"Majdanek" Ukugxila. kwiinkampu zamaNazi

I-Second World War, kodwa njengoko yokuqala, kukhokelele ekuswelekeni ebekwe. Noko ke, hayi nje yabulala amajoni, amagosa, kodwa akukho abantu abamsulwa ngubani nje akaphenduli uhlobo Aryan wokuvela enkundleni, ekuhlambululeni leyo uzwilakhe njalo-walwa German Adolf Gitler esasibizwa. A eninzi yabantu yafa kwiinkampu yoxinaniso ezandleni wabasiki ngenkohlakalo. Enye iminquba enkulu ebizwa ngokuba "Majdanek 'ngayo yaye iza kuxoxwa.

oda

kwinkampu yoxinaniso "Majdanek" waba Lublin kwihlomela ePoland. Got igama layo elithi "indawo" zamaTurkic (Independence). Enyanisweni, ukwakhiwa kweenkampu ezinjalo yaqala ukufakwa Hitler, owasinikayo umyalelo Genrihu Gimmleru, omnye wamagosa aphezulu Wesithathu, ukuseka elibukhali zizonke imimandla olusempuma yabanjwa eJamani.

Wodliwa kwangaloo mhla, July 17, 1941, Himmler wamiselwa omnye amaPolisa Chiefs - Odilo Globocnik - inoxanduva ekudaleni isakhiwo se-SS kunye kwiinkampu zoxinaniso kwindawo ahlala Poland. Ukongeza, Globocnik waba linoxanduva Germanization kwenxenye Poland. Central ukuya kwimpuma kummandla ahlala waba kwinkampu yoxinaniso "Majdanek", iindawo ezisemaphandleni ka Lublin. Ukwakhiwa isakhiwo lwaqhutywa yi amabanjwa ngokwabo.

Ummiselo ekwakhiweni

Ummiselo ezisemthethweni ngokusekwa kweminquba wanikwa July 20, 1941. Kwangaloo mini, Himmler wayalela Globocnik isaziso ngethuba lotyelelo lwakhe Lublin. Ukuze ithi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba wamisa iintente, nto leyo eya kuba nako ukwamkela abantu malunga 25-50 lamawaka, nto leyo, ekuhambeni kwexesha iza kuba exakeke kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaziko SS kunye namapolisa German. Enyanisweni, ulwakhiwo zakhiwo nto siyiphathisiweyo Hans Kammler, ombambe omnye eziphambili izithuba zolawulo mali kunye nokwakhiwa SS. Sele ku September, wanika ukuze uqhubeke kunye nokudalwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso, nto leyo ukuhlalisa abantu ubuncinane 5000. Noko ke, emva kwethuba, kufuphi eKiev, oko yathinjwa inani elingu-amabanjwa emfazwe, yaye Kammler watshintsha imiyalelo bayalela inkampu 2 entolongweni - "Majdanek" yaye "Auschwitz", yakhelwe abantu amawaka 50 nganye.

ukwakhiwa kweenkampu

Ekuqaleni, lo inkampu yokuqala sakhiwa ekupheleni Lublin, kufuphi emangcwabeni. Asingabo bonke uthande eli lungiselelo, nezasekuhlaleni waqala baqhankqalaze, emva koko Globocnik idluliselwe kwenye indawo, malunga 3 km ukusuka esixekweni. Emva koko, apha beza amabanjwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso kuqala.

