Iinkqubo zokuqhawulwa kwezilwanyana kwi-biology. Iindidi zeendlela zokuqhawula, imizekelo

Akukho mntu uya kukhanyela ukuba inyaniso ejikeleze nathi iyavumelana kwaye iphelele. Akunandaba nokuba ngubani umntu okholelwa kuye, kodwa ngokusingqongileyo akabonanga ubuhle kunye nokuhlukahluka kuphela, kodwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa, apho kungekho ndawo yokunyanzelisa. Ngokucacileyo ngokucacileyo, ukucaca okucacileyo kubonakaliswe kwihlabathi lezinto eziphilayo. Bonke ababuthathaka, ababi, abakwaziyo ukuvelisa inzala enempilo banqatshelwe yinto yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, ngokukhetha okwenyama. Akukho nxaxheba ebancinci kuyo idlalwa yinkqubo yezinto eziphilayo, ezifana nokuzihlalisa izityalo.

Oku, kunye nezinye iindlela zokukhusela iindlela ezikhusela umthombo wezityalo, isilwanyana kunye noluntu, siya kuqwalasela kweli phepha.

Ukutshintshwa kweempawu zobunini yipropati ephambili yezinto eziphilayo

Ukuzaliswa yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ubukho bobubomi boMhlaba bunokwenzeka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yinkalo yombutho wayo, ukususela kwizinto ezilula kunye nokuphela kwezilwanyana ezincelisayo, ukuchumisa (kwisityalo - impoli), ekhokelela ekuveleni kwenzalo efanelekileyo, inzala, ivela kuphela phakathi kwabantu abemi bezinto ezifanayo eziphilayo. Kuyacaca ukuba kukho iindlela zokuzihlukanisa ngokwemvelo ezilawula ukukhupha okanye ukuvumba.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukunyuka kwama-interspecific akungabandakanywa. Zenzeka zombini kwiimeko zendalo kwaye zenziwa ngokufanelekileyo - ngumntu, kodwa zihlala zikhokelela ekubonakaleni kwintlobo kunye nokukhubazeka, okanye i-hybrids oyinyumba. Kwanele ukuba ukhumbule ama-mules angenasiphelo-inzala efunyenwe ukuwela i-esile kunye ne-mare. Njengoko sikwazi ukubona, imikhosi ethile isebenza apha, enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengezinye iindlela zokuzihlukanisa. Masizichaze ngokubanzi iinkcukacha.

Ukwahlulelwa kweenkqubo ezikhokelela ekuzinzileyo kwendawo yokugcina imfuyo yabantu

Kwimfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, eyona mveliso yenzululwazi yenzululwazi yendalo ezifana noCharles Darwin, A.N. Severtsov, G. Spencer, qwalasela oku kulandelayo, iziganeko ezixhaphakileyo ezibangela ukuzinza kobukho bezilwanyana zezinto eziphilayo: ukuhlala kwendawo, ukuzala nokuzimela kwendalo. I-biology yeCandelo - i-genetics yabantu, ifunda ngokutshintsha utshintsho olwenzeka kwi-pool yoluntu yezinto eziphilayo. Ziyimiphumo yesenzo saloo miba njengamaza obomi kunye nokukhutshwa kwamagciwane.

Isebe elingentla apha le-biology libeka indima yezinto zokukhusela ezijoliswe ekulondolozeni i-conservatism yeekaryotypes zabantu ngabemi kunye nokuthintela ukuwela phakathi kwabantu. Emva koko, siya kufumanisa ukuba ziphi iindlela zokuzihlukanisa ezibizwa ngokuba yizinto eziphilayo, kwaye yintoni ebaluleke ngayo ekugcineni ukubunjwa kohlobo lwezendalo kwizityalo.

Indima yeemeko zokusingqongileyo kwendalo yolondolozo lwemfuza yoluntu lwezinto eziphilayo

Ngenxa ye-phylogenesis - uphuhliso lwembali lwezilwanyana, abantu balo, bakha abantu abahlala kwimida ethile kwimihlaba ethile, ebizwa ngokuba yindawo. Imifuno kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo zidibanisa neemeko zendalo, kunye noluntu lwezinye iintlobo ezihlala kwintsimi eyinikwe yona, oko kukuthi, zihlala kwindawo ethile yemvelo. Ukunciphisa ukunyamezela kokuncintisana phakathi kwabantu beentlobo ezifanayo , kukho iindlela ezithile zokuzihlukanisa eziqinisekisa ukuba, umzekelo, ukungafani phakathi kweemfuno zamabini omabili uhlobo lokutya. Ngoko ke, i-beetle ye-beetle yenza iindawo ezimbini zeentlobo zezilwanyana: enye idla imbewu yee-peas, enye imbotyi.

Ngethuba lokuzala, ngenxa yokuba izityalo zityalo zikhula kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, izinto eziphilayo zabantu ababini azidibanisi.

