Indalo kunye nokuvavanywa ezabo yokuqala atomic kwi USSR

ESoviet Union sele ukususela 1918 uphando physics yenyukliya walungisa kuvavanyo ibhombu yokuqala atomic kwi USSR. ELeningrad, Radium Institute ngo-1937, yasungulwa cyclotron, le yokuqala eYurophu. "Ngayiphi nyaka uvavanyo lokuqala ezabo atom kwi USSR?" - ubuze. Impendulo uya kwazi kungekudala kakhulu.

Ngowe-1938, November 25, isigqibo Academy of Sciences lasekwa Commission ngumongo atomic. Kumafa kwayo kwakukho Sergei Vavilov, uAbram Alikhanov uAbram Joffe, Igor Kurchatov kunye nabanye. Zangamawele, zithabathela kwiminyaka emibini kamva UYese wagqithisa Gurevich kunye Vitaly Khlopin. Uphando Nuclear olwenziwa lelo xesha sele amaziko ophando ngaphezulu kwe-10. Xa USSR Academy of Sciences kulo nyaka wahlelwa ukuthunywa enzima yamanzi, apho kamva waziwa ngokuba Commission on izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda ukuba ukwenza njani olunye uqeqesho kunye nokuvavanywa ezabo yokuqala atomic kwi USSR.

Ukwakhiwa cyclotron eLeningrad, kwafunyanwa ore uranium entsha

Ngowe-1939, ngoSeptemba, kwaqalisa ulwakhiwo cyclotron eLeningrad. Ngowe-1940, ngo-Epreli, kwagqitywa ukudala isityalo pilot, nto leyo iza kuvelisa ngonyaka-15 kg amanzi enzima. Noko ke, ngenxa kwesifo ngexesha kwemfazwe, ezi zicwangciso ziye awenziwanga. NgoMeyi kulo nyaka, Yu Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, N. bake wanikela ingcamango yakhe kuphuhliso uranium enyukliya chain reaction. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi waqalisa phezu ukufunyanwa ekrwada uranium entsha. Ezi amanyathelo okuqala ukubonelela kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuvavanywa ezabo atom eSoviet Union.

Ukuboniswa zesayensi ze ezabo atomic elizayo

zesayensi ezininzi ukusuka ekupheleni 30 ukuya ekuqaleni-40 wayesele ingcamango rough oku uya kukhangela ngayo. Lo mbono ukuba ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo endaweni enye imali ethile (a isambuku esinobunzima) kwemathiriyeli fissile phantsi kwempembelelo neutron. Kufuneka kuqale emva ukwanda yekhephu inani athom ibola. Oko kukuthi, kuya kuba ukusabela chain, ngenxa apho unikelwa inkxaso enkulu amandla kunye yesiqalo enkulu kwenzeka.

Iingxaki nazo ekudalweni ezabo atomic

Ingxaki yokuqala ukufumana izinto fissile kwi livakale ngokwaneleyo. Kwindalo, olu hlobo kuphela into eyayiza kufunyanwa - yeyona Isotope uranium kunye nenombolo yobunzima 235 (oko kukuthi, inani elipheleleyo neutron kunye protons kwi isiqalo), okanye - uranium-235. Okubhalwe kule Isotope in uranium yendalo - hayi ngaphezulu kwe 0,71% (neyuranium-238 - 99,2%). Ngaphezu koko, umxholo izinto ore yendalo kwi abaninzi-1%. Ngoko ke, ilula yaba ekukhetheni U-235.

Njengoko kungekudala enye ngokucacileyo uranium yi neplutoniyam-239. It phantse akwenzeki kwindalo (kuba amaxesha ngaphantsi kwe-100 ngaphezu neyuranium-235). I xi eyamkelekileyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufumane kwindawo reactor yenyukliya xa okufakwe neyuranium-238 kunye neutron. Ulwakhiwo reactor ukulungiselela le njongo nayo yokuba kunzima kakhulu.

