U-Ivan osikrakrayo: ingqondo okanye umntu ohlala kuyo? Iziphumo zokulawula u-Ivan othusa

U-Ivan IV u-Ivan u-Terrible wayengunyana kaHelen Glinsky kunye no-Grand Duke Vasily III. Waya phantsi kwimbali yaseRashiya njengobuntu obuphikisanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakungumguquleli kunye nomntu onolwazi onobunono, umlobi we "imiyalezo" ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo kubantu abahlukahlukeneyo belo xesha, nangomnye - umtyholi onobukroti kunye nendoda enesifo esibuhlungu. Izazi-mlando zi sazibuza ukuba ngubani u-Ivan the Terrible - ingcali okanye i-villain?

Inkcazo emfutshane yebhodi

U-Tsar Ivan u-Terrible waqala ukulawula ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiRada ekhethiweyo ekupheleni kwe-1540s. Xa iqalile ukubiza i-Zemsky Sobor, i-Code of Law yenziwa ngo-1550. Ukuguqulwa kweenkqubo zokugweba kunye nokulawulwa kwenkqubo kuqhutywe - ukulawulwa ngokwengxenye kwiindawo (zemsky, labial kunye nezinye iinguqulelo) zenziwa. Emva kokuba ukumkani akrokre ukukhohliswa kweNkosana Kurbsky, i-oprichnina (isisombululo semilinganiselo yolawulo kunye nemikhosi yokuqinisa amandla e-tsarist nokutshabalalisa inkcaso) yasungulwa. Ngaphantsi kweIvan IV, ubudlelwane bezorhwebo basungulwa neBritani (1553rd), kwakhiwa indlu yokushicilela eMoscow. I-Kazan (ngo-1552) kunye ne-Astrakhan (ngo-1556) ii-khanate zanqotshwa.

Ngethuba le-1558-1583, iMpiyon yaseLibonian yayisenziwa ngokuqhutywa. U kumkani wayefuna ukufikelela kuLwandle lwaseBaltic. Umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulwa neCrimean Khan Devlet-Giray awuzange uphele. Emva kokunqoba kwinqaba yaseMolodino (1572nd), ilizwe laseMoscow lafumana ukuzimela nokuziqinisa amalungelo abo eKazan naseAstrakhan khanates, kwaye yaqala ukunyusa iSiberia (1581). Nangona kunjalo, umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya kaTsar emva kweembambano zeengxaki ngexesha le-Livonian War yafumana uphawu oluxinzelelekileyo ngokubhekiselele kwiinkwenkwe kunye ne-trade elite. Imfazwe emininzi yeminyaka emininzi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yabangela ukwanda kwimivuzo yentlawulo kunye nokuqiniswa kokuxhomekeka kwabasimili belizwe. I-Tsar yayikhunjulwa kangangoko kubomi bakhe ngenxa yobugwenxa bakhe obugqithisileyo. Ukuxhomekeka koku ngasentla, kunzima ukuphendula ngokungaphenduliyo umbuzo othi ngubani u-Ivan the Terrible. I-Genius okanye i-villain oku, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, umbusi oqhelekileyo?

Ubuntwana

Emva kokufa kukayise, inkwenkwe eneminyaka emithathu yanyuswa ngumama wakhe, owayeyi-regent yakhe. Kodwa wafa ngobusuku 3 ukuya ku-4 uEpreli 1538. Kuze kube ngu-1547 - iminyaka ye-Tsarevich-ilizwe lilawulwa yinkwenkwe. Ixesha elizayo uMnumzana u-Ivan loyoyikekayo ekhulile kwiimeko zokubethelwa kwetolongo ngenxa yomzabalazo oqhubekayo wamandla phakathi kweentsapho zenkwenkwezi zaseBelskys neShuyskys. Le nkwenkwe yabona ukubulala, yayingqonge iindlovu kunye nodlova. Konke oku kushicilelwe ubungqina obungapheliyo ebuntwini bakhe kwaye kwanegalelo ekuphuhlisweni kweempawu ezifana nokusola, ukuchasana nokukhwabanisa.

Ubungqina bokuhlambalaza izidalwa eziphilileyo zazibonakalisa ku-Ivan sele sele sele esemncane, kwaye i-entourage esondeleyo yavunywa. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1543, i-orphan-year-old-old-old-old-first showed his burrow. Wabamba enye yeenkwenkwezi ezinamandla kakhulu - uPrince Andrew Shuisky - kwaye "wamyala ukuba anike ama-hounds, kwaye i-hounds yamthabatha yambulala xa ixoshwa entolongweni." "Ukususela ngeli xesha (izaziso zeengxelo), inkwenkwezi yaqala ukuyikwesaba kakhulu i-tsar".

