ezehlela ngexesha layo Hellenism. Isiseko ingqiqo yezicatshulwa yamandulo aba, ngokwesithethe amnike Hermes Trismegistus.

Imfundiso iquka iimpawu ngeenkwenkwezi, umlingo kunye alchemy. uhlobo Esoteric yaye kungakholeleki-bulumko Hermetic uyachukumiseka kakhulu Dzhordano Bruno. bamaxesha amandulo kokuba ixesha elide ngaphambili, kodwa ebudeni Renaissance eYurophu, kwakukho fashion isifundo kunye reinterpretation zemithombo yamandulo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba omnye abaphandi Heritage Bruno Frensis Yeyts yathi "Renaissance bili."

ngokuma

Ngexesha Renaissance, kwakukho uphando encinane, kujongisiswe bathi kangaka kunye nokwakheka kwendawo yonke, ngathi UGIORDANO Bruno. Umphengululi Ivula ngale miba zibekiwe kumsebenzi "Ngomhla engathethekiyo wempahla", "Kwi esingapheliyo, indalo kunye indalo" kunye "izayo eluthuthwini." Ideas ngefilosofi zendalo ngokuma, uBruno waba revolution ababephila, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba soze bathatha. Sazi kwaphuma imfundiso Nikolaya Kopernika, ukongeza kunye ephelelisa ngayo. Eyona theses eziphambili sobulumko khozimologi.Sonke zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo - indalo iinkwenkwezi engenasiphelo ekude - analogs ilanga ezisentlabathini, indalo i inkqubo kunye ngelaphu efanayo. Lo mbono idumileyo Bruno yaba ingcamango ingcamango heliocentric, nangona sele ucebise le Pole uCopernicus.

Xa ngokuma, kwakunye nenkolo,-nzulu Italian esekelwe nje kuphela kwingqalelo zenzululwazi. Wajika umlingo kunye esoteric. Ngoko ke, ezinye izikhalazo zakhe ziye zabukulwa indalo kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, uBruno ayekholelwa ukuba zonke mba ephilayo. Uphando lwakutshanje uphikisa lo mbono.

Kwakhona, ukuze angqine ithisisi yakhe Bruno wayedla wabhenela kwindlela esisengqiqweni. Ngokomzekelo, kubhaliwe kakhulu ukwambula ecaleni lakhe kunye nabaxhasi kwengcamango le nokungakwazi kwe-Earth (okt geocentrism). argument sazi kwakhe kwaphumela ekubeni le ncwadi "nomthendeleko kwi eluthuthwini." Bokholo nokungakwazi Umhlaba wayedla bagxeka Bruno usebenzisa umzekelo ilitye lehla ukusuka kwinqaba ephakamileyo. Ukuba izijikelezi-langa zijikeleza ujikeleza ilanga kwaye abazange ukuma ngxi, umzimba wawa wayeza ningaweli ngqo phantsi, yaye bambalwa kwenye indawo.

Ukuphendula lo, uBruno wanikela ingxoxo yakhe. Wamela ingcamango yakhe ngendlela umzekelo intshukumo kwesi sikhephe. Abantu ukutsiba ebhodini, igqampe kwi ndawo enye. Ukuba Umhlaba baba zokubhala, ngoko umkhumbi bekuya kuba nzima. Kanjalo Bruno, ihamba iplanethi urhuqa konke okukuwo. Le ngxabano imbalelwano kunye abachasi bakhe kumaphepha kwenye yeencwadi zakhe, njengomntwana onengqondo Italian ngokwenene ukusondela kwithiyori ka ziqulunqwe Einstein kwinkulungwane XX.

Omnye umgaqo obalulekileyo va yi Bruno, waye ingcamango ukufana kwezinto kunye nendawo. Scientist wabhala ukuba, phezu kwesi sisekelo, siya kucinga ukuba nawuphi na umgangatho engaphandle lomzimba, wendalo yonke uya kukhangela malunga efanayo. Ukongeza, i-sobulumko bathi Italian ukufunda ngqo kwi ukusebenza kwemithetho jikelele kwi iindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ezikhoyo.

Isiphumo uBruno khozimologi.Sonke kwinzululwazi elizayo

Uphando Bruno wayesoloko waya isandla kunye izimvo zalo ngembia yezenkolo, yokuziphatha, ezikhona, ubuhle njalo njalo. D. Ngenxa yoko, inguqulelo Italian ye khozimologi.Sonke bazala izikweko, maxa wambi neqondakalayo kuphela kumbhali. izenzo zakhe zithe ndaba uphando kwiimbambano, akayeki namhlanje.

