Ngubani owavela alfabhethi ulwimi Russian? Njani oonobumba Russian?

Indima lokubhala ekuphuhliseni abantu zibalulekile. Nokuba ngaphambi kokufika iileta zethu eliqhelekileyo abantu bamandulo washiya uphawu amatye ezahlukeneyo kunye namatye. Okokuqala kukho imifanekiso, uze ke indawo ngabalinganiswa. Ekugqibeleni kwabakho lula ngakumbi ukuthumela nokuqonda unobumba inkcazelo ngoncedo oonobumba. Emva kwenkulungwane leminyaka, le miqondiso-iisimboli kunceda kutsha elidlulileyo izizwe ezininzi. A indima ekhethekileyo kulo mzekelo wayedlala ezikhumbuzo yokubhala: Iiseti ezahlukeneyo kwemithetho kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni, imisebenzi loncwadi kunye memoirs zabantu abadumileyo.

Namhlanje, ulwazi owasungula alfabhethi ulwimi Russian, kubonisa hayi nje uphuhliso ngokwengqondo womntu, kodwa limisela sengqondo yalo ilizwe apho yena wazalwa waza waphila.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Enyanisweni, isiseko indalo lwe-alfabhethi wayibeka ngamaFenike ekupheleni kwenkulungwane BC-2. e. Beza kunye oonobumba, apho asetyenziselwa ixesha elide. Kamva, zamagama wabo waboleka kwaye lugqibelele amaGrike: liye lavela izikhamiso. Yaba BC malunga 8 leminyaka. e. Imbali ngakumbi-alfabhethi ulwimi Russian engabonakaliswa kule nkqubo: unobumba Greek - oonobumba Latin - i Cyrillic Slavic. Le yokugqibela waba njengesiseko ekudalweni ubhala inani abantu ezinxulumeneyo.

Ukwenziwa lithi yamandulo

Ukususela ngenkulungwane 1st, inkqubo zakhi iqala zezizwe awayengabemi kummandla eMpuma Yurophu bathetha eqhelekileyo ulwimi Proto-Slavic. Ngenxa yoko, xa kummandla Dnieper ophakathi wabumba Kievan Rus, apho kamva yaba liziko lombuso enkulu. inxalenye yakhe ezimiweyo kwimpuma nokuxubana, ngubani ekugqibeleni zakhela indlela ekhethekileyo yobomi kunye namasiko. Kuye ziyaphuhliswa kwaye ibali njani oonobumba Russian.

Sikhule kunye nokomeleza State ukuseka ubudlelwane eyezoqoqosho neyezenkcubeko kunye namanye amazwe, aseYurophu Western kakhulu. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kwakufuneka ukubhala, ingakumbi ukusukela eRashiya waqalisa ukuzisa iincwadi zokuqala Church Slavonic. Ngelo xesha kukho buthathaka ubuhedeni kunye nokwanda kulo lonke elaseYurophu unqulo entsha - ubuKristu. Kwaba ngoko kwabakho imfuneko engxamisekileyo "Lento"-alfabhethi ngayo imfundiso omtsha iza kuba ukubonisa zonke nokuxubana. Yaba oonobumba besiCyrillic, okudalwe 'abazalwana eTesalonika. "

esiya kwenza izinto ezibalulekileyo of Constantine NoMethodius

Kwinkulungwane 9 oonyana kwanamaGrike amanene eTesalonika egameni mlawuli yaseByzantium waya Moravia - ngexesha imeko enamandla, ukuba ibekwe ngaphakathi kwimida Slovakia namhlanje kunye Czech Republic. umsebenzi wabo ukuze ukuqalisa nokuxubana ababehlala kwiMpuma Yurophu, iimfundiso zikaKristu kunye nezimvo Orthodox, kwakunye ukuqhuba unqulo ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe ukuba nabantu basekuhlaleni. Ukukhetha wawa phezu bazalwana amabini ithuba: babe nezakhono elungileyo lombutho, ukusebenzisa ngenyameko ekhethekileyo kwizifundo zabo. Ukongeza, zombini ngokugqibeleleyo kakuhle iilwimi isiGrike kunye Slavic. UConstantine (ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, emva kokuba izibhambathiso yimonki, wanikwa igama elitsha - uCyril, naye wangena imbali) NoMethodius baba bantu owasungula alfabhethi ulwimi Russian. Kwaba mhlawumbi ngenxa ubalulekileyo kuqala ngonyaka-863.

nalezo

Xa wenze i alfabhethi abazalwana Slavic basebenzisa oonobumba Greek. Iileta kwakuhambisana yokubiza ngeelwimi yezizwe ezimbini, zishiywe zingatshintshanga. Ukuze ujonge izandi intetho Slavic ebebengekho ukusuka amaGrike, 19 Imiqondiso emitsha yasungulwa. Ngenxa yoko, i-alfabhethi entsha ayequlethe 43, uninzi lwazo kamva wangena nobumba ezizwana kanye wathetha ulwimi olufanayo.

Kodwa akuphelelanga apho ibali owasungula alfabhethi ulwimi Russian. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, nokuxubana 9-10 iintlobo ezimbini alphabet yayiqhelekile: Cyrillic (apho zikhankanywe ngasentla) kunye Glagolitic. Eyesibini iqulethe inani elincinci iileta - 38 okanye 39, kwaba nzima ngakumbi uphawu lwabo. Ukongeza, iimpawu zokuqala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa amanani ezongezelelweyo.

Ngoko ke, enoba Cyril alphabet yasungulwa?

