Njengoko intsholongwane adla? Ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kubalulekile iintsholongwane

Iintsholongwane - amagciwane zezona zilula. Eyona nto basoloko iseli enye kuphela. Kwindalo, kukho zombini yingenelo kwaye yonzakalisa abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo iintsholongwane. Kunjalo, bonke sabelana isakhiwo abangekaphuhli kunye nobukhulu amancinci. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, ungakwazi ukufumana indlela iibhaktheriya ukutya, kwanda aphefumle.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga iintsholongwane

Iintsholongwane - superkingdom iintsholongwane prokaryotic. Namhlanje kukho ngaphezu amawaka amahlanu abameli balo. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba eneneni kukho ezincinane kakhulu ngakumbi. Ngeebhakther - isebe of isayensi lifunda magciwane nezakhiwo.

avareji ubungakanani yabo 0.5-5 microns. Bonke bephela bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini - olunye ezineseli kunye multicellular. I lokuqala ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkqubo ukuba sizalwa a esiphilayo olwenziwe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uninzi motility yebhaktiriya.

Igama elithi "bacterium" njengoko kweyunithi elizimeleyo yavela ngasekupheleni-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngaphambili, wakhonza-ntonye prokaryotes. Ngenxa yophando-1977, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ziye zohlulwa subgroups ezimbini. Kuba omnye kubo, wasebenzisa igama elithi "bacterium".

Inkqubo respiration ntsholongwane

Ukudlala inkqubo ukuphefumla, iintsholongwane ezininzi, ngokunjalo nabantu abafuna oksijini. Abameli ezinjalo kuthiwa aerobic. Noko ke, kukho abo iintsholongwane ezilula zingeyomfuneko umoya. Mpilo ezi zilwanyana ezincane - uhlobo yityhefu. igama labo lwenzululwazi - anaerobes.

Bahlala umphantsi nomphezulu evakalala lomhlaba, xa ukutya kunye namanzi. Yenza ukukwazi ukuhlala kubunzulu olukhulu lomhlaba, amanzi, kunye ngqo eludakeni. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uphefumla iintsholongwane aerobic ayikwazi kuba anaerobes abahlala kuzo.

Ngoko ke akukho mfihlakalo ukuba umsebenzi ezincinane kunokubangela ukubila. Ukuphefumla luhlobo iintsholongwane provocateur le nkqubo. Owona mzekelo yacaca - i nagwele. Ngenxa yokubola yabo kuvelisa icarbon dioxide namanzi.

Power lenyama. parasitism

Njengoko le ntsholongwane zitya yaye yintoni parasitism? Le miba badla banomdla kuphela eziphilayo, kodwa abantu nje ukwazi. Iimpendulo kula uyakwazi ukufumana kwinqaku lethu.

Cya ezo zitya izinto eziphilayo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini - saprotrophs ezidala. Ukusetyenziswa wokuqala ukutya ebolileyo okuseleyo, kwaye eyesibini baphile kwezinye izilwanyana. Namhlanje, parasitism - isenzeko eliqhelekileyo. Oku kwenzeka njengokuba Cya ngokwawo, kunye nabantu ngokunjalo njengezilwanyana. Idla ngokuba parasitism kunokubangela izifo kakhulu.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Cya, kukho iindlela ezimbini ukuya emandleni. eziphilayo Heterotrophic - ezi zizidalwa ezincinane malisetyenziselwe ukuphuhlisa umcimbi wayo ukulungele organic. Iqela lesibini liquka autotrophs - Cya ukuba self-olwaneleyo ngamandla. Le cyanobacterium, iintsholongwane zentsimbi kunye neentsholongwane nesalfure. Okokuqala zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo photosynthesis. It icyanobacteria ukuma organic evela kwizinto ezingaphiliyo.

eziphilayo Heterotrophic lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu: irhorho, eziphila kunye saprophytes. Njengomgaqo, iintsholongwane olwaye lwamfimfitha ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile umzimba izilwanyana, iintaka, intlanzi okanye abantu. Kananjalo bahlala phezu esikhumbeni. Iintsholongwane bangaba olwaye lwamfimfitha ngezityalo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iintsholongwane heterotrophic ayikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yayo ebalulekile a izihluma esempilweni. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kuthe ukuthi phezu kukho amanxeba fresh. Kudla babe imbewu abosulelekileyo kunye neebhalbhu. Kulo mzekelo, i-HIV ezidluliselwa ngokukha. Unobangela sisifo esosulela ngokudluliselwa kwentsholongwane kungaba imvula okanye yamanzi eyenziweyo. Usuleleko ixhaphakileyo twa zizinambuzane, amangolwane kunye neentaka. Xa abantu, parasitism kunokubangela isifo sephepha, umkhuhlane, urhudo, ikholera kunye nesifo.