Bruno yaphakanyiswa ukuba indalo akupheli, yaye kukho inani engenamda siyibambe. Le mbono kuchasene ubucukubhede Aristotle kaThixo. Italian bahlala bebeka phambili izimvo zabo kuphela ngendlela yemvelo, njengoko ngexesha bakhe ababanga iindlela zobugcisa nabakwaziyo ukuqinisekisa lwesimo nzulu. Nakuba kunjalo, inzululwazi yanamhlanje iye nako ukubahluthisa aba izikhewu. Le mbono elikhulu iphela kunye nokukhula engenasiphelo yaqinisekisa ingcamango Bruno emva kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa emva kokutsha esibondeni le nzulu ngezinto.

Le Isazinzulu washiya ngasemva iingxelo uhlalutyo imizimba eziwayo. data wakhe uye waba imfuno ukuvela inzululwazi umgaqo inertia, ecetywayo yi UGalileo Galilei. Bruno, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, sichaphazele revolution yenzululwazi kwenkulungwane XVII. Ngaloo mihla, abaphengululi badla ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wakhe njenge axhasayo ukhetho iingcamango zabo eziphathekayo. Ukubaluleka yaseDominican isebenza sele kumaxesha mihla wagxininisa sobulumko German kwaye enye wabaseki positivists ubhalo Moritz Schlick.

Le ukugxekwa le mfundiso kaBathathu Emnye Ongcwele

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba imbali UGIORDANO Bruno olunye umzekelo mntu ngokwakhe ukuba uMesiya. Oku kungqinwa yokuba wayeza ukuqala inkolo yakhe. Ukongezelela, ukholo mission eziphakamileyo akazange avumele Italian ukulahla iinkolelo zabo ngethuba kwiminyaka emininzi imibuzo. Ngamanye amaxesha incoko kubathuthumbisi awayecinga ukuba alalanise, kodwa ngomzuzu wokugqibela baqalisa kwakhona ukuba inyanzelise.

Bruno ngokwakhe wanikela komhlaba eyongezelelweyo emangalelwa imbuka. Uthe ke yena ukholelwa le mfundiso zobuxoki kaBathathu Emnye kwenye ndlebe. Lixhoba Kwamacala ukuphikisana ngemeko yazo ngoncedo kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. iirekhodi sazi ngemibuzo aye alondolozwa kwimo yalo yantlandlolo, ngoko namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukuhlalutya inkqubo njani isuka iimbono Bruno. Ngenxa yoko, i-Italian wathi kwincwadi eSt Augustine uthi kota zintathu Ongcwele akazange afike ngexesha ezilungileyo, yaye sele ngexesha lakhe. Ngokusekelwe kule, umtyholwa bakholwa yonke le mfundiso kungamampunge kunye ukuguqula.

A ukholo yesayensi okanye ukholo?

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba isigwebo sokufa Bruno akukho ngokukhankanywa heliocentric inkqubo yehlabathi. Olu xwebhu ithi umzalwana Giovan ngokutyalwa inkolo ngabawexuki. Oku kuchasene ubulumko eqhelekileyo, othi Bruno wabandezeleka ngenxa yeenkolelo zakhe zenzululwazi. Enyanisweni, lo ibandla ukugxeka ngumsindo evela iimfundiso zamaKristu sobulumko. umbono wakhe indawo Ilanga kunye Umhlaba Kungenxa yoku ukuba yaba ukuganga.

Ngelishwa, amaxwebhu ngokungakukhankanyi ngqo malunga zazisithini theses heretical Bruno. Oku kuye kwenza mbali ukucinga ukuba imithombo epheleleyo ngakumbi kuye ilahleke okanye yonakaliswe ngabom. Namhlanje, umfundi kugweba uhlobo iintlawulo izibambiso ezizisekondari kuphela seal eyayisakuba (yokulahlwa Mocenigo, iiprotokoli encinwa, njalo njalo. D.).

Ingakumbi umdla kolu ngcelele i Schoppe Caspar. Yaba wamaJesuit, ababekho isaziso yesivakalisi imbuka. Kwincwadi yakhe wakhankanya ibango engundoqo enkundleni Bruno. Ngaphandle kwabo sele ikhankanywe apha ngasentla isenokuba ingcamango yokuba uMoses wemilingo, kwaye amaYuda kuphela baka-Adam noEva. Ezinye uluntu, wabongoza sobulumko, beza wabulela kwabanye abantu ababini owadalwa nguThixo usuku ukuya isibini komyezo wase-Eden. Bruno wasebenza umlingo badumisa ingqalelo kuyo iluncedo. Kwezi ngxelo iye kwakhona wabona ngqo kwiingcamango Hermetic yamandulo.

Kuyinto fanekisela ukuba sele mihla Roman Catholic Church wala kwakhona ityala Dzhordano Bruno. Iminyaka engaphezu kwama-400 emva kokufa a pontiffs nzulu ngezinto yaye akazange kumhlangabeza, nangona elifanayo sele kwenzekile kuwo nabawexuki amaninzi ngaphambili.