ukwandiswa yommandla

NgoNovemba, Kammler wayalela ukuba ukwandisa eminqubeni, kuqala 125 lamawaka abathinjwa, kunye ngenyanga kamva - up to 150. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, yaye nokuphola ayizange ngokwaneleyo, ngoko kwagqitywa ukuguqula ezintsonkothileyo. Ngoku "Majdanek" wayefanele ukubamba ukuya ku 250 lamawaka amabanjwa yiSoviet emfazwe, onombolo yakhe ngalo lonke ixesha. Noko ke, ukubala Kammler waya ziyeka. kwinkampu yoxinaniso "Majdanek" yongezwa kwabanye abantu-20 amawaka, yaye emva koko ulwakhiwo lwalo wamiswa. Ukudalwa enqabeni ezintsha kwakukho malunga namawaka amabini amabanjwa yiSoviet emfazwe, apho elinesihlanu lamakhulu babulawa ngoNovemba ngokunxulumene neemeko zokusebenza esibi yokuhlala. Ukuba usaphila abantu ezimakhulu mahlanu, apho malunga ne-30% zaye sele kuzenzela nto. NgoDisemba, ukuya kwindawo yokwakha yadibana yi ikhulu elinamanci mahlanu amaYuda, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kangangoko oku ubhubhane yesifo, kunye ngenyanga kamva kwabulawa bonke abo bathatha inxaxheba ekwakheni kweminquba.

isakhiwo eminqubeni

kwinkampu ndawo yaba 95 eehektare. ummandla wayo uphela yahlulwe yangamacandelo amahlanu, wayengomnye leyo kuphela kwabasetyhini. Eli bhotwe yayiquka izakhiwo ezininzi, phakathi apho kwakukho 227 zocweyo kunye mveliso imveliso, enqabeni yomkhosi 22 amabanjwa emfazwe kunye 2 zolawulo. Ukongeza, i "Majdanek" yaba amasebe ezilishumi, umzekelo, "Plaszow", "Trawniki" "Grubeshok" kunye nabanye. Amabanjwa nkampu Sizibandakanye kwimveliso ngeeyunifomu kunye nezixhobo mveliso.

amabanjwa

Le kwinkampu yoxinaniso ePoland, ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, waba ikhusi yokwexeshana 300,000 amabanjwa emfazwe, apho malunga ne-40% babengamaYuda, kunye nama-35% - imiqobo. Phakathi kwezinye kwakukhala kakhulu Russian, Ukraine Belarusians. Ngomhla kummandla kule nkampu ngenkohlakalo abulawe abantu abangama-80 amawaka, kwiikota ezintathu babo amaYuda. Ngokutsho kwabanye, kwi "Majdanek 'waphila kwesiqingatha sesigidi amabanjwa kunye kwafa iye yafikelela kubantu 360.000.

Ngexesha ukusekwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso kwakufuneka ukubamba amabanjwa malunga 50,000, kwaye ngo-1942 amandla ayo baye banda izihlandlo ezihlanu. Kwakufuneka amasebe ezilishumi ngemveliso yazo. Amabanjwa kutshatyalaliswa, ukusukela ngo-Epreli 1942. "Cannon" ukufa wakhonza igesi apho lisetyenziswa "eAuschwitz" "Inkanyamba B ',. Yaye ngoSeptemba 1943, nto yamiselwa eNtshona izidumbu.

"Erntefest"

Malunga nkampu kwakukho iseti iziqinisekiso kunye namaxwebhu, kodwa ayikwazi ukuboniswa ephepheni, indlela okhohlakeleyo yaba ukusebenza "Erntefest", eyayibanjelwe ekuqaleni Novemba 1943. Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama yaseJamani lithetha "lokuvuna umthendeleko", kakhulu isigqebelo, ucinga ntoni. kwiintsuku nje ezimbini 3 no-4 amapolisa Novemba SS ukuwatshabalalisa onke amaYuda kwisithili Lublin, amabanjwa kwi kwiinkampu zoxinaniso "Trawniki", "ingqiqo" kunye "Majdanek". Ngokutsho imithombo eyahlukeneyo, ngokubanzi, kwabulawa ebantwini-40 ukuya 43 amawaka.