Ingxaki wesithathu kukuba ukuqokelela imali efunekayo izinto fissile kwindawo enye kwakungelulanga. Xa inkqubo units rapprochement subcritical, kude kakhulu nkqi kubo uqale evuzayo ngokucandeka reaction. I-eneji akhululwe kulo mzekelo, ukuze avumele umzimba iphambili athom ababandakanyeka kwinkqubo ngokucandeka. Yokungabi ixesha ntoni, ukuba ndibachithachithe.

Wayila Maslov kunye V. Shpinel

Maslov and V. Spinel ukusuka eKharkov Physical-Technical Institute 1940 wafaka isicelo wayila emthethweni, ngokusekelwe nokusetyenziswa yokusabela ngetyathanga iqala ngokucandeka yezizwe neyuranium-235, ubunzima bayo supercritical, eyenziwe ukusuka subcritical eziliqela ezahlulwe umonakalo kungenwa ngokuba neutron kwaye batshatyalaliswe detonation. Ngokuqinisekileyo enkulu ebangela operability intlawulo efanayo, kodwa ke isiqinisekiso ngenxa fyabo langoku nangoku ifunyenwe. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1946.

Gun American scheme

Kuba okuqala baseMerika wacebisa ukuba usebenzise inkqubo shaka sebenzisa apho umpu ifatyi lokwenene. Ngayo, enye inxalenye izinto fissile (subcritical) Kuphendula enye. Kodwa kungekudala ndafumanisa ukuba akukho cebo enjalo ilungele ukuba neplutoniyam ngenxa yokuba izinga Ukuhlangabezana ayanelanga.

Ukwakhiwa cyclotron eMoscow

Ngo-1941, Aprili 15, SNK wagqiba ukuqala ukwakhiwa cyclotron enamandla eMoscow. Noko ke, emva kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, samiswa phantse wonke umsebenzi endle physics enyukliya, eyenzelwe ukuba 1 atomic test iibhombu kwi USSR. Xa bobuso yemvelo ezininzi zenyukliya. Abanye baqondiswe ngokucindezela ngakumbi, njengoko kwakuthe, sphere.

Ukuqokelelwa ulwazi ngomba enyukliya

Ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nomba enyukliya ukususela 1939 benza i 1st kwiSebe NKVD kunye Red Army GRU. Ngowe-1940, ngo-Oktobha, uJ Cairncross wafumana umyalezo yokuqala, awawathethayo kwezicwangciso ukuseka ukuqhushumba yenyukliya. Lo mba waye kwajongwana nazo kwi-kwiKomiti British for Science, apho wayesebenza Cairncross. Ngowe-1941, ehlotyeni, le projekthi iye yavunywa yi ezabo, leyo kuthiwa "Tube elloyz". England xa imfazwe enye yeenkokeli zehlabathi kuphuhliso yenyukliya. Le meko kubangelwe ikakhulu uncedo zezazinzulu baseJamani awayebaleke kweli lizwe kunye nokufika uHitler ukuba amandla.

Fuchs, ilungu le-KPD, wayengomnye wabo. Wangena ekwindla ka-1941 kwi-Soviet wommeli, leyo wathi unalo ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga isixhobo esinamandla sidalwe eNgilani. (Umqhubi radio Sonia) S. Cramer kunye R. Kuchinsky zaye zabelwa ukunxibelelana naye. I imiyalezo yokuqala unomathotholo wathumela eMoscow yanika ingcaciso kwi indlela ekhethekileyo uranium Isotope ngokwahlukana, kwe- igesi, kwakunye eyakhelwe esi sityalo njongo eWales. Emva ezintandathu amagiya ezilahlekileyo uqhagamshelo wakhe Fuchs.

