Kweli hlabathi lethu, abahoyele kwenzeka yonke indawo. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo - yinto enye kwezoqoqosho. Xa kwenzeka kwilizwe elincinane, oko ngokulingene azikaqapheleki. Kodwa ubunzima kwezoqoqosho US, i-EU kunye China zingachaphazela ehlabathini lonke. Kwaye akukho nto - ngenxa yokuba 3/5 nganye olu qoqosho bobabo bonke imveliso yehlabathi GDP. Kodwa ukuba kukho into engalunganga, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba kujongwane ngandlel nabo. Kwi-US, isebenzisa Ukudambisa oluninzi. I-Fed unoxanduva isibhengezo kunye ukubanjwa kwale ndlela. Makhe sifunde ukuba kuquka le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwaye zingaba yintoni iziphumo xa kunokwenzeka.
Yintoni na inkqubo Inzala yemali oluninzi?
Ngoko wabiza umgaqo wolawulo-mali, esiza kusetyenziswa iiBhanki ezingoovimba ukwandisa unikezelo imali ngenxa yokukhula loovimba zamaziko zemali yorhwebo. Kukho iindidi ezintathu iintlobo ezimbini iinkqubo. Inzala yemali ubuninzi kwezi meko yahlukile kule ndlela yaye isifundo eqhubekayo impembelelo. Ngoko ke, kukho umahluko omkhulu kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Ukuba sithethe malunga neentlobo iinkqubo, ukuba osebenzayo okanye kwisixando sokwenziwa. Malunga iintlobo kunokuthiwa, kukho ezintathu kubhekiselelwe kuwo QE 1, QE QE 2 kunye intetho 3. Masithethe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.
uhlobo asonge
Ngoko wabiza umgaqo wolawulo-mali, apho ukuhlangabezana neengxaki, iiBhanki ezingoovimba liqhutywe ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo ezijolise ukwandisa isambuku yenkqubo yemali. Iyintoni na intsingiselo yalo hlobo? Kulo mzekelo, amaziko zemali umisela ilungelo isicelo kwi-Central Bank kunye izicelo ukongeza imali kwi-akhawunti yakho kutshintshiselwano izibambiso ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo kule senzo kwimeko besibini. Nangona owaqala yonke le ziko engundoqo ukuthatha inxaxheba kuzo asetyenziswa imibutho yabucala kuphela ezahlukeneyo.
uhlobo esebenzayo
Ngoko ke umgaqo-nkqubo apho intlawulo yenziwa imeko engxamisekileyo ezithengiweyo kunye / okanye izibambiso yingozi. Kulo mzekelo, indlela ukongeza nje imali kwi-akhawunti. olu hlobo kuthenga kukhokelela ekubeni kukhulisa ubungakanani eseleyo, leyo ibhanki engundoqo. Kwakhona kwandisa isixa koovimba ubonelelo ngemali. Njengoko i bonus wongezelela, iiBhanki ezingoovimba kwakhona Sinelungelo ukucima inkqubo yolawulo yokutshintsha ubungakanani mass wemali. Le kuphela kobudala ukuba lisebenza ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo yolu hlobo - ke umnqweno, ubuchule kunye namandla kaRhulumente ngokunxulumene yokuthintela ilahleko.
Uhlobo lokuqala Ukudambisa oluninzi
Ngokuba notation yakhe olufinyeziweyo QE 1. Injongo yezi zenzo - ukugcina neenkampani ezinkulu, iibhanki kunye neenkampani zabucala. Sisebenzise okuhlawulela amatyala ukuba kakuhle. Ngexesha imisebenzi yale nkqubo ye-Federal Reserve System of the USA yathengwa mortgage kunye nezinye iimbophelelo ngexabiso kwamnandi kuthi - ku 1.7 ezigidi zeerandi. Yena umkhankaso it ngoNovemba 2008 ngexesha elibi zentlekele yoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kule - ngo-2009 Njengoko kuboniswe iziphumo ezibonakalayo, waba "kwezonyango" isiphumo, yaye kungekudala emva ekumeni kwayo kuncitshiswe. Ngoko ke, inkqubo Inzala yemali oluninzi, i-Fed waqhubeka emva koko. Kwangaxeshanye savelisa utshintsho.
Uhlobo lwesibini Ukudambisa oluninzi
Ngokuba kuye, lo QE isiqu 2. On iqaliswa kwathiwa Novemba 2, 2010. Bekucingelwa ukuba kugxininisa iintambo Treasury. Asanda $ 600 ezigidi - inkqubo lwathatha iinyanga-8. Kwakhona inyanzela i Federal Reserve System ebibanjwe utyale ye kumxokelelwane Uhlobo lokuqala program. Umdibaniso kule meko yaba billion 300 US zeerandi. Le nkqubo yaphela ngo-Juni 2011. Eyona njongo iphambili yale nkqubo wokubolekisa ukuphumeza isiphumo apho uqoqosho ziya kuphulukana uvakalelo mboleko ephantsi iindleko amatyala zinyuke.
Uhlobo lwesithathu Ukudambisa oluninzi
Le nkqubo yathi yasungulwa ngoSeptemba 13, 2012 waza wafumana QE isiqu 3. ngenyanga ngentlawulelo iibhondi Treasury kunye mortgage - ezixabisa $ 45, yaye $ 40 ezigidi. Ntlandlolo kwacetywa ukuba le nkqubo iya kusebenza iikota eziliqela. Kodwa kwathiwa ivaliwe-Oktobha 29, 2014 kuphela. Esi sibonelelo iye isetyenziswe njengoko njengenqobo engundoqo ye-US kuqoqosho.