Umlilo Omkhulu kunye nokuvukela eMoscow

Enye yezinto ezivelele zentsha ezenziwa nguTshayari "ngumlilo omkhulu" kunye nokuvuka kukaMoscow ngo-1547. Emlilweni, abantu abayi-1,700 bafa. Emva koko iKremlin yavutha, iicawa ezahlukeneyo kunye neendwendwe. Ngexesha elineminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe, u-Ivan wayesebenzele ukubulawa kwamanye amaninzi kunye namanye amaxhoba awawuthatha umlilo owonakalisayo eMoscow njengempindezelo yezono zakhe. Kwileta eya kwibandla lecawa ngowe-1551, wakhumbula: "INdikhoyo ya ndigweba ngenxa yezono ngogumbe, ke ndandifikelwa ngendyikitya yokufa, andizange ndiguquke." Ekugqibeleni, uThixo wathuma umlilo omkhulu, kwaye ukuyika kwam kwangena emphefumlweni wam, Umoya wam ubandezelekile. " Ngokomkhulu, iindlebe zazisasaza ukuba "abahlali" baseGlinski babebekwe ityala ngomlilo. Emva kokubulawa kwabanye babo - isihlobo sakwaTsar - abantu abavukelayo bafika kwidolophana yaseVorobyevo, apho i-Grand Duke yafihla khona, kwaye yafuna ukuchithwa kwamanye amakhwenkwe kule hlobo. Ngobunzima obukhulu bekwazi ukukholisa isihlwele esinomsindo ukusabalalisa. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba ingozi iphelile, i-tsar yalela ukuba kubanjwe kunye nokubulawa kwabaqambi abakhulu.

Umtshato kuBukumkani

Injongo ephambili yeTsar, echazwe ebusheni bakhe, yayinamandla angenamkhawulo. Kwakuxhomekeke kwingcamango "yaseMoscow-iRoma yesithathu" eyadalwa phantsi kweBasil III, eyaba ngumgaqo-siseko weMoscow. U-Ivan, ecinga ukuba uyise kayise uSofia Paleolog wayengumntakwabo wokugqibela wase-Byzantine umbusi uConstantine, wayezijonga njengomzuzwana wabalawuli baseRoma. Ngoko ke ngoJanuwari 16, 1547, kwi-Assumption Cathedral, uMkhulu uDuke u-Ivan wathweswa umqhele. Wayephathiswe izibonakaliso zesithunzi sobukhosi: i-cap of Monomakh, iibrams kunye nomnqamlezo.

Isihloko sobukhosi sanika ithuba lokuthatha isikhundla esithile sezopolitiko ngokubhekiselele kumazwe aseNtshona Yurophu. Isihloko se-Grand Duke esivela eYurophu silingana ne "Grand Duke" okanye "iNkosana". "I-Tsar" ayichazwanga nonke okanye iguqulelwe ngokuthi "umbusi". Ngaloo ndlela, u-Ivan wamisa umgangatho kunye nomlawuli woBukumkani Oyingcwele baseRoma. Nangona kunjalo, le ngcaciso ayiniki impendulo kumbuzo wento ethi u-Ivan the Terrible. Ingaba loo ndoda yayingumongameli okanye i-villain?

IMfazwe

Ngo-1550-1551 i-autocrate ngokwayo ithatha inxaxheba kwiikampu zeKazan. Ngo-1552, iKazan yawa, emva koko iAstrakhan Khanate (1556). Baye baxhomekeka kwi- Russian tsar. Kwakhona uKhan waseSiberia, uYediger, wangeniswa eMoscow. Ngo-1553, ubudlelwane bezorhwebo basungulwa neBrithani. Ngo-1558 inkosi yavelisa iMpiyon yaseVietonian ukuba ilifa loLwandle lwaseBaltic. Ekuqaleni iimfazwe zazihamba kakuhle eMoscow. Ngomnyaka we-1560 umkhosi waseLibonian wawunqotshwa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye i-Livonian Order yaphela.

