Imbali kombane eRashiya: ukuvela kunye nophuhliso

Ukuvela iindlela zale mihla ukusetyenziswa kombane kwakhokelwa uthotho obafunyanwa physics nobunjineli, saa ngexesha kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Inzululwazi wasishiya ngamagama elinesibini inxaxheba kule nkqubo elithile kwezigqibo. Phakathi kwazo abahloli Russian.

Le arc Petrova

Imbali ukuvela lombane bekuya kuba ezahlukeneyo ukuba libe yamachiza iyahlolwa kwaye ngenkuthalo wafundisa Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). Le Scientist, eqhutywa ukwazi yabo kancinane, waqonda, bachitha elininzi imifuniselo. Eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo yaba ukufunyanwa yakhe arc zombane ngo 1802.

Petrov uye wabonisa ukuba isetyenziselwe iinjongo ezibonakalayo - kuquka ukuba iwelding otyhidiweyo, bephosa kunye nokukhanya. Ngelo lixa ibhetri enkulu galvanic wadalwa experimenter. Imbali kophuhliso umbane ufumbethe ukuya Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov ikhandlela

Enye Umsunguli Russian ngubani negalelo kwinkqubela kwicandelo eneji, - Pavel Yablochkov (1847-1894). Ngowe-1875, wadala izibane carbon arc. Emva kokuba igama "Yablochkov ikhandlela." Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala wayila yaboniswa kuluntu lo Mboniso ka-World Paris. Ngoko wabhala imbali imvelaphi behlabathi. Umbane, ngengqiqo koko sebenzisa ukuqonda oko konke, siqala ngakumbi.

Lamp Yablochkov, nangona iingcamango revolution iimpazamo ezininzi obulalayo. Emva ukuxhumana evela kumthombo yafa phandle, kwaye kwakhona ukuqalisa-ikhandlela akusekho kunokwenzeka. Noko ke, imbali imvelaphi lombane unelungelo lokushiya kwi zemihla ngemihla zabo egameni likaPawulos Yablochkov.

zigqengezelayo Lodygina

Amava zazingenela ezinxulumene izibane ezidolophini zombane, ezaziqhutywa Aleksandrom Lodyginym eSt Petersburg ngowe-1873. Yaba nguye owasungula isibane zigqengezelayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo behluleke ukwazisa imveliso entsha ibe umsebenzi mass - ukuba uye wasilela ukuthatha niche izibane igesi ikuyo. I-patent ukuba olu cingwana Tungsten yathengiswa kwinkampani lasemzini General Electric.

abathanda Russian, Noko ke, abazange nehlombe. Ngaphambi nje kokuba First World War "Electric Izibane Inkampani" ifumene ilungelo ukuvelisa ibhalbhu ezingqengezelayo. Izicwangciso amakhulu zaye singàphunyezwa ngenxa kwegazi, ukuhla koqoqosho kunye nomonakalo jikelele. Ngo-1917, ibhalbhu ezingqengezelayo kuphela xa amafa abatyebileyo kwiivenkile yimpumelelo, njalo njalo .. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nkqu iingqukuva ezimbini kuphela kwisithathu izakhiwo egubungele Ukuhlanganisa ezinjalo. Kuba umbane omninzi abantu abachaphazelekayo ukuba akanaso engakholelekiyo, kunye nokubonisa kwezibane ngamnye omtsha utsale ingqalelo amawaka abemi.

"Amandla Transmission"

Mhlawumbi ibali ukuvela kombane eRashiya apho kuya kwahluka ukuba Ekuveleni XIX-XX iinkulungwane. kwakungekho ngxaki kunye nobonelelo lombane. Ukuba mveliso, iilali okanye imizi ngaphandle ngokwazo kunye umthombo entsha yamandla, kwafuneka ukuba bathenge ezivelisa ngamandla eliphantsi. Kodwa kwakungekho iinkqubo mali umbane karhulumente. Ukuba le linyathelo umzi, oko kudla kuthetha ezintsha wema ngaphandle imigqomo kunye mali egciniweyo.

