Treblinka (kwinkampu yoxinaniso): imbali. Memorial e Treblinka

Treblinka - inkampu yoxinaniso kufuphi Warsaw (sasePoland), apho ukususela ngowe-1942 ukuya 1943, amaNazi sitshabalalisa abantu angamaYuda ahlala eli lizwe. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba kwabulawa malunga asibhozo ikhulu lamawaka amadoda, yaye inkoliso yabo - amaYuda. Ke kaloku, malunga ezo ziganeko eyoyikekayo embhoxo sisikhumbuzo kukhunjulwa izisulu wayemsulwa Ngenkohlakalo.

Ngenyama kusetyenziswe indlela osemfihlekweni; yomjikelezo ngekhilomitha enye ukusuka nkampu kwabamela, ukuba ukuvula umlilo umntu oweza eduze. abasebenzi kaloliwe kunye convoys neempelesi wamajoni ayengavunyelwa ukuba inkampu babeya kufa. Ngaphezu koko, nkqu moya Luftwaffe ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela ukubhabha kwezi ezihambelanayo.

AmaJuda of Poland

Poland - ilizwe apho uluntu enkulu yamaYuda iye bagxila. Ngu ekuqaleni umsebenzi German yabemi balo baba ngabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezintathu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho oosonzululwazi ezibalaseleyo, ootitshala, amagcisa - akukho namnye bazisola umatshini kaHitler.

Ezinye, uyasabela ingozi kwexesha safudukela kwintsimi waseUSSR kunye Belarus, enye inxalenye wabalekela Vilnius. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi kwe Ofisi amaNazi ngomhla kaSeptemba 1 1939 iminyaka (umhla lungabanjwa Poland kaThixo) washiya kwezigidi ezi-2 amaYuda. Bonke bephela, phantsi "isisombululo lokugqibela." Sele Septemba 21 esiya kwiqela yokusebenza, nto leyo eye wagqiba ukwenza isicelo, apho amaYuda evela ezinabantu ziya bagxila.

Hi xikombiso, ku Poland idala ghettos ezintathu - iindawo ezikhethekileyo apho amaNazi wabeka wamaJuda. Ubomi benikwa - yindlala, izifo, nasekusweleni nokuthotywa. Kodwa akazange ukusombulula umba kukwaphulwa. Ngoko ke kukho isicwangciso esinombala - ekuthiwa-Operation uReinhard, leyo sinamandla kwaye abatshabalalisa indawo, kubandakanywa kwinkampu yoxinaniso Treblinka. La amaYuda bathunyelwa ikakhulu ukusuka Warsaw Ghetto. Kodwa siza uchaze ngezantsi.

History of indalo

Xa lakhiwa Treblinka? kwinkampu yoxinaniso, ogama imbali ibuhlungu kangaka, iqala ukuba zikhona ngowe-1942. Ngokomyalelo Reichsführer Genriha Gimmlera ngoAprili 17 waqala ukwakha iminquba kukutshabalalisa. Responsible wamiselwa ayinjengeArpadi Wigand - irhuluneli Nazi of Warsaw.

Emva kokuba isigqibo ukulibaziseka kumaziko, ekupheleni kuka May waqala ukwakha, yaye ngo-22 Julayi kulo nyaka, kwinkampu yokuqala yoxinaniso Treblinka wathabatha amaYuda Warsaw. Ekuqaleni ungonwabi ndingabatshabalalisi ngamanani okungaka, kodwa kungekudala, ngo-Oktobha 1942, emva kokuba ulwakhiwo esisi ezongezelelweyo kunye izidumbu, umatshini wesihogo lomsebenzi intshabalalo esebenzayo ngokupheleleyo.

Wasinda Treblinka (kwinkampu yoxinaniso) de kube ngowe-1943. Zaguquka le mvukelo sabasebenzi amabanjwa kweminquba, emveni koko ibe yindawo siba basuswe.

iziseko

njani kule ndawo sisebenza njani? Njengoko amaNazi likwazile ukutshabalalisa ngaxesha nye amawaka abantu: abafazi, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala? Ezi zililo iinqwelo ezimashumi mabini, ezixineneyo, waphuma ngoko nangoko kokutshatyalaliswa esisi. Hi ndlela leyi, d / f "Treblinka" kakuhle sichaza la mathuba, ukuvumela ukuba gxwa ngendlela eyoyikekayo okwenzekayo.

Cinga isakhiwo Treblinka. Ngoko ke, ngo km 80 ukusuka Warsaw basebaleni, iikhilomitha ezine ukusuka kwidolophana igama elifanayo, yindawo apho amaYuda Polish zasiwa isohlwayo. ifildi Large kweehekthare 24 sele enqatyisiweyo ucingo imitha emithathu nocingo oluhlabayo, apho yangeniswa ombane aphezulu. Ukongeza, umsele imitha ezintathu-- enye indlela yokuvikela ngokuchasene ubaleka. Lo mmandla kwi ijikazi ehlathini. Inkampu waya kaloliwe yesebe, apho phantsi waza wamhlangula.

Le nkampu ngokwayo zibe. Ngenyanga yokuqala (Treblinka 1) ziye ngokwendawo amabanjwa, ukubonelela inxalenye kwezibonelelo kwinkampu. Kakade ke, uninzi ebizwa ngokuba "inkampu labour" yaba indawo lonwabu kwiingozi yokufa. Eyesibini - Treblinka 2 - bujolise kuphela ngokubulala yamaYuda. On nommandla wayo ukuba simo enqabeni yomkhosi, amagumbi igesi, zokutshiswa kwezidumbu sisigingqi ukungcwatywa. Ukongeza, apha ukuze baphile ekuthiwa-Sonderkommando - amaYuda bakhethwa ukuba babe ukubulawa. Rhoqo baziguqula ( "omdala" Sonderkommando amadini).