Utshintsho lwangaphakathi kunye ne-Livonian War

Ngaphakathi kwelizwe, utshintsho olukhulu luqalisiwe. Malunga no-1560, i-tsar yaxabana neRada ekhethiweyo kwaye yabeka amalungu ayo kwintshutshiso. U-Ivan waba yintlonelo ngakumbi kwiinkwenkwe emva kokufa ngokukhawuleza kuka-Queen u-Anastasia, esityhola ukuba wayetyhefu. U-Adashev noSylvester bawacebisi ngempumelelo i-tsar ukuqeda iMpiyon yaseVieton. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1563 amajoni athatha iPoltsk. Ngelo xesha kwakuyinqaba enkulu eLithuania. I-autocrat yayiziqheno ngokukodwa ngolu lwazi, olwaluphumelele emva kwekhefu kunye neRada. Kodwa kakade ngo-1564 umkhosi wabulawa kakhulu. U kumkani waqala ukukhangela "unetyala." Ukubulawa kunye nezinye iimpendulo zaqala.

Oprichnina

Ulawulo luka-Ivan loyoyika luqhubeka njengesiqhelo. I-autocrate yaba yinto engakumbi kunye neengcamango zokumisela ulawulo lolawulo lwangoku. Ngo-1565, wamemezela ukusekwa kwe-oprichnina. Enyanisweni, urhulumente wahlula yaba ngamaqabane amabini: zemstvo kunye ne-oprichnina. Nganye i-oprichnik yayikufungela isifungo sokunyaniseka kwi-autocrate kwaye ithembisa ukuba ingaba noqhagamshelwano kunye ne-zemstvo. Bonke babembethe izambatho ezimnyama, njengeentloko.

I-horse oprichniki yabhalwa ngamanqaku akhethekileyo okuhlukana. Kuzo zibophelo zabo bazinamathele kwiimpawu ezibuhlungu zenkqubela: imifuziselo yokuxosha, kunye neentloko zezinja zokuyibamba. Ngoncedo lwe-oprichniki, abakhululiwe yi-tsar kunoma yiluphi uhlobo loxanduva, u-Ivan u-Terrible unqabile wathabatha amafiloso amakhwenkwe waza wawadlulisela kwi-oprichnina. Ukubulawa kunye nokutshutshiswa kwakuhambelana nokutshatyalaliswa nokungabikho kokuphanga kwabantu.

Isiganeko esiyingqakatheko sasinguNovgorgorod pogrom ka-1570. Isizathu sakhe sasingummangalo wesifiso sikaNovgorod sokwenza eLithuania. UMongameli ngokwakhe wahola eli phulo. Endleleni, zonke iidolophana zaphangwa. Ngethuba lephulo, uMalututa Skuratov kwindlu yezindwendwe zaseTver wadibanisa uMetropolitan Philip, owazama ukuyala uGrozny, aze amchase. Kukholelwa ukuba inani labantu ababulawa yiNogorodians lali malunga ne-10-15 lamawaka. Kwisixeko ngelo xesha kwakungekho abantu abangaphezu kwamawaka angama-30.

Ukupheliswa kwe-oprichnina

Kukholelwa ukuba izizathu ze-oprichnina ka-Ivan ezibuhlungu ziyimvelo. Ubunzima obuncinane bushiye uphawu lwayo kwi-psyche. Ukwesaba intlondi kunye nokungcatshulwa kwaba yinto ephazamisayo. Ngowe-1572, i-tsar yatshitshisa i-oprichnina. Kule sigqibo wayenomdla wendima engadluliyo edlalwa ngabaxhamli bakhe be-oprichni ekuhlaselweni eMoscow yiCrimean Khan ngo-1571. Umkhosi we-oprichniki awukwazi ukwenza nantoni na. Enyanisweni, yabaleka. AmaTatar abeka umlilo eMoscow. I-Kremlin nayo yabandezeleka ngomlilo. Akulula ukuqonda umntu onjalo njengo-Ivan onkqisayo. Wayengumongameli okanye u-villain, ngokuqinisekileyo akanakuthetha.

Iziphumo oprichnina

UTsar Ivan the Terrible wanciphisa kakhulu umnotho we-oprichnina welizwe lakhe. Icandelo lalinomphumo onobungozi kakhulu. Ininzi yomhlaba yachithwa kwaye yachithwa. Ngo-1581, ukwenzela ukuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa, i-Ivan yasungula ihlobo elikhuselekile - ukuvinjelwa ukutshintshwa kwabasimili ngabanini, okwenzeka ngomhla kaYuryev. Oku kwanegalelo ekucinezelweni okukhulu nakwi-serfdom.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle we-Ivan the Terrible nawo awuphumelelanga kakhulu. Imfazwe yaseVietonian yaphela ngokungaphumeleli ngokulahlekelwa yimimandla. Iinjongo zeenjongo zokulawula u-Ivan we-Terrible zazibonakala nakwixesha lokuphila kwakhe. Enyanisweni, kwakungekho ukungaphumeleli kweenkqubo ezininzi. Ukususela ngo-1578 i-tsar yeka ukuphelisa. Le mihla ka-Ivan i-Terrible nayo yayikhunjulwa kakuhle ngenxa yabantu. U kumkani waba mhlonela ngakumbi. Wamyalela ukuba enze uluhlu lokukhunjulwa kwalawo abulawe ngumyalelo wakhe aze athunyelwe kwiimonasteri ukukhunjulwa. Kwimfundiso evela ngo-1579 wayeguquka ngokugqibeleleyo. Imbali ye-oprichnina ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kungani u-Ivan the Terrible abizwa ngokuba yi-Terrible.

