Kutheni iSevastopol inesimo esikhethekileyo? Imbali yeSevastopol. Ubume beSevastopol e-USSR

Ukusuka Greek Sevastopol lithetha "sixeko odumileyo". Le ndawo Sendisicwaba kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo. Ngoko ke, ezingamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lamaKristu kwakukho ebengumGrike - isixeko adumileyo Hersonissos. Ukukhetha le ndawo ngenxa zinto zilandelayo: kunxweme Sea Black ukufumana bay lula ngakumbi.

uphuhliso olunye

One elinashumi-nye linababini iminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lethu yabalasela kokungena Chersonesus kwi Pontic-Bosporan karhulumente, emva koko yaba yinxalenye emikhulu - Roman. Emva kokuwa isixeko afika phantsi kwephiko waseByzantium. Kungekudala Hersonissos baba ntsika aseByzantium zimele Kumbindi Wolawulo kwi kunxweme kuLwandle Black. Ngokukhawuleza Kwathi kurhwebo noshishino. abathetheli Russian kuqala weva Hersonissos, emva xa kwathiwa Korsun (IX-XIII cc.).

In the elinesine-elinesihlanu iinkulungwane imbali Sevastopol lifikelele revolution elitsha: isixeko yoyiswa Turks and lilahlekelwe intsingiselo yalo, ngenxa yokuba nje akanamdla abalawuli ezintsha. imizi Port babengekho amaziko olawulo, neendawo zazo kwathathwa zokuhlala embindini kwelo lizwe. Ngoko ke, Bakhchisaray wafumana ubume elikomkhulu khans, kubaluleke ngokukodwa kwakukho Ak-mosque (ukusuka 1748 in Simferopol) kunye Karasubazar. Bonke abantu kuwo kude elwandle.

zonke izinto ziyatshintsha

Kamva, eCrimea yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ngowe-1783 uCatherine II wayalela ukwakhiwa komzi kwindawo kwilali Akhtiar, ibekwe kufuphi amabhodlo Korsun (Chersonese).

Kutheni imeko ezikhethekileyo Sevastopol? Inyaniso kukuba ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo ludlale indima zonke isiseko ephambili Black Sea Fleet. Isixeko ebezisoloko ukubaluleka omkhulu wamajoni kunye nezopolitiko.

kwiminyaka emine emva kokumiselwa ngobume Sevastopol ekugqibeleni lwazinziswa: isixeko waqala ukumela izibuko yomkhosi xa amalungu akhe amasebe kulawulo lwaseburhulumenteni zadluliselwa eCrimea. Ngoko ke, ngo-1767 kwabakho ukwahlukana yesixeko kwingingqi Taurian kunye ibalelane bakhe kumazibuko aselwandle ebalulekileyo yesizwe. Imbali Sevastopol has a emitsha: wafudukela kwindawo ukungeniswa ngokupheleleyo ukuya eSt Petersburg waza waba kwisithili solawulo eyahlukileyo. Isixeko ayilawulwa ulawulo yomkhosi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko maliqhutywe ukuqalela St Petersburg.

Amabini anesithathu ngoFebruwari 1804, uMlawuli Alexander I wakhupha umthetho ukuba iwonga okhethekileyo Sevastopol njengoko izibuko omkhulu aselwandle. Kulo mzekelo, i iinqanawa zabarhwebi elula ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela ukungena kuyo. Ngaphandle kuphela kukunyamezela intlekele enkundleni. Emva zokulungisa zacelwa ukuba bahambe ngokukhawuleza zibuko.