Olona vavanyo lwe ezabo atom kwi USSR, umhla ngoku saziwa, sizilungisile kunye nezinye Scouts. Ngoko ke, esihloko yiSoviet kwi United States bake (Twain) ingxelo ekupheleni kuka-1943 ukuba uEnrico Fermi e Chicago akwazi ukuphumeza indlela chain yokuqala. Zizo eziza nale ngcaciso yemvelo Pontecorvo. Ngokutsho kumgca Intelligence Foreign ngexesha elifanayo Kwathi eNgilani wayivala imisebenzi izazinzulu yaseNtshona malunga amandla enyukliya, imvelaphi yayo elandwa kwiminyaka 1940-1942. Ulwazi oluqulethwe kwi kubo, uqinisekisile ukuba ininzi inkqubela esele yenziwe ekudalweni ezabo atomic.

umfazi Konenkov (iboniswe ngezantsi), i nomkroli odumileyo, wasebenza kunye nabanye ukuhlola. Yena weza wasondela Einstein kunye Oppenheimer, oosonzululwazi ezibalaseleyo, yaye nefuthe ixesha elide phezu kwabo. L. Zarubin, omnye umhlali USA, yaba yinxalenye isangqa abantu Oppenheimer, kunye L. Szilard. Ngoncedo aba bafazi, i-USSR wakwazi ukuphumeza arhente e Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, kwakunye kwilebhu Chicago - amaziko ophando yenyukliya enkulu eMelika. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezabo atom eUnited States yamisa kwicandelo lookhetshe yiSoviet ngo-1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. Ngenxa T. Hall, Fuchs.

Ngowe-1944, ekuqaleni kuka February, Beria, yaBantu Commissar of the NKVD, echophele intlanganiso ziintloko zobuntlola. Kwagqitywa ukuba ilungelelanise ukuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha ngokuphathelele iingxaki zenyukliya, nto leyo eza ngenxa Red Army GRU kunye NKVD. "C" Division idaliwe le. Ngowe-1945, 27 Septemba, oko kwahlelwa. P. Sudoplatov Commissioner GB, saya eli sebe.

Fuchs unikezele ngoJanuwari 1945 inkcazo loyilo iibhombu atomic. Intelligence kwezinye izinto ezazilungiselwe nezixhobo ngokuba ukwahlula izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo uranium esebenzisa umoya, i data kwi zamandla yokuqala, imiyalelo ekuveliseni neplutoniyam neyuranium zibhombu, iinkcukacha kubungakanani uninzi lwezinto ngezinto neplutoniyam neyuranium kuyilo lens edubulayo xa of neplutoniyam-240, ulandelelwano kunye nexesha imisebenzi indibano kunye nokuveliswa iziqhushumbisi. Ulwazi Ibuye indlela yokuzisa isiphumo ukuqhushumba umqalisi, ukwakhiwa ngezityalo ezikhethekileyo ngokuba ukwahlula izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo. kunye kwidayari ezifunyenweyo, aqulathe ulwazi malunga lokuqala uvavanyo kukuqhushumba ukuqhushumba eUnited States ngoJulayi 1945.

ulwazi ongenayo kwezi sele zichaziwe ukuze kukhawuleziswe nokuququzelela umsebenzi elibekwe phambi zesayensi Soviet. iingcali Koloni akholelwa ukuba i-USSR ezabo zenzelwe kuphela kule minyaka 1954-1955. Kodwa bona engalunganga. Uvavanyo lokuqala ezabo atom kwi USSR kwenzeka 1949, ngo-Agasti.

izigaba ezintsha ze nokudalwa ezabo atomic

Ngowe-1942, ngo-Epreli, M. Pervukhin, Abantu Commissar shishino imichiza, amagqabantshintshi odolo Stalin ngayo izinto ezinxulumene nomsebenzi ezabo atom, kwenziwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukuvavanya echazwe ingxelo Pervukhin i wacela ukwenza iqela leengcali. Oku kuquka, ngesindululo Joffe, oosonzululwazi abaselula Kikoin, Kurchatov kunye Alikhanov.

