Route ukusuka Vikings ukuya amaGrike - it ... indlela Iinkcukacha ukusuka Vikings ukuya amaGrike: inkcazo komzi, umlambo

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga indlela ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, oko kukuthi, bala mazwe ezikufutshane ukuya kuLwandle eBaltic, amazwe lweMeditera, iye akhethwe ookhokho bethu zohambo ezivenkileni, yaye ngamanye amaxesha amaphulo zomkhosi, gcina amaphepha ebhalwe ngayo yemihla yamandulo. Etyhila kubo, sizama ukuba kwakudala zitshone zisabonakala ebikhona umkhondo indlela abarhwebi abahamba ezinenkalipho.

Zamanzi - iindlela umhlaba ezazingaphambi

Ngaloo mihla, inkcazelo yayo equlethwe Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka - yemihla yamandulo, ogama ubuqambi wenziwa eKiev engcwele zihlaba Nestor umkhumbuzi - kwiindlela esibujonga ngayo ilizwi wayengekho. Kodwa ekubeni uphuhliso lobudlelwane zorhwebo zifuna uhambo rhoqo, iindlela ezizezinye unxibelelwano kuba umlambo, leyo esisityebi kunene eYurophu.

Kubalulekile ukuba la machibi yabangela ngesikhephe zabarhwebi ezele kweempahla ezizisiweyo emazweni angabamelwane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abahambi ukuba lukhetha ezithile, ngeendlela ezininzi elula apho sele kwasekwa iindlela zorhwebo ethile, izithuthi kwi ukuba shumi ngamnye waba kakhulu ngakumbi.

Uninzi kwindlela yorhwebo eyandisiweyo

Ukwenziwa kwezi iindlela zorhwebo kuluncedo kakhulu kubemi kwimimandla yonxweme. zokuhlala kwabo baba zizityebi, ngokuthe ngcembe yaba iindawo zorhwebo, yaye ekugqibeleni ezithile wabuya wangena esixekweni. Ukongeza, umlambo kunye imigca ulwandle konxibelelwano, ukudibanisa nabanye ngophuhliso ngokwezoqoqosho West nganye amazwe atyebileyo basempumalanga, negalelo ekusekweni yobudlelwane bezizwe, kwakunye nokuphuhlisa inkcubeko yehlabathi.

Enye yezi ndlela yaba kwindlela yorhwebo ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, esichazwa umkhumbuzi Nestor ngokweenkcukacha. Yena kucingwa ukuba uninzi kwandiswa zonke yesayensi ezaziwayo. ubude bawo kuphela kummandla Russia yamandulo malunga 2850 km, kunye na wabaleka kuphela imilambo namachibi, kodwa inxenye umhlaba, apho isikhephe kwafuneka tsala, basuswe.

Ukususela kwiBaltic ukuya kunxweme kwelanga kakubi Greece

Route ukusuka Vikings ukuya amaGrike - indlela zorhwebo sinxibelelanisa amaziko eziphuhlisiweyo kwezoqoqosho aselunxwemeni lolwandle Baltic (umkhumbuzi umbiza Varangian) kunye Central Rus, yaye kamva - kunye siyehla ezintlokweni zawo ezininzi ezithile. Okulandelayo waya kumathafa woLwandle Black, lowo ngelo xesha elichweba mbuya, kunye, waphula kuLwandle Black, ifikelele Byzantium - ummandla osempuma lo kanye ezinamandla, kodwa ngexesha uBukhosi baseRoma yaphela. Ukushiya emva iimarike simaxhaphetshu kaConstantinople, abaxazululi emantla baqhubeka nohambo lwabo ukuya kuthi xhaxhe, apho walinda izixeko isityebi unxweme. Makhe sihlolisise indlela zorhwebo ukusuka Vikings ukuya amaGrike kwaye zijoliswe kule ngokwezigaba yayo engundoqo.