Anesithoba Apreli 1809 uye wandiswa newonga mzi. Sevastopol waba nayo inqaba enkulu kuLwandle Black. Ekubeni oko kunto-nye ukuphakamisa komhlaba iflegi e Viborg, Kronstadt kunye Sveavorg.

intshabalalo singamaqaba

Ngowe-1853, i-kokuqhambuka i iCrimea War. Ntshaba sivete Sevastopol - isixeko oomatiloshe - iintsuku ezimakhulu mathathu anamanci mane aneminyaka esithoba kuwe. Ngenxa yoko, kulwenze ndoyenza amanxuwa, kwaye nayo - kwaye zonke izithuthi Sea Omnyama (oko batshoniswe alingenele imiyalelo Admiral Nakhimov). Ngo ngo1856, iMfazwe iCrimea yafikelela esiphelweni. Uxolo Paris iye yatyikitywa. Ngokutsho kuxwebhu, Russia kwakhona balelwa ukuba alungiselele lwezithuthi Sevastopol. De 1871 waba isikhululo idolophu lwemarike kunye namasiko. Emva kokuba kurhoxiswe isivumelwano jikelele ngentla Alexander II yabuyisela ubume Sevastopol njengoko izibuko central aselwandle yoBukhosi kuLwandle Black. 1875 kwaphawulwa ukwakhiwa kweendlela zikaloliwe eziqhagamshelayo Sevastopol ukusuka St. Petersburg eMoscow. Ngowe-1891, umsebenzi wokwakha wagqitywa Vladimir Church, yaye emva konyaka bafika kwafunyanwa Chersonesos yimyuziyam. Ngoko ke, ngo-1894, isixeko eye yabuyisela ngokupheleleyo isimo sabo. isiseko Naval e Sevastopol baphinda ngokubaluleka kwalo bangaphambili. Stocks iinqanawa akukho namntu kwakukho ukwakhiwa iinqanawa kweeklasi ezahlukeneyo (nokuba Zempi).

umahluko

Kuyabonakala ukuba ingubo ezizodwa iingalo savunywa ukwenzela Sevastopol. osemqoka yayo lokwahlula yaba ngokubaluleka ecacileyo yesizwe. Akukho mzi, omfuziselo lephondo okanye lommandla asikwazanga ndiqhayise. Ngoko ke, oko kuboniswe ikhaka ebomvu (njengokuba capital), emva kwakhe - ezimbini awela iiankile umbala igolide (njengazo zonke izixeko zibuko enkulu, umzekelo, eSt Petersburg). Njengoko Umfuziselo lwakhethwa Griffin - efana House of Romanov, kodwa hayi ebomvu kwi intsimi yesilivere, kodwa koko, ukuba umela a yembali kunokuba ngokulandelelana generic, zebhayoloji okanye dynastic. Oku isiqinisekiso imeko wamajoni-yembali umzi.

Ngoko kutheni ubume okhethekileyo Sevastopol, nkqu nangona ukuba ingqalelo amandla kwiklasi wesithathu? Emva koko, nje akazange abe ukhuseleko ngokwaneleyo ukunyusa izinga lakho! Nangona inqaba nokuceba izixhobo zobugcisa iRashiya Sevastopol (square isixeko - amawaka elinethoba hectares) bendisoloko ubaluleke kakhulu. Yonke kuchazwa nje; yiyo kuphela eziphambili zokuzifaka apha kwi kumda emanzini yonke karhulumente esemazantsi.

indlela entsha

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, abakhenkethi ngakumbi nangakumbi waqalisa ukuba nomdla kuLwandle Black. Sevastopol waqala ukuba xa kungekho ndlela yimbi. Ezakhelwe iihotele ezininzi, izindlu zamabhoda. Kuya uvula Romanovsky Institute of iindlela emzimbeni kunyango ngo-1914. Iingcali ziye ngenkuthalo walukhenketha impembelelo iCrimea zezulu, udaka kunye nolwandle ukuhlamba impilo yabantu. Kwisikhululo eziphilayo safunda ngenyameko izilwanyana kunye nezityalo loLwandle Black. Kamva, le Iziko similise kwiziko enkulu uphando. Xa noseko lwalo yavulwa Aquarium iintlanzi zaselwandle. Kuba Russia, yaba yinto entsha.