Treblinka - kwinkampu yoxinaniso, ababekhonza 30 amajoni SS, ukongeza, bamweze Ukraine, yaye amabanjwa emfazwe, bangakwicala notshaba. Waba kwingqwayi elimisiweyo uFranz Stengel. Emva kwemfazwe, wagwetywa ubomi entolongweni.

Famous amabanjwa: J. Korczak

ubomi obuninzi ibango Treblinka. Ingqalelo kuye, ndayihluthwa ihlabathi kunye nabantu abadumileyo. Kukho wafa pedagogue enkulu Polish, umbhali we "Intliziyo inikwa abantwana," Janusz Korczak. Abantwana ukuba ubomi bakhe bonke, yaye xa amaNazi wangumlawuli, Korczak abayinyamekelayo kuzo zonke iindlela abafundi babo - abantwana yeeNkedama Home. Okokuqala, xa benikwa, yaye kamva Treblinka.

Babefuna ukulondoloza, ukuba kuzo benikwa, uze emva koko kwabakho elinye ithuba - Korczak babekulungele ukuthatha off kunye imoto, esuswe Warsaw kwi -Treblinku zokuphumla lokugqibela. Yena wala. Ngesibindi Korczak wahamba abantwana esisi intuthuzalo abantwana, nokukhuthaza abadala.

S. Pullman: mvumi wahlukunyezwa

Simon Pullman - wayeyimvumi ebalaseleyo kunye nomfundisi - omnye wachacha Treblinka ubomi bakhe. Le nkampu yoxinaniso yaba isikhululo yokugqibela emva kokuba ubomi Warsaw xian kuye. Apho wadala iokhestra Symphonic, uze kunye neemvumi namanye wabulala ukwigumbi igesi. Kuba umhla ukufa imvumi unknown ezithile, ngokunjalo iziganeko ezandulela oko.

Ukuvukela ngo-1943

Ngowe-1943, iinkampu ukufa kunye ghettos sitsala nencum yokuvukela. Kungenzeka, umfutho waphathwa zicinezelwa uvukelo kwi Warsaw xian. Nangona amabanjwa kwaye saluqonda ubuthathaka bakhe kuthelekiswa umatshini imfazwe waseJamani, zithanda bafe kumlo inkululeko.

Le mvukelo e Treblinka ekuqaleni nakanjani. Eneneni, ukuze enze imisebenzi kwaye ediniwe ngabantu indlala axhobe kuphela pickaxes kunye nemihlakulwana, amalungu eminqubeni ngemipu umatshini? Noko ke, amabanjwa ngabom waya kuyo.

Esi yayisisihlandlo babizwa ngokuba "Operation 1005". Emva kokuba ukugxothwa uloliwe wokugqibela amaYuda avela Warsaw amaNazi njengoba ngononophelo kangangoko ukufihla imizila izenzo zabo. Eziseleyo 1000 amabanjwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwemba imisele namaxhoba wangcwatywa niyitshise ngomlilo izidumbu nakwisiqingatha wabola.

Ngcembe uza aziwe esilusizi kamsinya nje bakuba begqibile, babeza kubulawa. Ngoko ke wazalwa ingcamango yemvukelo. Ngexesha kwinkampu zidale batshiswa phantse ngokupheleleyo. Uninzi yaye amabanjwa shot ngelixa ezama ukubaleka, abanye babanjwa emahlathini, kwaza kwanyanzeleka ukuba agqibe umsebenzi, kakhulu, wadutyulwa. Kuphela nje ezimbalwa wakwazi ukubaleka. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho uSamuweli Willenberg.

Samuel Willenberg - enye abasinde

Serendipitously akazange bazisunduze ubomi Samuila Villenberga Treblinka. Ingqondo (photo yakhe ungabona kwinqaku), apho wafika kwenye koololiwe, nje kwabonakala engaqhelekanga kuSamuweli. Ngoko waphulaphula icebiso enye greeters ukuba kubizwa ngokuba umakhi. Ngenxa yoko, waba ixhoba kuphela amawaka kube nzima ingoma yakhe.

Wayehlala Treblinka, ukwenza iintlobo zomsebenzi, ukususela izinto sorter amalungu Sonderkommando. Escape Willenberg waba nethamsanqa - ke wadutyulwa emlenzeni, kodwa wakwazi ukubaleka. Ngaphezu koko, uSamuweli yafunyanwa uyise wakhe waza komhlaba. Ufe ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 2016. Willenberg washiya ngasemva incwadi memoirs, "Le Rise of Treblinka."

yesikhumbuzo

Oko ngoku Treblinka (kwinkampu yoxinaniso)? ISikhumbuzo kwisayithi ka emanyumnyezi yokubulawa umkhosi ukuba ukukhumbula yonke zoyikekayo Holocaust. Kuye kwavulwa 1964. It is a ilitye lesikhumbuzo, kwaye macala 17 lamawaka amatye - yokomfuziselo. Nantso inani labantu akutshabalalise eminqubeni ngexesha.

Le ndawo sekudala imvakalelo engamandla, apho ngo-1943, wazitshisa imizimba - a yimiqolo ezimbalwa, lukhuni kwaye camera ngomaleko uthuthu lweziko emnyama.

Kwangokunjalo 1964 Treblinka, wavula Museum of inkumbulo yamaxhoba udushe.