Umbane Imbali ibonisa ukuba iinguqu ezinkulu ezinxulumene ne kombane, eli lizwe kuphela emva kokuba wabonakala amandla ngokupheleleyo. Nditsho ke, amandla ngokwaneleyo ezi nkampani ukunika amandla kwimimandla yonke. Kwabonakala isityalo yokuqala amandla eRashiya ngowe-1912, yaye umqalisi ngayo indalo yayo yonke efanayo "Electric Izibane Inkampani."

Isiza yokwakha kuye kwaba iziseko ezibalulekileyo kwiPhondo eMoscow. Isikhululo ebizwa ngokuba "amandla." Kucingwa uyise ekusekweni inkqubo injineli uRobert Classon. Isityalo namandla, nto leyo isebenza namhlanje, ebizwa ngegama lakhe. Ekuqaleni isetyenziswa nja- amafutha. Klasson uqobo wakhetha isiza kufutshane umzimba amanzi (amanzi afunekayo sokwehlisa). Nezokukhupha nja- ophetheyo Ivan Radchenko, naye waziwa ngokuba umbutho wotshintsho kunye ilungu RSDLP.

Enkosi kwi "amandla" Imbali isicelo kombane ufumene iphepha elitsha eliqaqambileyo. Kuba ngexesha layo yaba yinto eyahlukileyo. Energy lalinikwa eMoscow, kodwa kude iikhilomitha 75 phakathi komzi, kwisikhululo. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukubamba umgca eliphezulu-ombane, analogue apho lalingekafiki eRashiya. Le meko nzima kukuba kweli lizwe kwakungekho umthetho olawula ukuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi ezinjalo. Iintambo kufuneka kugqitha nje emdeni ngamafa ezininzi amanene. Abanini station zokwexeshana buqu baphula basebukhosini yaye babezama ukweyisela kubo ukuxhasa inyathelo. Phezu kwazo zonke iinzima, siye sakwazi ukubamba umgca, kunye nembali domestic kombane Ndizuze owawuza kakhulu. EMoscow wafumana amandla alo.

Station kanye tram

Bavela kule ngexesha czarist, yaye izityalo ezincinci-scale. Imbali kombane eRashiya ufumbethe ukuya usomashishini waseJamani Werner von Siemens. Ngowe-1883 wakha ukhanyiso leeholide le Moscow yesicelo. Emva amava lokuqala oluphemeleleyo kwinkampani yakhe (nto leyo kamva kwaziwa njenge inkxalabo kwihlabathi-ngokubanzi) uye wadala inkqubo izibane lakwaWinter Palace kunye Nevsky Prospekt eSt Petersburg. Ngowe-1898, kwakukho isityalo encinane ngamandla kwikomkhulu ukuba yokucima ijelo. I lithanda imali iqala efanayo kwi eweni, kwaye amaJamani - nokuba elinye Novgorod esitratweni.

Imbali kombane lancitshiswa nje kuphela inkangeleko yezityalo. Tram yokuqala kuBukhosi Russian wabonakala ngo-1892 e Kiev. E St. Petersburg, indlela entsha yezothutho loluntu 1907 lasungula wenjineli amandla Heinrich Graftio. Abatyali yeprojekthi le amaJamani. Xa imfazwe kunye eJamani, athathwa ngaphandle eyinkunzi Russian, kwaye le projekthi ngexesha bhuxe.

Isikhululo samandla kagesi kuqala

Imbali Domestic umbane kwixesha yasebukhosini luze lumakishwe izityalo amandla ngamanzi amancinci kuqala. Yokuqala ukuvela kwi Zyryanovsk zam zeAltai kwiiNtaba. Uninzi nodumo wehla phezu kwisikhululo eSt Petersburg phezu komlambo omkhulu Okhta. Enye abakhi bayo yaba enye uRobert Classon. Kislovodsk aphehla "White Amalahle" wakhonza njengomthombo wamandla ukuba ifakele izibane ezitalatweni 400, imigca nokuhamba isicelo emanzini kwizimbiwa.