Umoya mbuso

Sevastopol na wahlala angazihoyi iziganeko revolution lokuqala Russian. Njengoko usazi, phezu wempi "Potemkin" ngoJuni 1905 ngokuzingca indwe iphakanyisiwe ebomvu, yaye ngoNovemba kulo nyaka kwi imikhumbi ukuba Black Sea Fleet, le mvukelo ekhokelwa uLieutenant Schmidt. Kungekudala emva mvukelo kokuba abathintela, yaye baphembeleli zayo kulindeleke kubulawa.

sempi

ngokungena Russia ukuya leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwenzeka ngo-1914. Ngasekupheleni kweyeDwarha, le Cruiser isiJamani "Goeben" wadubula Sevastopol. ukuhlaselwa lutshaba zaye ungayithandi Cruiser "Georgiy Pobedonosets" neebhetri elunxwemeni. Russian Navy, ngobukroti nobunzima weyisayo, iye yakwazi ngempumelelo iimfazwe phezu amanzi oLwandle Black.

Ngenxa yoko kwemigodi ngenyameko kotshaba Bosphorus Strait ezilahlekileyo minelayer mnye, anekhulu elinamanci mabini ngeemoto kunye nokuhamba ngomkhombe schooners, kwakunye ethwala elinanye. Le wempi-zikhankanywe ngasentla "Geben" yasha yimigodi weshumi ngoDisemba ka-1914.

Xa iyonke, ngexesha yeHlabathi yokuQala enkosi kwimisebenzi ye-Black Sea Fleet yatshatyalaliswa iinqanawa Turkish kwezinye iinqanawa amahlanu namakhulu amathathu. Ngowe-1915, oko esongezelelwe Zempi ezimbini, squadrons ezintlanu abonakalisi, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo emithandathu ezimbini emoyeni seaplanes ebhodini.

A indima enkulu kwimpumelelo imikhumbi Russian eyabelwe ukuba Admiral Kolchak. Wathabatha ngokomyalelo lwezithuthi 1916. Admiral wakha icebo ukufaka i Bosphorus kunye Istanbul ukuhlaselwa, kodwa iingcamango zakhe akazange abe revolution ngo-1917.

isimo Sevastopol e USSR

Intsalela ye-White Army asuswa esixekweni ngoNovemba 1920. inkqubo Umyalelo wathabatha General Wrangel. Kunye abantu wemka Sevastopol kunye iinqanawa Black Sea Fleet lokugqibela. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu iqala imbali yiSoviet komzi. Ngelo efanayo ixesha waphila Red Fleet. Kwakhona yaba ukusebenza Sevastopol Marine Plant. Ayewenza odolo ukuba ziyolungiswa nokwakhiwa iinqanawa. Yenza iinqanawa mihla, waqinisa ekhusela isixeko ukusuka elunxwemeni, wakha zokuchopha neebhetri elunxwemeni.

isimo Sevastopol kwi USSR wachacha. Esi sixeko kwakhona yaba yeyona ibalulekileyo yomkhosi wamanzi, oku ngenkuthalo ukuba yakhiwa emva kokuntlithwa yokulwa. Ngowe-1926, i-Fine Arts Museum and Drama Theatre yavulwa. Xa endhawini yo isixeko kwasekwa kwiifama zewayini. Ngelo xesha, esi sixeko umiwe ngabantu malunga nekhulu lamawaka (ukuba ziquka oomatiloshe).

Kwakhona, imfazwe ...

Sele kakuhle kusekwa-ngokonwaba yesixeko oluphazanyiswa ekuqaleni IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Amabini anesibini in June 1941 abahlali Sevastopol wabona moya ezine utshaba, ezibhabha isibhakabhaka lesiphithiphithi. Waqala kusasa 3.15 elinesihlanu ngomzuzu. moya iyileyo imigodi ezimbini ngemagnethi ezantsi ukuvimba ephumayo ukusuka kwizibuko esixekweni. Black imikhosi Sea Fleet waphendula zokudubula kotshaba komlilo. Iyure ngaphambili yaBantu Commissar of the Navy Black Sea Fleet Kuznetsov wayalela ukuba baxele inombolo ukulungela ukusebenza omnye. Ngenxa umbono wakhe isicwangciso utshaba misela ukuba ngokupheleleyo aphume ibheyi nokutshatyalaliswa iimpahla ezivaliweyo kwaba ekhathazekile. ezintathu imigodi abasibhozo kuphela lawisa yawela fairway.

