Sisihlandlo sokuqala eMoscow e yemihla edityaniswa igama Grand Duke. Ngowuphi unyaka wabona ukukhankanywa lokuqala eMoscow?

History of Russia yaMandulo - ixesha umdla kakhulu ngokwemiqathango iimfuno zoqeqesho womntu nomthandi. Kwaba lelo xesha ke usaqala, ibunjiwe liphuhlise iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho, intlalo nopolitiko. Kukho izixeko ezininzi zisekhona ukuya namhlanje. Kuyinto eli xesha bubobabo ukukhankanywa yokuqala eMoscow.

A bit yembali yamandulo

Ukuba wenza uhambo olufutshane esidlule elikude welizwe lethu, siyabona ukuba kokuhlaliswa kwabantu apha babevela BC nkulungwane yesibini. Kakade ke, yaba iqashiso abangekaphuhli kakhulu, kodwa ke nale Konke kuqala. iinkqubo Active zifuduka, babedlula xesha, savunyelwa ukuba sihlale kwaye ufumane eyona ifanelekileyo kule ndawo, omnye wabo iba East European Plain, ingakumbi inkangala. It indulumbane apha izizwe Proto-Slavic, nto leyo uyazimela lwesiJamani kunye Slavic Balt kukodwa. Kamva kwabakho iCandelo Slavic ubunzima ngokwamaqela amathathu: entshonalanga, kumazantsi kunye mpuma. Ngokwendalo, unyaka ukukhankanywa yokuqala eMoscow ukuba usekude lee kakhulu kude. Nangona kunjalo, i nokuxubana zahlala kuloo mmandla ikamva Russia, kunye elumelwaneni lwaloo elikomkhulu baqalisa ukuhlala phantsi ingenankathazo kule ndawo - Borovitsky Hill.

Okokuqala Wazibonayo nje umlando eMoscow

Zesayensi zembali yaba umboniso oqhelekileyo ukuvela eMoscow kwimihla yokuqala imeko lokusekwa eMpuma nokuxubana. Eneneni, ubungqina zakudala kuvumela ukuba nithi kule ndawo kwabakho isivumelwano, ize iphuhliswe kakhulu. Noko ke, ukuba bathi ukuba Moscow, awukwazi. Into yokuba kukho akukho imithombo ezibhaliweyo malunga nemo oku, yaye ke ngoko, isizathu sokuba sibe nentembelo noba. Uxwebhu oluphambili ngembali Russia wamandulo i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" Nestor indela. Xa sifundisisa ngenyameko ngayo ukuqonda, sinako ukuba kuphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, kukho ukukhankanywa yokuqala eMoscow. Umhla kwalo mcimbi yenzelwe 1147, xa uyakwazi ukufunda izinto ezintsha ngandlel zonakaliswa igama "Mosquito". Ngokubanzi, ngelo xesha kulo mmandla, xa kuthelekiswa namanye imizi North-Eastern Russia, unako kubizwa ngokuba kunokuba umva, nesixeko ngokwaso abazizithulu kunye nasemaphandleni.

eziluncedo zendalo wokuyenza Prince

Noko ke, le ndawo ibekwe lula kakhulu indawo, ngoko kwatsala amehlo nezikhulu zonke ezintlwini. Kodwa ke kuqala eMoscow kuya kufika ixesha elide kakhulu. Le ndawo ngexesha elinye wathabatha izibiliboco ukuze unyana omnci ka Vladimir Monomakh, uYuri Dolgoruky ngelika. Njengoko zathethayo izikhulu Rostov-Suzdal, naye wakhangela eKiev, kodwa wayesazi ukuba umzabalazo zembujiswano kuyimfuneko ukuba bakhulise esiqinileyo. Kwaye ke kwidolophu endala aba-ihlelwe kakuhle kunye namaqela kartel olomeleleyo. Ukongeza, umzi wenzela, ngathi, embindini ilifa Russian, nto leyo lula kakhulu ukuba uhlaselo phantse zonke izilawuli enkulu i-North-East. Ngoko, ukukhankanywa yokuqala eMoscow linxulunyaniswa igama Grand Duke uYuri Vladimirovich, nantsi ibhunga yokulwa, wamema iqabane lakhe kumzabalazo ubukhulu eRashiya nesisalamane ePrince Svyatoslav Olegovich.