Ukuqala uhambo olude

Kukholelwa ukuba wathabatha imvelaphi yayo e Lake Mälaren ibekwe kwindawo ngoku Sweden. Kwi siqithi, ibekwe kweli ziko, kwaye kukho yokuhlala ebizwa ngokuba Birka namhlanje, kumaxesha amandulo, zenza iziko shopping enkulu, ethe iqokelelwe lonke iimveliso eScandinavia, yaye apho kwakukho urhwebo kubethwa ngumoya. Oku kungqinwa iingqekembe yamandulo kumazwe ahlukeneyo, wafumana ngexesha ngabembi zakutshanje zakudala.

Ukusuka apho iimpahla isikhephe, ethwele uye iBaltic (Varangian) uLwandle kunye bafudukela kwisiqithi Gotland, naye njengentsika engundoqo urhwebo, abemi ezibe zisuswe imisebenzi lwezorhwebo ezininzi ngeenzuzo, yaye ngoko ngokufudumeleyo yamkela iindwendwe. Ekubeni wenza inani zibe zethutyana zorhwebo kunye noninzi bazalisa, abarhwebi, emva kunxweme lweBaltic, waya umlomo Neva, yaye, ndivuka phezu kwaso, bawela Lake Ladoga.

Ngu babeziindleko of Ladoga ku Novgorod

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba indlela ukususela Vikings ukuya amaGrike - zazinzima kakhulu kwaye oyingozi. Hayi amacandelo ndlela kuphela ulwandle, kodwa komlambo chibi, baba izaliswe iingozi ezininzi. Ekuqaleni phindo, enemisinga ekoyiseni neva kwafuneka ukutsala isikhephe ukuya elunxwemeni, yaye umgama omkhulu ukutsala nanini labo, nto leyo efunekayo umgudu omkhulu nokunyamezela. Ke Ladoga, ngelishwa eyaziwa ngokuba izaqhwithi yayo ngequbuliso, ngamanye amaxesha ayemzonda ukuba abahambi amanqe.

Okulandelayo, echaza indlela eneenkcukacha ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, iingxelo umkhumbuzi ukuba Lake Ladoga convoys i umlambo Volkhov ndisolulela Novgorod, umzi yokuqala enkulu Russian ukudibana ngendlela yabo ixesha elide apho zalibaziseka. Abanye abarhwebi, angafuni ukuqhubeka phambili endleleni baza, bemhenda nxi, ethengiswa kwimarike Novgorod iimveliso zabo ukuthenga entsha, babuya umva.

Endleleni eya Dnieper

Abo ngokuqinisekileyo bafuna ukuba zizityebi kunxweme enelanga Ngaphambili KwiMeditera, baqhubeka nohambo lwabo. Emva kokushiya Novgorod, akhwela i Volkhov yaye bafikelela Lake Ilmen, emva yi isebe lomlambo Lovat kuye. Okulandelayo, abarhwebi, wahlala izikhephe phakathi amabhali kwempahla, ikwamele ithuba wolule imilenze yakho: oludlulayo Lovat, kwafuneka ukutsala amaphenyane zabo elunxwemeni nokusebenzisa izileyi ngamaplanga, tsala ukuba elunxwemeni Dvina Koloni.

On Ugu umiwe ukususela zorhwebo kumaxesha amandulo liqale, kwaye apha Scandinavians ezahlukeneyo abarhwebi wajoyina Slavic, nayo befuna nzuzo besendleleni eya izixeko lweMeditera. Bonke bephela, elinde phambi imithwalo ezintsha, njengoko phakathi zitya i Dvina Koloni kunye Dnepr, ekumgama indlela yabo, amaholo ezayo, udibaniso bonke isiphathi efanayo kumhlaba owomileyo, nangona encinane, kodwa ke iinqanawa ezo impahla ingqongqo.