Umyalelo German wagqiba ukuhlasela Sevastopol kwakhona. imephu City bubonisa ukuba oku kungenziwa nkqu ukusuka elunxwemeni. imikhosi ngokungenalusini karhulumente waphumelela ligqobha indlu ukuya eCrimea ngoSeptemba mane anamnye. October 29 Umzi phantsi zokungqinga, kwaye ngemini elandelayo imikhosi yaseJamani wazama ukuba awuthathe. Okokuqala wadibana utshaba-yesine amahlanu ibhetri ye-Black Sea Fleet. Yena wawaxabela ikholam elinanye ngenjini umthetho yi Jikelele von Manstein. Phantse ngexesha elifanayo wajoyina imikhosi Marine Corps ngokukhawuleza ukusekwa oomatiloshe ezinqanaweni kwaye kabini ze Naval Academy. Yaqala lokuziphendulela zobuqhawe ngokwenene komzi. It yathatha iintsuku ezimakhulu mabini anamanci mahlanu. amajoni Soviet wamelana uxinzelelo yotshaba, kwaye abazange uyekelwe ilizwe labo.

Emva kwale ukungaphumeleli kwe-German High Umyalelo yenza imizamo emithathu ndiwuthimbe lo mzi ngoNovemba 11, kunye noDisemba kunyaka 17 amane-yokuqala neyesibini-amane Juni 7.

Shasenem - mbali French - ibale ukuba kule amabini anesihlanu iintsuku ezidlulileyo lemini-250 zokungqinga we Sevastopol kwi amaJamani wona zibhombu kangangoko eNgilani eJamani iminyaka emibini eyaqala ngawo.

Emva kokoyiswa lwamaNazi ngaphambili iCrimea bakwazi ukunciphisa zonke misele zaseCaucasus kunye Sevastopol. Ngaloo ndlela, njengomzi ongqingiweyo washiywa ukutya. Isilwela Sevastopol phambi yesine ka July, kwaye kwezinye iindawo - ukuya kweyeshumi elinesibini, phambi kokuba amajoni eSoviet akazange eze i iimbumbulu ekupheleni. Malunga asixhenxe amawaka amagosa, amajoni kunye oomatrose zafakwa ngenxa yokuba wayengakwazi ndawo.

Sevastopol kammangalelwa ukubaluleka engenakuphikwa yezopolitiko kunye zomkhosi ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Yintoni esele yenziwe kwi ababelwa yobuqhawe? Bavimba inani elikhulu imikhosi isiRomania kunye nesiJamani, kungaphazanyiswa izicwangciso umyalelo zwilakhe. I 'ekhubekisayo spring "edume ka amaJamani uphazanyiswe, kuquka kubulelwe inkalipho Sevastopol. ukuboniswa kwabo iimeko intsimbi kwakhokelela ekubeni amaJamani ubunzima ilahleko awoluntu nezinto enomtsalane (kwiinyanga zokuqala ezisibhozo zokungqinga satshatyalaliswa amatanki ezine utshaba, moya ezisithoba, abaninzi yokulwa imipu, amajoni angamakhulu amathathu amawaka wonzakele okanye abulawe). Ukongeza, iintshaba yisiwe nesantya kunye nexesha.

Ngo-Epreli, mane anesine waqalisa inkqubo inkululeko of Sevastopol. April elinesihlanu inxalenye elichubekileyo 4 Ukrainian Front wakwazi ukuya imigca sakulukhusela komzi. Sapun Mountain, eyaba yindawo kwizikhundla eziphambili wokhuselo waseJamani, wasiwa Ngamana amajoni yesixhenxe ulwandle nemikhosi 51th. Yethoba Meyi 1944 akhululwe ekugqibeleni kwi sixeko. E Cape Chersonese, amajoni eSoviet wathimba iintsalela-mkhosi lwamaNazi.