Eziphila kunye saprophytes

Saprophytes - intsholongwane ukuba awadli mba efile organic. Baya luthathe Izakha ukusuka izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, waza emva koko washiya apho enzymes. Anciphisa izinto lichithakale.

Eziphila - kukho iintsholongwane ezingafanelekanga uhlalisana kuphela kunye nezinye eziphilayo, kodwa kubangenisa gqitha. Umzekelo, ezi zidalwa obungabonakaliyo bahlala amatswele kwezidumba. Anciphisa nitrogen, nto leyo isichumiso izityalo. Xa abantu kunye nezilwanyana nazo eziphila akhoyo. Bavumela kwizinga eliphezulu ukutya ukuqhubekekiswa ilungiselelwe kunye nokubaluleka ekwanti nezinexabiso iivithamini zempilo.

Iipropati Iluncedo iintsholongwane

Ngokumangalisayo, ubunzima iyonke ezincinane ukuba bazalise umzimba wethu malunga amabini eekhilogram. iintsholongwane nenzuzo ezihlala umzimba a ophilayo, ebizwa microbiota. umzimba ngalinye ngaphezu kwesigidi. Microbiota unoxanduva nempilo entle. iintsholongwane nenzuzo ukukhusela umzimba xa ulele.

Kwingingqi engundoqo ukusasazwa microbiota - nto izibilini. iintsholongwane nenzuzo ukudala imeko asidi ukuba musa izinto ezibangela izifo.

lungakhuseleki

Iimpawu neebhaktiriya zifumaneka ngokuma yoluntu phezu ulusu lwakhe, kukukhusela ezihlala kuzo. Le kwamagciwane kakhulu eyingozi ezihlasela imimandla ezi iStreptococcus, staphylococcus kunye micrococcus.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zimbalwa zidlulileyo, ukhuselo endalo ulusu yabantu lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba uluntu bafuduka nolwalamano olusondeleyo lwendalo bahlale ngamachiza. Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba isethi microbiota, apho phezu komhlaba ulusu namhlanje yahluke kakhulu kuleyo eyayikho ngaphambili.

Ukubuyiselwa kwe microworld

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba microbiota ye ephilayo ngokukhawuleza kuhlaziywa. Power iintsholongwane kuxhomekeke imbijana yenethiwekhi. Kwala magciwane kuyingozi kutya eziquka nemithi, kwisigcinakaliso kunye colorants ngumntu. Ezi izinto kutshabalalisa sekuba yinto yabantu zendalo. Sicinga ngaloo kwixesha elizayo kusenokuquka ezahlukeneyo iingxaki zempilo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuba sekuba kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Siyaleza ngamandla ukuba ngamaxesha ukubuyisela microbiota ukuthintela inani izifo. Oku kufuna ukusetyenziswa kunjalo probiotics. Ukuze alondoloze sekuba zalo kufuneka utye imifuno ngaphezulu, iintsuku ngokuzila sasemini isidudu zendalo.

Abaninzi banomdla umbuzo ukondla indlela neebhaktiriya afumaneka emzimbeni wethu. Siye safumanisa ukuba eyingenelo micro-eziphilayo kudla iyafana yenethiwekhi zabo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu, ukugcina umzimba owomeleleyo kwindawo yokuqala oko kuyimfuneko kwakhona indlela otya ngayo.

Enqanda zokuphucula imeko jikelele

Mhlawumbi ngamnye kuthi uqhelene imeko, xa emva kokutya impilo kubi emehlweni ngokubanzi. Xa enjalo Kwimeko uya kuba enzymes kubalulekile virus. Phi nendlela abenza ngayo umzimba womntu?

Abaninzi bathi emva kokuba olahlwa leeholide bazive embi iintsuku ezimbalwa. Bayakhalaza of goiter, ubuthathaka kunye nokunqongophala onombilini. Zonke ezi mpawu zibonisa ukuba iintsholongwane eziyingozi bazama ukuba amsunduze usempilweni. Ukuba bamelane inkqubo kwaye ukubuyisela impilo entle, kuyimfuneko ukuquka kwi yomxhesho zokutya iqanjwa enqanda bacteria. Ezi ziquka itshizi, itshizi nzima, kefir, iyogurt, ubisi wapheka enegwele kunye nezinye ukutya yobisi. Iingcali kwakhona ukuthatha iimveliso eziqulathe probiotics. Phambi kokuqala unyango, kucetyiswa ngamandla ukuba udibane nogqirha wakho.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunyanwa ivuso. Amagciwane awadli yeplastiki

Ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi ebalulekileyo iintsholongwane 'umdla zebhayoloji evela ehlabathini lonke. Bakholelwa ukuba magciwane azikho isintu kangangokuba njengoko izandi. Oku kungqina owenziwa liqela biochemists yaseTshayina kunye microbiologists. Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, bafumana iintsholongwane ezitya zeplastiki. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, oku kuya ukusindisa umhlaba kwintlekele yendalo.