Urhwebo emizini Pridneprovya

Ubanjwe amanzi Dnieper, ngasechwebeni apho abanjalo izixeko ezikhulu ezifana ESmolensk, Chernigov, Lubitsch, yaye ekugqibeleni, unina izixeko Russian - eKiev, abahambi bafumana umvuzo ofanelekileyo ngayo yonke imisebenzi yabo ezenziweyo. Xa ngamnye kubo kwakukho urhwebo umsengi, apho impahla ekuthengiswe indawo a ubungqukuva ezimnandi ezisanda kuthengwa izipaji Abarhwebi voluminous 'wathola.

Apha, njengoko e Novgorod, ezinye abahambi ezigqityiweyo umendo wayo kwaye yiyo le umthwalo omtsha wabuyela ekhaya. Emva koko landela kuphela kakhulu lithemba, ngokuba endala iintsuku ngendlela ukusuka Vikings ukuya amaGrike - kwathiwa, enyanisweni, lucelomngeni isiphelo, ngoko ebezingalindelekanga kwaye iyingozi kakhulu ukuba balindele daredevils.

Indlela phesheya kolwandle

adventures ngakumbi kuqale ngokukhawuleza kwi-enemisinga Dnieper, ezimele ngelo xesha yingozi enkulu inqanawa, njengoko isikhephe kwafuneka basuswe elunxwemeni, apho elindele abasemathanga abalaleli, wazisa elunxwemeni ngekhwelo iintolo zabo. Kodwa abo likwazile ukudlulisa ngempumelelo ezi amabala amnyama baze baphume kuLwandle Black, ndandingakwazi kuphefumla gidi - phambi kwabo ukuba iingozi ezintsha.

Kodwa apha, lwathi ekugqibeleni kunxweme olungaphesheya, ziyahlelwa yezingxoxo agcinwe bazibona ngendlela osisityebi badl capital akanaso yoBukhosi baseByzantium - eConstantinople, nto leyo ke kwabona kuthiwa eConstantinople. Apha kwiimarike enengxolo kunye polyphonic ndizalelwe impahla inzuzo, evelisa indawo zolondolozo ezintsha.

umsebenzi Crown abuyele ekhaya

Route ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, ukuxelwa kwalo esinokulufumana Nestor umkhumbuzi, waya ngakumbi emanzini yoLwandle iMeditera. Wathatha abo wakwazi ukuphepha iinkqwithela, icesina okanye intlanganiso kunye namapirates, sabamba esibhakabhakeni yamanzi, wasikelela eRoma kunye nezinye izixeko osisityebi eItali naseGrisi. Yaba kwinqanaba lokugqibela yokuhamba - ngesiphumo iinyanga ezininzi emsebenzini. Noko ke, nombulelo ngezenzo wakhe nangoku kusasa - ngaphambili esiza indlela eyingozi ngaphantsi umva.

Ukuze ufumane ekhaya bese ungene darling izibuko, abarhwebi kuyo yonke iMeditera ukurhoxisa ngabahambi yawo Atlantic kunye, ezigudle lonke unxweme of Western Yurophu, ifikelele elunxwemeni yaseScandinavia. Ukuzama ukunciphisa ubungozi kwaye ihamba kufutshane kangangoko elunxwemeni, bahlala kuyo yonke imizi emikhulu unxweme, apho iphinde ukuthenga lwabo ezingapheliyo kunye nokuthengisa. Ngenxa yoko, indlela ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, inkcazelo emfutshane leyo yaba ngumxholo kweli nqaku, eli imvulophu yonke iYurophu kunye iphela ukuqala indawo yayo.

Uluhlu iimpahla zabarhwebi

Into ezazithengiswa, abo bahamba nge uhambo ezinzima neziyingozi kususela Vikings ukuya amaGrike? Idolophu kwi kunxweme kweelwandle nemilambo, apho wabaleka lekhosi yabo, kwafuneka iimpawu zabo ngamnye kwezoqoqosho, kwaye, kakade, ngayo loo neentlobontlobo njengoko privozimyh nempahla kwamanye amazwe. Yinto eyaziwayo, umzekelo, Volyn kunye Kyïv banikela kukuninzi, yaye ngoko ngexabiso elifanelekileyo sonka, isilivere, izixhobo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zobugcisa zasekuhlaleni.