Yeengcinga nakwiingxwabangxwaba

Noko ke, nangona oku, phakathi mbali akukho ukuvumelana malunga nonyaka ka kwesiseko wesixeko. Oku kungenxa ephikisanayo abafunyanwa yemihla, nangona yokuba unxulunyaniswa 1147 ikhankanya yokuqala eMoscow. Umhla e mbuzo, kuba kwezinye yemihla zinika ulwazi ngo-1156, Prince uYuri Dolgoruky kwisiza nophuculo elizayo wamisa inqaba. Nangona kwakusazeka ukuba ngeli xesha walawula eKiev, yaye ukuba yena waliseka eMoscow kweli xesha, ngoko lo mcimbi uza kuboniswa kule ncwadi. Noko ke, ngesi sihlandlo lo mthombo ugcina cwaka oko into engaqhelekanga. Nangona ukukhankanywa eMoscow ngo-1147, ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba ngelo xesha ukubiza it indawo yokuhlala yinxalenye akunjalo. izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kusekho ngunyaka ukwakha inqaba kunye zokuhlala ezisezidolophini 1153. Kungelo xesha inkosana Rostov-Suzdal waba kwezo ndawo, ukuze sigqibe le nguqulo.

Kuchkovo - Moscow

Noko ke, esazi uYuri wakhankanya ukuya edolophini. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, indawo iMoscow kwenza kube lula kakhulu bokukhetha indawo sendleleni ukuba irhuluneli okuqonda ngokupheleleyo. Naxa isikhulu Kiev, yena ucinga yinxalenye ingqalelo yakhe impahla eMoscow. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo waqhubeka kunye nonyana wakhe noAndreya Bogolyubskii, kodwa bathi ngelo xesha eMoscow kwakubaluleke kakhulu qhinga, akunakwenzeka. Yaba ingongoma encinane umda wakudala, apho wawela izilawuli umda, iindlela zorhwebo. Kuyinto indawo elula eMoscow nezinto ezinxulumene ukubulawa Prince Andreya Bogolyubskogo. La mazwe fanele ku nanjengesinde elincinane Boyar Stepan, wambiza Kuchkovo. Efuna ukwenza ilifa babe ngabanini, kuqala wazama ukucenga Prince Stepan ukunika kule ndawo, kodwa intransigence ka Boyar kukhokelele kokubulawa kwakhe, yaye ukunganeliseki phakathi nempahla le izinduna ', nto leyo iyelenqe kunye nokubulawa Prince Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Noko ke, nangona oku, ikomkhulu elizayo kwendawo wabelwa Monomakh.

Indima ezihlangwini Aleksandra Nevskogo kuphuhliso yempembelelo iMoscow

Kodwa nophuhliso sixeko yaba olucothayo kakhulu. Ekubeni xa yabhalwa kuqala ukukhankanywa eMoscow, yaye de kube lelo xesha njengoko uzuza impembelelo yayo, kuye ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Kuphela kwinkulungwane weshumi, oko waqala ukuthatha iimpawu indawo yokuhlala enkulu ezidolophini ingongoma ebalulekileyo enobuqhinga. Sisihlandlo sokuqala eMoscow kwisikhundla sakhe esitsha iwela ngeli thuba. Oku kubonisa ukunyuka impembelelo aloo mzi imicimbi zonke-Russian. kweentyatyambo ntiyiso luqala emva kokuba Alexander Yaroslavovich, wafumana ukuba igama lakhe bafeze Nevsky, eshiya ukuba unyana wakhe omnci, uDaniyeli ilifa. Ekuqaleni, umthetheli oselula buhlungu into got a ubulawuli ezidilikayo, kodwa njengoko Mougins, waqalisa ukuqonda ukubaluleka kulo mmandla kunye nefuthe kwi-nkqubo ka-Russia ixesha eqhekekileyo. Nguye ngandlela zonke ukuba ukuqinise esebenzisa kwemitshato dynastic, umkhosi wamajoni. Hayi indima yokugqibela edlalwa nenkosana ngobuqhokolo. Ekupheleni kobukumkani bakhe, ukuba ulawulo lwe eMoscow kunye mzi waba angi kakhulu ebalulekileyo ubukhulu kweli lizwe.