Ukufunyanwa lenziwa ngengozi. Intloko qela wathi indlu yakhe zisoloko zithe saa lula. Ngenye imini waqaphela ukuba kukho inani elikhulu kombungu langoku encinane engxoweni yeplastiki kunye iintsalela okuziinkozo, leyo utshise ukuphakheja elahlwayo. Eli tyala kwenza abaphandi ukukholelwa ukuba ukunceda ukusindisa umhlaba kungcoliseko zehlabathi.

Emva kokuchitha ii-experimenti ezininzi, inkokheli iqela wafumanisa ukuba kuphela imibungu nidle iplastiki kunye polyethylene, kodwa sikwetyise. Kwacaca ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba ethunjini macimbi eziliqela iintsholongwane. Zona nezicola izinto eziyityhefu. Iqela izazinzulu sele ibekwe kwindawo test phezu kobuso polyethylene. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kodwa inyanga kamva baye bahlola phantsi iphakheji ngemicroscope. Power ivumela intsholongwane ukuba athumele zeplastiki ukuze zirisayikilisheke, latyhaphaka ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

gciwane ayingozi yokuhlala

Kukho zombini iintsholongwane kuyingenelo yaye olwaye lwamfimfitha. Le yokugqibela kungabangela ezininzi iingxaki zempilo. Ukuze kusetyeniswe ngokukuko ukukhusela umzimba wakho yibhaktheriya eziyingozi, kuyimfuneko ukwazi kanye apho bahlala khona.

• Le nto dirtiest kuloo ndlu, ungathanda ukuba iintsholongwane ezinobungozi - yinto isiponji izitya. Sele emva kweveki yokusebenzisa ngokukhawuleza kufuneka ukuba itshintshwe. Umanzi imfunxa, ezibe amasuntswana ukutya - indawo evumayo yophuhliso ezincinane olwaye lwamfimfitha.
• Enye umxholo kunjalo uwuthandayo kwezidalwa ezincinane - ibrashi. ukutshintshwa Onge ukwandiswa enjalo kungakhokelela iintlobo zezifo ezosulelayo ezifana ne-SARS.
• Bambalwa abantu abacinga, kodwa kudala TV - loo nto isifundo apho ahlala inani elikhulu kwamagciwane ayingozi ubomi babantu. Ukuze uzikhusele kubantu abanjalo, kuyimfuneko ubuncinane kanye ngeveki ukuze aphathe isifundo zintsholongwane. Ukuba umntu usapho othatha sisifo esosulelayo, oku kufuneka kwenziwe yonke imihla.

Ukuze uzikhusele eziliqela iintsholongwane eziyingozi, kuyimfuneko ukuba uhlambe izandla zakho rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuze avelele, njalo usebenzisa zintsholongwane.

yokuzala ezincinane

Kuba abo banqwenela ukuba afunde banzi ngale Cya ezilula, kubalulekile nje ukuba iintsholongwane adla, kodwa indlela zande. Olu lwazi umdla wabaqalayo microbiologists ezininzi. Uninzi yeseli ziibhakteriya replicates ngokwahlula izigaba ezibini. Ukuba silwanyana inophawu seqanda, oko kwahlulwa ngaphesheya kuphela. Kukho izinto eziphilayo zizalana yi lolu. Le nkqubo ngesondo inqabile kakhulu kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela E. coli.

Inkqubo yokuzala ntsholongwane ithatha indawo ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, ukwahlulwa utshintsho phantsi kweemeko ezithile kuphela. Phantsi kweemeko ezinzima, ezinye zenyathi iintsholongwane ingenziwa sikuyo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, i iseli enye, ongazifumana abantu billion eziliqela. Uninzi kwinzala abaselula kufa ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni iimeko engentle yokusingqongileyo.

UPawulos

Iintsholongwane - a eziphilayo elula asirhawule kuyo yonke indawo. Banako ukuba iimpembelelo kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. microbiologists abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iintsholongwane azikho ezilula njengoko kubonakala. Namhlanje ke Cya ukuba enokunceda ukumelana intlekele eziphilayo ehlabathini. Kweli nqaku uyakwazi ukufumana phandle nje kuphela indlela amagciwane ondle, kodwa ukwazi ukuba zizala kwaye ziphefumla.