Ngo-1913, xa imilambo ezahlukeneyo Russian babesele amawaka yezityalo mveliso omncinci. Iingcali ziqikelela umthamo iyonke megawatts-19. Isikhululo inkulu kagesi, yaba Hindu Kush e Turkestan (isebenza nanamhlanje). Kulo mzekelo, ngosuku olwandulela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwakukho intsingiselo oluqaphelekayo kumaphondo kumbindi ugxininiso ekwakhiweni izityalo amandla thermal, kunye nakumaphondo ezikude - ngamandla yamanzi. ukudala lombane imbali Russian esixeko yaqala kunye utyalo elikhulu yabasemzini. Nokuba kuba izixhobo isikhululo phantse yonke into amazwe. Umzekelo, turbines uthenge naphi - evela Austria, Hungary US.

Kweli xesha 1900-1914 gg. izinga kombane of Russia wayengomnye liphezulu ehlabathini. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho uhlaba obonakalayo. Umbane inikezelwa ikakhulu kolu shishino, kodwa imfuno zombane ekhaya wahlala phantsi. Isitshixo ingxaki baqhubeka nokungabikho isicwangciso kokuphucula inkqubo ilizwe centralised ngayo. Ukuqhubela phambili ziinkampani zabucala, ngelixa kulungiselelwa becala - amazwe. BaseJamani kwaye lithanda ikakhulu inkxaso iiprojekthi kwi iingqukuva ezimbini, yaye wazama ukuba esichengeni izibonelelo zabo kwiphondo okude Russian.

gezi

Ngubani weza amandla emva Oktobha Revolution, kwiBolsheviks ngo-1920, yaqalisa isicwangciso umbane eli lizwe. uphuhliso yayo ngexesha leMfazwe Civil. Intloko ikhomishini (yokufakelwa kombane - yeKomishoni State for kombane of Russia) yonyulwa Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, abase amava esebenza iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zamandla. Ngokomzekelo, wanceda uRobert Classon Station Turf kwiphondo eMoscow. Xa iyonke, ikhomishini okudalwe isicwangciso, kuquka malunga namakhulu amabini iinjineli kunye izazinzulu.

Nangona le projekthi yenzelwe uphuhliso lwamandla, oko kuchaphazela lonke uqoqosho eSoviet. Ngeminyaka Stalingrad Tractor Plant njenge umbane co-linge. Le ndawo mveliso omtsha intsukaphi i Kuznetsk amalahle sokuhlambela, nto leyo eyaqala uphuhliso ubutyebi obuninzi iidipozithi.

Ngokutsho icebo kombane ngayo ukuba amaxabiso amandla lesithili 30 (10 no-20 HPP TPP) yakhiwe. Uninzi lwezi nkampani zisebenze namhlanje. Phakathi kwabo, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura eChelyabinsk nezityalo wamandla oshushu, kwakunye Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod kunye Dnieper HPP. Ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso kukhokelele ukuvela ngeendawo kwezoqoqosho elitsha lizwe. Imbali yokukhanya kunye nombane lungenakunxityelelaniswa ukuya kuphuhliso kwinkqubo yezothutho. Ngenxa kombane, iziporo ezintsha, ezindleleni kunye iVolga-Don Canal. Kungenxa sicwangciso baqala mveliso weli lizwe, yaye imbali umbane eRashiya wajika elinye iphepha ebalulekileyo. ekujoliswe ugesi Beka kwafikelelwa kuzo ngo-1931.

Amandla War

Phambi kokubhiyozela IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, amandla iyonke kwamandla zombane ye-USSR wayemalunga 11 million kilowatts. ehlasela German nokutshatyalaliswa inxalenye enkulu kwezibonelelo ukunciphisa kakhulu la manani. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi yale ntlekele kwiKomiti yoKhuselo State wenza ukwakhiwa kwezityalo ezivelisa amandla, inxalenye umyalelo wokhuselo.