Daniilovich kumzabalazo ubukhulu

Ingakumbi kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokuvela eMoscow ngenxa yokuba amaziko ezindala (eKiev, uze Vladimir) ngcembe zize indima, kwaye kwindawo yokuqala yaseTver kunye efanayo 'yegolide-angqukuva ". Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye ukubaluleka ifuthe lale kwiziko loluntu, njengoko iCawa Orthodox Russian. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesine, yokuhlala ombaxa wasikwa ukusuka Vladimir eMoscow. Ngoko ke, eneneni, kwakuthetha ukunyuka elibukhali kwi iwonga lalo kunye nempembelelo yalo yokugqibela. Esi siganeko senzeke ngenxa yesizathu, yaye yaba sisiphumo nkqubo kude obona yeenkosana eMoscow. Le ulwalathiso lobuchule ebekwe yi Daniilom Aleksandrovichem, baqhubeka yi ezihlangwini zakhe: uYuri, abangazange kwahluka kwezombangazwe, kunye Ivan wahlala phantsi etroneni emva kokufa umzalwana wakhe. Ivan, uWele Kalita na umyili authentic komeleza impembelelo yesixeko abatsha kodwa namabhongo. Kwaba ngexesha khans bakhe Mongol wanika kuhlawulwe irhafu kwizandla abalawuli eMoscow.

kwimicimbi yepolitiki

Xa Prince kuvela chroniclers, eziquka ikhankanya yokuqala encwadini yeembali eMoscow ukuya lesithoba, nkqu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibhozo. Konke oku kwenziwa ukuze ukuzithethelela ilungelo esixekweni kunye ulawulo kwindawo yokuqala kwimicimbi zonke-Russian. Abathetheli kunye izinduna inkundla kuxhaswa ngamandla kulo nguqulo. nkqubo Kalita waqhubeka ngoonyana bakhe Ivan Red, wafumana igama lakhe ukuba nenkangeleko entle, kwaye Semyon ezinekratshi, zizakubalulwa likratshi ngokugqithiseleyo. Xa ukwenza utshintsho umlando ngenjongo i "banxibe" encinane ikomkhulu elizayo. Noko ke, kucacile ukuba ngokukhankanywa yokuqala encwadini yeembali Moscow, okubangelwa chroniclers othembekileyo, akuyonyaniso, yaye oku kwenziwa ngenjongo neenjongo zezopolitiko. NguDmitry Ivanovich ngakumbi nokomeleza indawo aziintloko esixeko, uzuze uloyiso isigqibo phezu imikhosi Mongol-Tatar kwi intsimi Kulikovo ngo-1380. Noko ke, kwiminyaka emibini kamva, a Abahlaseli kuhlasela omtsha wabanjwa isixeko ngomothuko, waza ke wasiwa waza watshisa phantse ngokupheleleyo.

ungquzulwano Family welifa eMoscow

Kwixesha elizayo, phakathi iindlalifa ngumzabalazo amandla, wafumana kwiincwadi zembali njenge imfazwe enkulu wobukhosi. Eli phepha kwimbali Russian lizele mathuba ezibuhlungu. Ophumelele waphuma Vasily II Dark, kunye nonyana wakhe, Ivan III, ixesha lokuqala ukusukela ukuqhekeka feudal ufumana isihloko Grand Prince of All Russia kunye eMoscow yaba likomkhulu laseRashiya enobunye. Emva koko, lo mzi ngakumbi komeleza sandise. Ngokutsho imigqaliselo abarhwebi baseBritani, waba ngaphezulu London. isimo yayo njengendlela capital eMoscow kuhlala injalo de ukwakhiwa St. Petersburg, iminyaka emakhulu mathathu isuke entendeni ukuya kwikomkhulu wasentla. Noko ke, ngo-1918 imigudu iiBolsheviks, waphinda saba likomkhulu ekuqaleni RSFSR kwandule USSR.

EMoscow: ukusuka kwikomkhulu le ubulawuli ukuya ikomkhulu Russia

Ngoko ke ngokufutshane umhle kuqaqambisa iinkalo eziphambili sesiseko kunye nophuhliso umzi; athi yokuqala yemicimbi yemihla eMoscow njenge yokuhlala oluncinane imo eyinkunzi omkhulu nonamandla karhulumente. Ngale ndlela, lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi njengoko imbonakalo kunye neqondo kwifuthe lazo ikhondo jikelele lweziganeko. Ngokukodwa, unyana ka-Basil Dark wakha yesicelo njengoko sinako Balubona ngexesha lethu, ngezitena ebomvu. Iziko imbali yonke yesixeko yakhiwa kumaXesha Aphakathi, uze emva koko utshintshe kancinane kuphela. Nangona mbali waphule eninzi iikopi, ukuveza yeengcinga malunga nesithuba apho ityala, kukho imbono iyinto eyamkelekileyo ukuba ukukhankanywa yokuqala eMoscow lwabhalwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi, kwaye igqalwa umseki Prince kaYuri Dolgoruky. Unyaka ukukhankanywa yokuqala elaziwayo 1147. Ngoku esi sixeko esinye sezixeko enkulu ehlabathini kunye ikomkhulu lizwe lethu.