Yintoni na inkqubo Inzala yemali oluninzi, yaye yintoni iimeko isimo ubuciko?
US Hluthani iye kufika kunye negama elihle. Kodwa oyena nobangela kuyo? Apho imali evela yokuthenga iibhondi? Ungacela imibuzo emininzi kakhulu ekufuneka iphendulwe. Enyanisweni, inkqubo ekuthiwa Ukudambisa oluninzi, eyaziwa ngokuba uluntu umba imali. Kodwa oku kuqwalaselwa ziingcali ezininzi njengoko ukusetyenziswa kakubi igunya lokuzikhethela. Ngoko xa amajelo uphuphume ulisebenzisa isixa esikhulu semali, oko kukhokelela ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwamaxabiso. Ngaba lunyhasho lwesilinganiso yoqoqosho olukhulu, wabatshabalalisa inkuthazo ukwandisa imveliso. Kaloku, xa besitya, uyakwazi ukuthetha malunga nokukhula nokwehlukana kwezentlalo kunye nepropati yoluntu. Izakufunyanwa kuyo nayiphi na incwadi kwi economics. Abafundi bafunda imiba yezoqoqosho ephambili kubomi, kufuneka ukulufunda kwetafile phindo. Kwaye isici ukuba inkqubo iphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente kulo.
Ngoko ke, kumazwe amaninzi oko urhulumente ukhetha xa uyivula umatshini kwaye kwandiswe ubonelelo ngemali, leyo ejikeleza. EUnited States ngoDisemba 1913 (iminyaka okt eli-100 eyadlulayo) ulawulo matshini yanikwa kubananisi ezinkulu. union wabo sibizwa Federal Reserve System. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba abarhwebi zabucala uya kukwazi ukumelana nayo. Kwaye ngoku, inkqubo Inzala yemali oluninzi kwi US kulawulwa ngabo, kunye norhulumente icebo kuphela. Ekuqaleni, oonobhanki musa kakubi amathuba. Kodwa ngexesha le-Great Depression kokuba kudlule ngumthetho phezu kwento elisisinyanzelo amatye anqabileyo, ngenxa yokuba yonke le mali ukuba kubonelelwa. Makubulelwe ekupheliseni brake legolide kunye nenkqubo eBretton Woods kwi-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, le meko iye yayimbi.
nesimo sangoku
Ukususela ngoko, isixa semali (nangona nje ngokukhawuleza njengoko kwezi nkqubo) landa. Khumbula oko kubhaliweyo ngaphambili. Enye yeenjongo zale nkqubo yesibini ukwenza kuqoqosho ezifana ukuba buthuntu ekwandeni ubonelelo ngemali. Kwaye kakhulu phandle. Inzala yemali ubuninzi kwi US uye iziphumo zaso, ngenxa yokuba, nakuba ukwanda okubonakalayo unikezelo imali, japan kakhulu eziphathekayo ngokuba lonke ilizwe bamlandela. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba weeSayensi zoQoqosho Kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise ikakhulu isixhobo izinga lenzala ukwenza imali cheap okanye imali eninzi. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubunzima obukhulu emali igcinwa kwi 0-0.25%. Ngenxa yoko, imali - elwandle, kodwa ke musa ukusebenza nzima ukuphuhlisa imveliso kwaye ukuhlangabezana nemfuno wabantu into ethile. Oko kukuthi, umyinge isixhobo wenzala yi akukho elide ekwenzeni umsebenzi wayo. ngendlela market Imali tsakisi, uMbumbi indlela iqela lolawulo ngokuphathelele yokuveliswa kunye nokusasazwa engamaphepha. Kulo mzekelo, konke oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba umgaqo-nkqubo "Inzala yemali oluninzi".
iziphumo zongenelelo
Zakufika nempembelelo elide emihle, kunjalo. Policy Ukudambisa oluninzi inika iziphumo isithuba seenyanga 3-6. Ugxininiso oluthile kubekwa phezu nefuthe lexeshana elifutshane HIV. Ngoko ke, njengoko kukhankanywa loo ukwandisa yokuhlawula amatyala abantu, ukuba buthathaka currency (leyo eya kukhokelela iinzuzo ngenxa bathengisela uphelelo kwamatyala) kunye nenani nezinye iingenelo. Kodwa ke kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo ka Inzala yemali oluninzi, i-US kuya kuba neziphumo zoqoqosho kuphela elide elifutshane. Ukongeza, oko kukhatshwa sokunciphisa inkcitho mali kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu irhafu (umzekelo, laphela ixesha lokuba semthethweni inkuthazo yerhafu kuqaliswa ngo-2008 ngexesha lentlekele, kwaye akacudiswanga ihlaziywe). Kwakhona, xa kukho intetho malunga Ukudambisa oluninzi kwaye kukhankanywe ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo awinileyo, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba kukho uyalahlekelwa kwi izinto zehlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngoko ke, amanye amazwe ukuthatha izigqibo athile ngokubhekiselelwe US awufumaneki ngeendleko zabo. Kwaye kulo mzekelo, Ukudambisa oluninzi ulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwayo.
Ngoko ke, ukuba bathi bonke ezakhayo kwaye lwemali lisiya nekamva eliqaqambileyo, akukho mfuneko. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwale sixhobo kunokwenzeka logama nje kukho bakulungele ukuya kuthenga imali. Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa zibaleka phandle? Akusayi kubakho mntu wumbi unako okanye uya kufuna ukuyithenga kubo? Kulo mzekelo, siyakwazi ukuthetha ubuncinane malunga nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ebonakalayo - kubunzima, abangancedekanga ezingekabonwa ihlabathi lethu.