Kukhululeka nemimandla awayephantsi amaJamani, waqalisa inkqubo yokwakha yezityalo zitshatyalaliswe okanye yonakele. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo zafunyanwa Svir, i Dnieper, kwaye Baksan HPP Ķegums kunye Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy Rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP kunye Dubrovskaya. Ukubonelela izixeko umbane balahlwa amaJamani ekuqaleni kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa powertrains. Isikhululo lokuqala ezinjalo lafika ngo Stalingrad. Ngo-1945, igunya lwasekhaya akwazi ukufikelela amanani imveliso pre-imfazwe. Kaloku Imbali emfutshane wombane ibonisa ukuba Umendo yotshintsho yelizwe ibe olunzima-jiko.

uphuhliso olunye

Emva kokuba ekuqaleni kwehlabathi eSoviet Union waqhubeka ukwakha TPP enkulu ehlabathini kunye HPP. inkqubo Energy lwaqhutywa ngokungqinelana nomgaqo lonke olusa yonke shishino. Ngo-1960, isizukulwana umbane banda izihlandlo ezi-6 xa kuthelekiswa no-1940. Ngu th 1967 iphele inkqubo yokudala inkqubo yamandla elimanyeneyo, idibanisa kunye inxalenye yaseYurophu lonke eli lizwe. Uthungelwano kwakukho nezikhululo 600. umthamo wabo inani million 65 kilowatts.

Koko kugxininiswa kuphuhliso lweziseko ibe kunye nemimandla Far East Asia. Oku inxenye wachaza into yokuba kukho ukugxila malunga 4/5 kwezibonelelo lombane USSR. "Zombane," luphawu 1960 yaba ulwakhiwo kwi Angara Bratsk HPP. Emva kwabonakala kwisikhululo efanayo kwi Yenisei Krasnoyarsk.

Lombane iye yakhula kwaye East Far. Ngowe-1978, kwikhaya abemi Soviet baqala ukungena kule yangoku avelise Zeya isikhululo kagesi. ukuphakama kwayo kwedama - leemitha 123, yaye imveliso amandla - 1330 MW. A ummangaliso zobunjineli eSoviet Union yayigqalwa i Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Le projekthi yaphunyezwa kwimozulu enzima eSiberia kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu ukusuka kwizixeko ezinkulu kunye noshishino kuyimfuneko. Uninzi iinkcukacha (ezifana injini hydro) waya esakhiweni phesheya Arctic Ocean, nokwenza indlela amawaka-10 km.

Ngo-1980, iinguqu ezibalulekileyo balance namandla kuqoqosho eSoviet. Indima eyandayo edlalwa izityalo ngamandla enyukliya. Ngowe-1980, isabelo sawo kwimveliso eneji kwaba-5%, kwaye ngo-1985 - sele-10%. kushishino kaloliwe waba Obninsk zamandla enyukliya zezityalo. Ngeli xesha baqala ukwakhiwa olukhawulezisiweyo serial kwezityalo zamandla zenyukliya, kodwa kwintlekele yoqoqosho kunye iChernobyl ntlekele kwathotha phantsi inkqubo.

modernity

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union kwakukho ukuhla notyalo-mali kwicandelo ngamandla. Izikhululo ezazakhiwe, kodwa akukagqitywa, basindiswa kukuninzi. Ngowe-1992, igridi omnye sele zihlanganisiwe kwi Rao "YO of Russia". Ayizange kukunceda ukuba uphephe intlekele systemic kuqoqosho enzima.

kushishino amandla omoya Second lufikile kwinkulungwane xxi. Abaninzi eSoviet kuqaliswe ukwakhiwa. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2009, oko kugqitywa ukwakhiwa i Bureya HPP yaqala emva ngo-1978. amandla wakha kunye enyukliya: kwiBaltic, Beloyarsk, iLeningrad, Rostov.