Abahlali Novgorod ngesisa zinikwa emarikeni kunye noboya noboya-zithwele izilwanyana, nobusi, amafutha, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - iinkuni, cheap kwaye iyafumaneka kwimimandla yabo yaye zimbalwa kakhulu apha emzantsi. Ukususela umendo Vikings ukuba amaGrike wadlula inani elikhulu izixeko namazwe nkqu kunye nemiba eyahlukeneyo yoqoqosho, uluhlu kweempahla esoloko itshintsha.

Jikelele, njengoko umthetho, ukuba oko waqalisa uhambo abarhwebi zizaliswe ngokupheleleyo rook izipho zomthonyama lweBaltic: izixhobo, evuthiweyo kunye emahlathini. A back - ethwele kunye nobulawu, iiwayini aphesheya, iincwadi, amalaphu ezintle kunye nemisebenzi ubucwebe zobugcisa.

Impembelelo indlela yokurhweba kuphuhliso karhulumente

Ngokutsho abaphandi onegunya kunabo, indlela ukusuka Vikings ukuya amaGrike - yeyona nto ibalulekileyo eziphembelele kokwandiswa kobuhlobo ngamazwe ngelo xesha. Kuyinto ngenxa kuye Russia yaMandulo ukuphucula ubudlelwane Byzantium, apho wafika ubuKristu kunye ezintsha eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa, ngokunjalo kunye namazwe lweMeditera.

Xa ubomi domestic karhulumente Old Russian, yena iphenjelelwa ngokunxulumanisa ezimbini ezifana ezinkulu iziko layo njengoko Novgorod naseKiev. Ukongeza, ngenxa kule ndlela esekwe kakuhle imiqodi zabarhwebi, isixeko ngasinye kufuphi wakwazi ngokukhululekileyo ukulahla zinongqameko zayo iimpahla eziqhelekileyo. Le umphumo kakhulu kuqoqosho ngokubanzi.

indlela Trade, waba imfazwe ebiza

Njengokuba eyaziwayo yemihla, ingakumbi i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", abaninzi iinjengele Russian endala kumaphulo abo baye basebenzisa umendo ukusuka Vikings ukuya kumaGrike. KoMlambo emendweni yemiyalezo urhwebo kwezi meko iba imfazwe imali eninzi.

Ngokomzekelo, Prince Oleg, ebizwa Lesiprofeto ngokubanzi yaziwa ngokusebenzisa ongafiyo umbongo A. S. Pushkina. Kulo nyaka 880, kusetyenziswa indlela esele ezaziwayo-kakuhle omlambo, yena neqembu yakhe wakwazi ukuya Kiev ne usilwe usoyise.

Subjugating bonke nazo endleleni komzi, inkosana ngaloo simanyene ezininzi zamazwe Slavic. Ngenxa yoko, indlela ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, ngokufutshane echazwe umkhumbuzi Nestor, yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni imeko elimanyeneyo Russian.

Okulandelayo, ngo-907, Prince Oleg, usebenzisa lo mfula enye, wenza uhambo lwakhe yimbali ukuya Byzantium, wayithimba eConstantinople baza bafika namasango ayo njengophawu uloyiso ikhaka yayo, wenza uthotho yorhwebo elinemali kunye nezivumelwano ezopolitiko.

Ngendlela efanayo 941, ekwenzeni kwiphulo lomkhosi, ifikelele kunxweme Bosphorus ezihlangwini zakhe - Prince Igor. Ukongeza, unako ukukhumbula amagama Prince Svyatoslav, ebizwa ngokuba yobunkokheli italente yamandulo Russian Aleksandrom Makedonskim, Aleksandra Nevskogo kunye nabanye abaninzi, ngobuchule wasebenzisa ngabarhwebi wamanzi protoronny.