Ukubulawa konyana

Izihlandlo zokuguquka nomthandazo zalandelwa ukuhlaselwa ngokukrakra komsindo. Kwakukho ngomnye wabo ngo-1582 kwi- Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda ukuba i- autocrat yabulala ngengozi unyana kaIvan, embetha kunye nabasebenzi abanezitshixo zetsimbi ethempelini. Kwiintsuku ezili-11 kamva wafa. Ukubulawa komntu oyindlalifa kwazisa iTsar ibe yinto ephazamisayo, njengokuba enye inzala yakhe yayingenakukwazi ukubusa, kuba wayenobuthakathaka engqondweni. Uthe ukumkani wathumela isamba esikhulu kwiindwendwe ngokukhunjulwa komphefumlo womntwana wakhe. Waye wacinga ukusika iinwele zakhe.

Abafazi

Ulawulo lukaTsar Ivan u-Terrible wayenotyebi kwimitshato ye-monarchic. Inombolo ecacileyo yabafazi be-autocrate ayengaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa, mhlawumbi, kwakukho ezisibhozo kubo (ukubala umtshato wosuku omnye). Ukongezelela kubantwana abafa ebuntwaneni, inkosi yayineonyana abathathu. Umtshato wokuqala kunye no-Anastasia Zakharina-Koshkina wamzisa ezimbini. Umfazi wesibini we-autocrat wayeyintombi kaKabardian ohloniphekileyo- uMaria Temryukovna. Umfazi wesithathu nguMarfa Sobakina, owayengalindelekanga ngeentsuku ezintathu emva komtshato. Ngokwenkonzo yesonto, kwakungenakwenzeka ukutshata ngaphezu kwesithathu. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 1572 icawa yecawa yaqhutywa. Wayemisela umtshato wesine. UAna Koltovskaya waba ngumfazi wombusi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokunyaniseka, u-tsar wamfaka entolongweni enye yeendwendwe ngaloo nyaka. Umfazi wesihlanu nguAnna Vasilchikova. Wafa ngowe-1579. Isithandathu, mhlawumbi, yayinguVasilis Melentyev. Umtshato wokugqibela wenziwa ngo-1580 noMaria Naga. Ngo-1582 babenendodana, uDmitri, owabulawa e-Ugliki emva kokufa kwe-autocrate.

Iziphumo

U-Ivan 4 wahlala kwimbali kungekhona nje ngokuba ngumtyholi. UMongameli wayengomnye wabantu abafunde kakhulu kwixesha lakhe. Wayenememori engummangaliso, eyahlukileyo kwi-theologicalist. Ukumkani ngumlobi wemilayezo emininzi enomdla omkhulu kumbono wokudala. U-Ivan wabhala umculo kunye neetekisi zeenkonzo zikaThixo. Ukuxhalabisa kuncedisa ekuphuhlisweni kokuprinta. Kwaye kwakhiwa ithempeli likaSt. Basil Uyolo. Nangona kunjalo, ukubusa kwe-tsar kwakuyiyo imfazwe ebantwini bakhe. Uloyiko lwaloo nto lufikeleleke kumanqanaba angakhange afikeleleke. I-autocrat yomeleza amandla akhe ngazo zonke iindlela, ingabi nenyanyekayo nayiphi na indlela. E-Ivan engaqondakaliyo ehlanganisiweyo eneetalente kunye neenkohlakalo ezimbi, ukuhlonela ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo. Iingcali zanamhlanje kwintsimi yeengqondo zikholelwa ukuba amandla angagqibekanga ngumntu. Kwaye bambalwa abantu abanokujamelana nalo mthwalo kwaye bangalahlekelwa yimpawu ezithile zabantu. Nangona kunjalo, kuyinto engathandabuzekiyo yokuba ubuntu be-tsar bashiye umxholo omkhulu kwilizwe elizayo lomlando welizwe.