Ngowe-1942, ngoNovemba 27 wakhupha umthetho "On uranium zemigodi" T-eyilwayo. Ilungiselelwe yokusekwa iziko ezizodwa, kwakunye ekuqaleni lomsebenzi processing kunye nezokukhupha izinto, prospecting neznye. Konke oku kuthiwa ukuphumeza umyalelo kamsinya kangangoko kunokwenzeka yaba uvavanyo ezabo yokuqala atomic kwi USSR. ngonyaka 1943rd yabalasela kukuba NKTSM eya nezokukhupha kunye processing of uranium ekrwada e Tajikistan kwi Tabarshskom zam. Lwabe iitoni-4 ngonyaka ka iityuwa uranium nganye.

Viva izazinzulu ngaphambili ngelo xesha urhoxile ngaphambili. Kulo efanayo 1943, 11 Februwari, oko yayiququzelelwe inombolo Laboratory 2 Academy of Sciences. intloko yayo wamiswa Kurchatov. Wayefanele ukunxibelelanisa umsebenzi ekudalweni ezabo atomic.

intelligence yiSoviet ngo-1944 yaba ukufumana weefayili, aqulathe ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga ubukho zamandla neyuranium-mifanekiso kunye nokumisela yoMgaqo-reactor. Nakuba kunjalo, ilungelo ukukhuphela nkqu yolwazi reactor yenyukliya uranium amancinane akazange kusekhona kwilizwe lethu. Ngowe-1944, 28 Septemba, urhulumente waseSoviet wenza ukuba inyanzelekile ukuba NKTSM uthathe uranium neyuranium iityuwa-mali karhulumente. Zaselebhu № 2 yokugcina umsebenzi wabo wabelwa.

Umsebenzi owenziwa ngaphandle ku Bulgaria

Iqela elikhulu ziingcali, zimodareyithiwe V. Kravchenko, intloko 4 Special neSebe NKVD, ngowe-1944, ngoNovemba, waya kufunda iziphumo wokuhlola kwi kwinkululeko Bulgaria. Kulo nyaka, ngoDisemba 8 GKO wagqiba ukubhekisela inkqubo nezokukhupha uranium ore ukusuka SCMC 9 Office of State GMP NKVD. Ngowe-1945, ngoMatshi, intloko imigodi kunye nesebe metallurgical we-9 yeSebe wamiswa Egorov. Emva koko, ngoJanuwari, ezilungiselelwe yi-NII-9 kwisifundo yesibambiso uranium, ekusombululeni iingxaki neplutoniyam neyuranium otyhidiweyo, ukubhaliselwa izinto ekrwada. Bulgaria ngexesha ingxelo malunga neveki kunye ithani nengxenye uranium ekrwada.

Construction nokuhanjiswa plant

Ukususela ngo-1945, ngoMatshi, emva kokuba irisithi lamajelo US NKGB ulwazi schema ukuqhushumba, zisekelwe kumgaqo implosion (okt ucinezelo yesixhobo fissile yi-dubulo neziqhushumbisi aqhelekileyo), umsebenzi kwisikimu yasungulwa, nto leyo yaba luncedo ebalulekileyo phezu umpu. Ngo-Apreli 1945, B. Mahaney wabhala inqaku Beria. Yathi ukuba ngo-1947 ilindeleke ukuba ziqalise ukuvelisa neyuranium-235 kwe- yezityalo, sise inani 2. Laboratory Performance kwisityalo wayeza kuba malunga-25 kg uranium ngonyaka ngamnye. Oko kumele ukuba ngokwaneleyo iziqhushumbisi ezimbini. Kuba US saboleka la-65 kg neyuranium-235.

Ukubandakanyeka izazinzulu zophando German

Meyi 5, 1945 ngexesha Kwidabi Berlin yafunyanwa ipropati ukuba Physics Institute of the Company of Kaiser Wilhelm. A uthumo olukhethekileyo, elikhokelwa A. Zavenyagin wathunyelwa eJamani ngoMeyi 9. umsebenzi wayo wawuza ukufumana izazinzulu ababesebenza apho ezabo atom, ukuqokelela izinto kwingxaki uranium. Kunye neentsapho zabo kwi-USSR ethatyathwe iqela elibalulekileyo izazinzulu zaseJamani. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho kaNobel uN Riehl no H. Hertz, unjingalwazi Gaibu, M. von Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. Pose, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel kunye nabanye.