Yaba ukubulala esibi mass. Amabanjwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwemba imisele zabo, ibekwe kufuphi kweminquba. Enye ubude umhadi loo wafikelela kangange- 100 leemitha, ububanzi 6 kunye nobunzulu kweemitha ezi-3. Ngentsasa ka Novemba 3 amaYuda "Majdanek" kwaye zonke iinkampu kufutshane kwakhokelela kwezi imingxuma. Amabanjwa bohlulwa babe ngamaqela, wayalela ukuba ndilale malunga ngasemijelweni ukwenzela ukuba ibanjwa ezilandelayo yabeka intloko yayo phezu umva lowo wangaphambili. Malunga nekhulu abameli SS German wawabulala onke amaYuda wadutyulwa entloko, badlula imiqolo. Zonke kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zamaNazi zasetyenziselwa amanyathelo ngokuqatha amabanjwa zabo, kodwa aba nokubulawa nje nabuntu. Ngoko ke izidumbu ngokwabo ngaphakathi kothango lweenqwelo zokulwa zangaphantsi, elinye emva kwelinye. I-SS massacre iphindwe yonke imihla yonke umhadi lowo namntu. Ngexesha ukudubula nomculo yadlalwa singaliva nemipu. Xa zonke ngasemijelweni zahlutha zizidumbu, legqunyiwe ngomaleko obhityileyo yomhlaba, uze emva koko sebefile.

lokubulala

Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kwinkampu yoxinaniso "Majdanek" ekuqaleni kufuneka ubambe kuphela POWs Soviet. Nangona ubungqina obubhaliweyo kolu guqulelo ayihambi. ukubulawa kwabantu baqala apha unyaka emva yokwakha, yaye ngowe-1943 kule ndawo iye igosa kweminquba ukufa. Apha, ngaphandle ukusebenza "Erntefest", ubukhulu becala kusetyenziswa amagumbi igesi. Kuba yingozi kusetyenziswa kuqala carbon monoxide, yaye kamva "Zyklon B".

eminqubeni wenkululeko

Ngowe-1944, imikhosi yaseSoviet bakwazi ukuba akhulule "Majdanek". Ingqondo, iifoto apho kwakhona ukubonisa callousness le Waffen SS, Ngokukhawuleza washiywa amaJamani, leyo, nangona abaye bazama ukufihla ubungqina lokubulala inqwaba, babengakwazi ukwenza. AmaJamani xa kwi campus, ezama ukuba balitshabalalise izidumbu, Bekunjalo kukubulawa amawaka abantu, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ixesha wenze njengoko kwafuneka ukuba bahambe ngokukhawuleza kule ndawo. Ehlotyeni le nyaka amajoni eSoviet Union bakwazi ukukhulula loo mmandla kunye nezinye iinkampu nokufa eziliqela, ezifana "Treblinka", "Sobibor" yaye "Belzec" leyo ezazinawo ngo-1943.

isiphelo

Xa ezingundoqo zalo, yonduluka iminquba zamaNazi akukho ezahlukeneyo. Zonke koko isixhobo nangentando ingcamango yokuba bonke abantu bayalingana. ayikwazi ukuba i "kodwa" apho. Ubuncinane nayiphi na ingxaki kwaye ingabonwa kwiikona ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kwanokupheliswa kwalo amawaka abantu abakwazi ukugwetyelwa nantoni na, nditsho into yokuba ukuba imfazwe. kwinkampu yoxinaniso - simanga angekho nje ngenxa yokuba kuyimfuneko ukuba Wesithathu, uHitler akukho umntu omnye wabalekela kwigumbi negesi, apho inxaxheba emkhosini, amajoni Nabanobungqwangangqwili. Noko ke, asingabo bonke uthanda le meko, abanye baba nayo, kodwa akukho ndlela yimbi, kwakufuneka ukuba isijorha kubo ngumngcatshi enetyala. Eyona enobuntu kubo wazama ukunceda amabanjwa, kodwa ke isizathu buthathaka kakhulu ngezenzo zabo. Noko ke, malunga ilungu eliphezulu le-SS, kwaye asikwazi sithi, kuba bathumela ngabom ekufeni amashumi amawaka naziphi abantu abamsulwa; kubo apho abafazi kunye nabantwana.