Sciences Sciences

Inkqubo yezesayensi ze-biological , ekucingeni iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezidalwa eziphilayo, isakhiwo sayo, ukuphuhliswa, ukusebenza, isakhiwo esilungileyo. Ngamanye amasebe awo agxininisa iinjongo ezithile, uhlola izinto ezithile. Ngaloo ndlela, i-sayansi yezinto eziphilayo ixhamene ngokubanzi.

Isakhiwo esingamanani amaninzi asifanelekanga kuphela kwiintlobo zeentlobo kunye neendlela zokuphila, kodwa kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.

Kwangaxesha la mandulo, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo ziphuhlisiwe: i-zoology, i-botany, i-anatomy kunye ne- physiology yabantu. Emva koko, amacandelo amakhulu anjenge-hydrobiology (ukufunda abahlali bamanzi) kunye ne-microbiology (ukuphanda ama-microorganism), okhethwe ngokuhambelana nezinto zophando, kwakhiwa.

Kusuka kwamasebe amakhulu aphuma kwi-biological sciences. Ngoko, umzekelo, i-zoology (ukufunda izilwanyana) ziquka i-theriology, ihlola izilwanyana, i-protozoology-protozoa, i-molluscology - i-mollusks, i-acarology - i-mites, i-entomology - inambuzane, ichthyology - injengeentlanzi. Isakhiwo se-botany siqulethe i-biological sciences njenge-dendrology (malunga nemithi, ihlathi), i-bryology (malunga ne-mosses), i-lichenology (malunga ne-lichens), i-mycology (malunga nama-mushroom) kunye nabanye.

Kukho ulwahlulo olunzulu lwezoqeqesho. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuhanjiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwiindidi kunye nokuhluka kwazo kufundwa yi-biological science. Ukulungiswa, ukuhlola ihlabathi lezinto ezikhoyo namhlanje, kuthiwa i-neontology. Inzululwazi yeefom zobomi zangaphambili ezikhoyo zibizwa ngokuthi i-paleontology.

Olunye ulwalathiso ekuhlelweni kolwaphulo luquka ukuhlukana ngokwembonakalo kunye neepropati zokuphila. Ngoko ke, imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yezinto eziphilayo ifundiswa yi-physiology, imibuzo malunga ne-heredity - genetics, iipatheni zokuziphatha kwezilwanyana-ethology. Iimpawu zophuhliso ngabanye zihlolisiswa yi-embryology, ngokubanzi-uphuhliso lwe-biology. Ngelo xesha, uqeqesho ngalunye luhlulwe lwaba ngabangasese. Ngokomzekelo, i-morphology ukufunda iifom ihlelwa kwiinkalo ezithelekisayo, ezisebenzayo kunye namanye. Ngxeshanye, kukho ukungena kwamanye, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo ze-biology, kunye nokubunjwa kwezinto ezidibeneyo. Ngoko, umzekelo, kukho amasebe afana ne-histophysiology, i-cytogenetics kunye nabanye.

Isakhiwo seenkqubo kunye nezitho zifundo ze-anatomy, i-microscopic structure of tissues - histology, isakhiwo senucleus - karyology, iiseli njenge-whole-cytology. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-karyology, i-cytology kunye ne-histology, ngaphezu kokufunda isakhiwo sezakhiwo ezithile, zibandakanya ekufundeni iimpawu zabo zezinto eziphilayo.

Kwi-biology, kukho izikhokelo ezihambelana nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda. Ngoko, umzekelo, kukho i-biochemistry ephonononga iinkqubo zomsebenzi obalulekileyo ngeendlela zamachiza, i-Biophysics, eyenza imithetho yomzimba. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi zihlandlo zibini zihlala zidibanisana, zisebenza kwisicatshulwa ukuze zifunde into ethile.

Indawo eyahlukileyo ihlala yimiyalo efana ne-biometric. Isekelwe kwindlela yokwenza izibalo ze-biological data. Ngokusetyenziswa kweli sebe, kuya kuba lula ukuchaza iinkqubo ezifanayo kunye neziganeko, ukucwangcisa amalinge, ukuseka iipatheni zezinto eziphilayo jikelele.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izifundo zombini kunye nezifundo zibaluleke ngokulinganayo kwi-biology. Owamandulo avumela umntu ukuba aguqule imimandla emininzi yomsebenzi osebenzayo, umzekelo, i-biology yobuchwepheshe okanye i-microbiology yezoqoqosho. Ngaloo ndlela, amasebe e-biology esebenzayo aphucula i-theory ngolwazi olutsha.