Ukudalwa ezabo atomic ilibele

kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwakha reactor yenyukliya ku tswala neplutoniyam-239. Nokuba i pilot wathabatha malunga 36 neetoni uranium otyhidiweyo, grafayithi kunye 500 t 9 t uranium dioxide. Ngo-Agasti 1943 i-ngxaki isonjululwe mifanekiso. kokukhululwa kwayo lusekiwe ngoMeyi 1944 xa i-Moscow electrode Plant. Noko ke, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo uranium kweli lizwe ekupheleni kuka-1945.

Stalin wayefuna ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka yaba luvavanyo lwe ezabo yokuqala atomic kwi USSR. Unyaka ukuya kuyo iye yenziwa, ekuqaleni a we-1948 (de) intwasahlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha kwakungekho izinto nkqu imveliso yawo. Le usikiweyo mtsha wamiselwa February 8, 1945 ngomthetho ngurhulumente. Ezabo atomic yafudukela Matshi 1, 1949.

Inqanaba lokugqibela, bayilungisa uvavanyo lwe ezabo yokuqala atomic kwi USSR

Lo mcimbi, elube lufuna ixesha elide kangaka, kamva kuhlehliselwa elinye ixesha. Uvavanyo lokuqala ezabo atom eSoviet Union kwenzeka kunyaka-1949, njengoko kwanziwe izicwangciso, kodwa hayi ngoMatshi yaye ngo Agasti.

Ngowe-1948, ngomhla kaJuni 19, i-reactor lokuqala mveliso ( "A") yasungulwa. "B" zezityalo yakhiwa ukuba kwaleli neplutoniyam amafutha enyukliya zaveliswa. iibhloko uranium okufakwe, lichithakale kwaye ezahlulwe kwemichiza kuthetha uranium evela neplutoniyam. Isisombululo ke ngakumbi nyulu kwimveliso ngokucandeka ukwenzela ukunciphisa umsebenzi wayo radiation. Xa "B" ngo-Apreli 1949, saqalisa ukuvelisa iinxalenye neplutoniyam Bomb-grade, besebenzisa ubugcisa NII-9. I-reactor lokuqala Uphando usebenzisa amanzi enzima, yaphehlelelwa ngexesha elifanayo. Neengozi ezininzi waya uphuhliso lwemveliso. Xa nokuphelisa lweziqhamo zazo ziye zabona amatyala abasebenzi ngokuzibhaka. Noko ke, ngelo xesha akazange ukuhlawula asijongi ukuba zochuku ezinjalo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuze yenze uvavanyo lokuqala i ibhombu atom kwi USSR (umhla wayo - 1949, ngoAgasti 29).

NgoJulayi, ukugcina amacandelo kit uzilungiselele. Kwisityalo zokuyenza loo imilinganiselo emzimbeni, washiya iqela zesayensi, nto leyo eyakhokelela Fleury. Iqela Theory yakhokelela Zeldovich, wathunyelwa nokuhlawulwa iziphumo umlinganiselo, ngokunjalo nokubala amathuba komsipha kunye nokusebenza amaxabiso ezingaphelelanga.

Ngoko ke, uvavanyo lokuqala i ibhombu atom kwi USSR yaveliswa kunyaka 1949. 5 IKhomishini yamkelwa kweyeThupha wabekwa neplutoniyam wathumela KB-11, uloliwe okhethekileyo. Bekukho ngeli xesha phantse wawugqiba umsebenzi kuyimfuneko. Ulawulo ibandla intlawulo ibibanjelwe KB-11 ngobusuku 10 Agasti 11. Esi sixhobo ngoko wachithwa nezibilini zayo Igcwele kuthunyelwa zokulahla inkunkuma. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, uvavanyo lokuqala i ibhombu atom eSoviet Union kwenzeka ngomhla wama-29 Agasti. esinye sazo eSoviet Ngaloo emiselwe iminyaka emi-2 neenyanga 8.