Ekubeni Meyi 1965 Sevastopol - Hero City. Imbali ibonisa ukuba akukho nto iye ubume iinqaba ezinkulu yento lizwe.

ukululama

Ukuphela kwemfazwe, kodwa akazange lugqithiselwa zonke iimvavanyo ngenxa abemi abaninzi beso sixeko. Sevastopol kwafuneka ukuba zibuyiselwe. Oku kufuneka amawaka zabasebenzi. Ngexesha umlo yatshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo Sevastopol. Amafoto isixeko ngelo xesha zivuse yokunqakulisa: indawo bandlala intle amanxuwa. Iingcali ziye kuqikelelwa ukuba umonakalo obangelwe ngamaNazi, amabini kunye engange billion enesiqingatha! Isixeko ilahlekile ngokupheleleyo zonxibelelwano, ezothutho, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano. Ngaphezu koko, amashumi alithoba ekhulwini iibhloko yokuhlala yatshabalala. Kwakubuhlungu ukujonga Sevastopol. Iifoto esixeko aya kuhlala lesikhumbuzo elimfiliba ngonaphakade ukuya ububi imfazwe.

Emva kokuba uloyiso phezu utshaba waqalisa akukho nqanaba ngaphantsi linzima kwakhona. Isixeko ngelo xesha wasinda kuphela amawaka amathathu abangalwiyo. Ngaphezu kokuba kuxoxwe kutheni imeko ekhethekileyo Sevastopol. Xa sijonge olu lwazi, kuba isigqibo ecacileyo urhulumente waseSoviet ukwakha isixeko kuqala.

Kule amahlanu emva kwexesha, waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla ukuyilwa yenyukliya-imizili Navy. ezintsha kwi isigaba enomjukujelwa kuvavanywa kuLwandle Black. Ukususela ngoko, i-Black Sea iFleet inxaxheba United Armed Forces ye-USSR ukujongana ngempumelelo nayiphi mhlaseli, hayi kuphela kunxweme Turkish, kodwa kuMbindi Mpuma, yaye uLwandle lweMeditera.

Kutheni imeko ezikhethekileyo Sevastopol? Emva kwemfazwe, esi sixeko abe iziko enkulu mveliso. Ngoko ke, eli ekuphuhliseni kushishino lokuloba intlanzi-elihambisayo. Ngenxa yokuba isixhobo-wokwenza "iMonsoon" Isityalo uvelisa uluhlu olubanzi radios kunye nezixhobo navigation. Iingcali baselwandle kwisityalo eyakhelwe walilungisa neenqanawa iliso kunye nomkhosi.

ulwazi jikelele

Twin Cities Sevastopol - Kronstadt, eSt Petersburg, ESmolensk, eMoscow, Kerch, Istanbul kunye Minsk. Olu luhlu luhlaziywe amaxesha ngamaxesha. Juni lubhiyozelwa rhoqo ngonyaka weshumi elinesine usuku komzi. Sevastopol izele umculo, zinginginya iintlobo iminyhadala, imiboniso kunye Ikonsathi. Umnyhadala zigcinelwe iiveki ezimbini.

Isixeko ezinikezela indalo yakhe imvumi odumileyo Alexander Marshall. "Isixeko Enkulu Russian of Sevastopol" - le ngoma umhobe ongekho mthethweni. Kunjalo nje weva kwimibhiyozo yoSuku City.

Sevastopol - isixeko evaliweyo ukususela ngowe-1939 ukuya kunyaka 1959-th. Iminyaka amabini, emnyango evela Yalta kunye Simferopol waba izikhundla inkonzo kwingqwayi ekhethekileyo kaThixo.

Ngo-Agasti 1991, eCrimea kunye Sevastopol (oomatiloshe isixeko) wafudukela yalilizwe elizimeleyo elisanda wavakalisa - Ukraine. Imikhumbi Russian wakwazi ukuhlala kweso sixeko kuphela isiseko ingqesho yomkhosi.

Ngo March 2014 Republic of eCrimea yaba iwonga kuloo umgibe Sevastopol. Oku kwenziwa kwenzeka ngenxa zimvo lwesizwe yabanjwa ngomhla oludlulileyo. Emva kokuba isibheno Russian Federation kwi ukulawula weRiphabliki isivumelwano interstate eCrimea iCrimea epalamente wayilwa kwi-Russian Federation. ngosuku lwamashumi amabini analunye Matshi, olu xwebhu kuphasiswe nguMongameli Russian Federation.

Njengoko ubona, nkqu Imbali emfutshane Sevastopol ukuvavanya zezembali kulo mzi.