Eminyaka, abaphandi bakufumanisa kunzima ukunika impendulo ecacileyo lo mbuzo. In "The Life of Cyril," oko wathi "ngoncedo umzalwana wakhe ... kunye nabafundi ... yaba oonobumba Slavic ...". Ukuba kunjalo, ngoko nguwuphi na kwaba bobabini - besiCyrillic kunye Glagolitic - indalo yayo? Lo mcimbi nzima into yokuba ngqangi, uzenzile uCyril Methodius, zange ugcinwe, yaye kamva (ezimalunga iinkulungwane 9-10) - engakhankanywanga kuyo nayiphi enye yezi amagama.

Ukuze siqonde owasungula alfabhethi ulwimi Russian, abaphengululi yaqhuba uphando oluninzi. Ingakumbi, zithelekiswa omnye komnye yaye khona phambi ezazibhalwa zabo imbonakalo zihlalutywe ngokweenkcukacha iziphumo. Siye Ayifikelelwanga kwisivumelwano, kodwa abaninzi bayavuma ukuba uCyril waba cishe kokusungulwa kwalo Glagolitic, nangaphambi kokuba lokuya Moravia. Oku kuxhaswa kukuba inani loonobumba kwaba kufutshane kangangoko kubume phonetic ka-Old Church Slavonic (enzelwe ngokubhala). Ukongeza, xa umkhondo wayo oonobumba Glagolitic ezahlukeneyo ngakumbi ukusuka ufana Greek neebhere kancinane yokubhala mihla.

kakuhle besiCyrillic yaba isiseko-alfabhethi Russian (az + beeches - igama iileta layo lokuqala) okufumaniweyo ngomnye wabafundi of Constantine - uClement Ohritskim. Wathi igama laloo ndawo imbeko lootitshala.

Formation zamagama Russian

Nokuba ubani owavela oonobumba besiCyrillic, ukuba yaba isiseko ekudalweni oonobumba mihla Russian kunye alfabhethi.

Ngowe-988 Russia yaMandulo kubuKristu, leyo enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu bayahlelwa lwimi. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuyilwa lokubhala yakhe. Ngokuthe ngcembe ulwimi Russian Old, olusekelwe phezu oonobumba Cyrillic ngcono. Yaba yinkqubo ende, eyaphelela kuphela emva 1917. Emva koko sele kwenziwe iinguqu lwakutshanje oonobumba, apho sisebenzisa namhlanje.

Indlela ukutshintsha Cyrillic

Phambi kokuba alfabhethi Russian unawo jonga ukuba namhlanje, ABC-yokuqala Umgaqo ithe inani lotshintsho. Ushintsho kakhulu laqala kwiminyaka 1708-10 phantsi Peter I ngowe-1917-18 emva revolution.

Ekuqaleni, oonobumba isiCyrillic, ubakhumbuza kakhulu yeleta yaseByzantium, kwaba ezimbalwa extra, doublet, iileta, umzekelo, n = i, o = ѡ - kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele isetyenziswe ukugqithiswa izandi Bulgarian. Kwakukho amanqaku ezahlukeneyo aksenti ebezibonisa aksenti, amagama breathy.

Phambi kokuba wobukumkani uPetros I wenza ngqo iileta ebonisa amanani - yena lowo waqalisa akhawunti Arabic.

Ukuhlaziywa lokuqala (ukuba zibangelwa imfuneko ukubhala amaphepha ezisemthethweni: ABC babebanjwe iileta 7: £ (xi), S (kunene) kwaye ebhalwe amanqaku izikhamiso wongeza mna (ukuba indawo ekhoyo) e (noKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe) Oku lula kakhulu. alfabhethi, yaye yaziwa ngokuba "yoluntu". Ngowe-1783, Karamzin wathi Y. unobumba Ekugqibeleni, emva 1917 of oonobumba be-alfabhethi Russian aphel 4, kunye b (EP) kunye b (Efe) beza kuthetha kuphela ukuqina kunye ukuthamba kwe oonobumba .

Ngokupheleleyo walitshintsha igama oonobumba. Ekuqaleni, ngamnye kubo imelwe lonke ilizwi, yaye yonke alfabhethi, ngokungqinelana kubaphandi abaninzi, wazaliswa nentsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Oku kubonakaliswa ingqondo indlela acinga ngayo abo owavela alfabhethi. ulwimi Russian uye walilondoloza inkumbulo oonobumba bokuqala amagama ngokuntsonkotha kunye namazwi. Umzekelo, "ukuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni" - oko kukuthi, ukususela kwasekuqaleni ..; "Phi yes izhitsa - Magwalandini Congress ngakumbi." Bona kwenzeka yaye phraseologisms: "Bukela isenzi."

Imncoma saint enkulu

Ukudalwa oonobumba besiCyrillic sesona siganeko sikhulu kuba ihlabathi lonke Slavic. Intshayelelo yokubhala ukuba batshintshelwe inzala amava ezingasetyenziswanga, uxelele imbali elizukileyo nokusekwa kunye nophuhliso geqe. Bona musa ngempazamo athi: "Ngaba ufuna ukwazi inyaniso - uqale-alfabhethi."

Gqithisela leminyaka, kukho izinto ezintsha. Kodwa abo phezulu kunye alfabhethi ulwimi Russian ababesiza, bakhumbula kunye iziqu. Ubungqina le holide, uSuku Slavic Literature, nto leyo iba ngomhla wama-May 24, kubhiyozelwa ehlabathini lonke.