Olona vavanyo lwe ezabo lokuqala atomic

Kwi-USSR ngo-1949, ngoAgasti 29, baye iimvavanyo warhead yenyukliya kwisiza uvavanyo Semipalatinsk apho. Kwi isixhobo baba izixhobo. Amandla kuqhuma 22 kilotons. Uyilo wasebenzisa isigxina yaphinda "Fat Man" ukusuka kwi US, kunye nokugcwaliswa elektroniki saphuhliswa zizazinzulu yiSoviet. Isakhiwo multilayer i intlawulo atomic. Kuyo ngokuveza ungqukuva convergent detonation wave lwaqhutywa transfer neplutoniyam ukuya engaginyisi mathe.

Ezinye iimpawu ezabo lokuqala atomic

5 kg neplutoniyam yafakwa embindini isigxina. Impahla eyafumaneka ngohlobo zifaka ezimbini, singqongwe esingxotyeni of neyuranium-238. Yakhonza yomali undoqo, nokuqunjelwa ngexesha ukusabela chain ukuze babe nexesha basabela ngendlela omninzi neplutoniyam. Ngaphezu koko, iye isetyenziswe njengendawo kugqame, kwakunye njengemodareyitha neutron. Loyo yayibiyelwe iqokobhe eyenziwe aluminium. Wakhonza ukuba ucinezelo olufanayo yokothuka otshangatshangiswayo yerhafu yenyukliya.

unit yoFakelo oluqulathe izinto fissile, ukhuseleko lwenziwa ngokukhawuleza phambi kokuba isicelo ngentlawulo. Kuba oku ethile apho ngokusebenzisa etsobhileyo kumngxuma wokuvala iplagi le Uyadubula. Yaye housings yangaphakathi kwaye sangaphandle zinemingxuma avalwa yi iziciko. nuclei ukuqhekeka malunga 1 kg neplutoniyam ngenxa ngamandla Uyadubula. 4 abasele kg akazange abe nexesha tsaleke yaye amanzi aphumele ngamampunge, xa uvavanyo lokuqala ibhombu atom lwaqhutywa eSoviet Union, umhla ezaziwa ngoku kuwe. iingcamango ezininzi ezintsha zokuphucula izityholo kwavela ngexesha ukuphunyezwa kwale nkqubo. Babexhalabile, ingakumbi, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa ngumba eziphathekayo, kwakunye nasekunciphiseni ubunzima kunye nobukhulu. Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokuqala ezitsha kuba lincinane noko, unamandla ngakumbi yaye ezintle ngakumbi.

Ngoko ke, lo uvavanyo lokuqala i ibhombu atom eSoviet Union kwenzeka ngo-1949, ngo-Agasti 29. Yaba ekuqaleni inkqubela phambili kule ndawo, apho zigcinwa unanamhla. Olona vavanyo lwe ezabo atom kwi USSR (1949) waye isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yelizwe lethu, isishiya isimo yayo njengendlela amandla enyukliya.

Ngowe-1953, kwisiza uvavanyo Semipalatinsk enye, eyokuqala ezimbalini uvavanyo Russian ye hydrogen. Amandla sele ifikelele kwi-400 kt. Thelekisa iimvavanyo zokuqala kwi-USSR atomic ibhombu kunye hydrogen: ngamandla kilotons 22 kunye kilotons 400. Noko ke, oku nje kwasekuqaleni.

September 14, 1954 at Totsky uluhlu wenza imithambo yokuqala, apho ezabo atom yayisetyenziswa. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba 'ukusebenza "Snowball". " Atomic test sazo ngo-1954 eSoviet Union, ngokutsho declassified ngo-1993, kuthwalelwa phandle kuquka ngenjongo ukufumanisa radiation ichaphazela indlela abantu. Abathathi-nxaxheba kule experiment wanikela ukuthenga abayi ukuxela ulwazi malunga zokukhanya iminyaka engama-25.