Ixesha lokuvelisa kunye nokubaluleka kwazo ekuqinisekiseni ukuzinza kofuzo lwabantu

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, okanye ziyakunqanda ngokupheleleyo impolilo okanye ukudibanisa phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo, zibandakanya ukwahlukanisa iindlela ezilawula ixesha lokuzaliswa kwabantu ngabanye. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhawuleka kweentlobo zengca ezikhulayo ezikhungweni zemifudlana yemilambo zihambelana nexesha lokukhukhula kwamanzi. Izilwanyana ezihlala ngokuthe ngqo kummandla wonxweme, kwaye ngexesha lokukhukula ixesha elide phantsi kwamanzi, ziyaqhakaza kamva kunabantu abaphantsi kwefuthe lexesha elifutshane lemithombo yamanzi, okanye, nantoni na, ayikhukhulelanga. Ngezizathu ezicacileyo, i-panmixia (i-pollination cross) phakathi kwezityalo ezihlala kwindawo ezahlukeneyo zedrafini ayikho, njengoko ukuvuthwa kwe-pollen kwenzeka ngexesha elithile. Ngenxa yoko, iindawo ezininzi ze-meadowgrass zenziwe, zahluke ngokwexesha lokuvelisa.

Indima yokuziphendulela

I-genetics yoluntu sele iqalise ukuba ukungabikho kwemali yokutshintshiselana kwemfuza phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo okanye uluntu kubangela ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa kwezinto zenzeke kwii-genotypes zabantu ngabanye, kwaye ukuphindaphindwa kweziganeko eziphambili kunye nezigqithisileyo ziyahlukahluka. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni iindawo zamanzi ezidalwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo phakathi kwazo. Ukungafani oku kuya kubandakanyeka, okokuqala, iifom zokuzilungelelanisa kwiimeko ezingabonakaliyo zendalo. Yintoni kuxhomekeke kuyo?

Isenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi seentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuxhoma

Isekelwe kwizixhobo zokuzihlukanisa ezendalo kunye nokuzala. I-Biology, ngokukodwa, isahlulo sayo-imbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ibonisa impembelelo yabo ekubonakalisweni kwenkqubo efana nehlabathi jikelele, njengokuthi, ukuhlukana kweempawu kunye neepropati zezinto eziphilayo. Ijongene nokuguquguquka kwezinto ezincinane-inkqubo ekhokelela ekubunjweni kwee-subspecies kuqala, kwaye ke, kunye neentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendalo.

Ukuhlulwa kwendawo yokuhlala kuvela njani?

Bobabini kwi-botany nakwii-zoology, izazinzulu zithatha ingqwalasela ingqalelo kwinto, okunciphisa phantse nantoni ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwabantu abaneentlobo ezifanayo. Yafumana igama lokwahlukana kweendawo. Kwavela ukuba utshintsho olubukhali kwindawo leyo luhambelana nokubonakala kwemingcipheko, ekhokelela ekuveleni kweemeko ezikhawulezayo kwizinto eziphilayo.

Baxela, okokuqala, ukuvuthwa kwamagetetti, ixesha lokuqhuma okanye ukuvota. Zonke ezi zinto zinokudibaniswa kwikota elilodwa - ukuhlukaniswa kwezityalo. Ziziphi iiphumo zokuba kubakho abantu?

Utshintsho kwiimpawu

Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zazisa ukuba izidalwa zendalo ezinokuqala, ezifana nexesha, ziba ziimpawu ezigqithisileyo ngenxa yokunyamalala, njengesiseko esisodwa sokutya, kunye nokukwazi ukuwela ngokukhululeka. Imithintelo engabonakaliyo emzimbeni ngokweendlela zeeplanethi, ukuphakanyiswa kweentaba zeentaba, izikhukhula zemilambo zihlukanisa imiphakathi yabantu ngabanye. Yile ndlela uhlobo lokuphila lukhula ngayo. Imimiselo engezantsi ibonisa ukuhlukaniswa kweendawo zendawo njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokulungiselela. Ngaloo ndlela, amaqela asezilwanyana zase-Australia, emva kokuhlukana kwawo kwilizwekazi elidala laseGondwana, anemibono ephawulekayo yobomi kunye nezobuhlobo ezivela kwiintlobo zezilwanyana zaseYurophu eziye zavela emva kobuGcisa obukhulu.

UCharles Darwin malunga neendlela zoqeqesho

Umdali odumile emhlabeni owaziwayo kwendalo yemvelo, isiNgesi sendalo yemvelo uCharles Darwin, wazimisela ukuqhutyelwa kwemvelo, ekhokelela ekuveleni kweeklasi ezintsha, imiyalelo kunye neentsapho zezinto eziphilayo. Kwakhona kwincwadi yakhe usosayensi wachaza indlela yokuhlala kunye neendawo ezizimeleyo. Imizekelo yokubonakaliswa kwabo, wakhupha kwiimbonakaliso ezenziwe ngexesha lokudwendwela emhlabeni wonke. UDarwin wambona waza wayilonga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentsimbi ezihlala kwiiItali zaseGalapagos. Iintaka zineenkalo ezikhawulezayo kumlo wesibhakabhaka, ubukhulu be-trunk, kwaye zondla ukutya okuhlukahlukeneyo.

Xa bewela phakathi kwabo, abantu balahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo amandla abo okuvelisa inzala. Ngokomphandi, umgama omkhulu phakathi kweziqithi kunye nokwahlukana kwezilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana ezikhokelela ekuvelweni kwee-subspecies eziliqela, kwaze kwaba yizilwanyana ezizimeleyo. Siye saqwalasela esinye isikhokelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ekhokelela ekubunjweni kweentlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo, apho yonke indawo ephilayo ekhoyo iqhubeka. Imizekelo echazwe ngasentla ibonisa ukuba indima ebalulekileyo yeendlela zokukhusela indawo yokuthintela ukuhamba phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekuveleni kweeyunithi ezintsha.