Umthetho ezithile

Zonke izinto ngokubanzi zimelwe kule nkqubo ngamaxesha athile amachiza ngendlela: imiqolo zilungiswe (ixesha kunye nezintlu) kunye nemihlathi (ehambelana kumaqela) etafileni ezandayo atomic weight. Ukufunyanwa yomthetho ngamaxesha inokusetyenziswa kwezo 1869 yaye ngokuqinisekileyo bobabo Russian Scientist yemichiza - Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. Nangona imithombo emininzi amazwe ecaleni kwegama igama labo ekhankanywe Yuliuas Lothar Meyer, owathi, ngokutsho kwabo, kamva ngonyaka (kodwa ngokuzimeleyo) liphuhlise inkqubo efanayo. Sisitshixo kwimpumelelo yeenzame ixesha elide le yasekhemesti Russian kwaba ukuqaphela ukuba iinzame yangaphambili ngamanye izazinzulu akuphumelelanga, njengokuba uninzi imichiza nabangekafumani, ukuze washiya itafile wakhe kwezithuba zabo.

UMthetho Periodic, uboniswa njengoba lwezakhi, tye yahlulwe amaxesha amisiweyo asixhenxe. Amagama lamathuba yokuqala, eyesibini neyesithathu ungqamane kuthotho efanayo Amanani baseRoma: I, II, III. Amaxesha yesine, eyesihlanu neyesithandathu yahlulwe even and odd kuqalwa ezichongwe yi Amanani aseRoma: IV, V, VI, VII, VIII kunye IX. Ithuba wesixhenxe ingqamana kwicala X. Nkqo imiqolo elinesibhozo okanye imiqolo zonke izinto zisasazwe kuzo amaqela asibhozo. Iqela ngalinye, ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya wesixhenxe, yahlulwe ntsika zimbini, nto leyo ke nomnye ezingundoqo nezasesekondari. Iqela lwesibhozo ibandakanya sub-kumaqela amane. Ukongeza, neseli ezimbini imichiza iqela lesithathu - lanthanum kunye actinium - ukufihla imiqolo, ebizwa ngokulandelelanayo lanthanides (58 to 71 number) kunye actinides (90 ukuya 103 inani).

Kweli xesha lokuqala kuphela ezimbini Ummeli: hydrogen kunye helium. I sesibini nesesithathu ziquka imichiza ezisibhozo. Amaxesha yesine, yesihlanu yesithandathu zinde, ekubeni ngamnye kuhlangani- ebonakalayo elinesibhozo, zisasazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwi imikrozo eziqulethwe ezilishumi nangumnqakathi xa zizonke ezisibhozo. Kodwa ukuba sicinga lanthanides, ixesha yesithandathu, iqulathe ngamashumi amathathu anesibini imichiza, kuquka ezilishumi elinesine ezifihliweyo. Ithuba wesixhenxe nalo elide, kuye elinesibhozo, ezine kwezibonakalayo, kwaye elinesine (actinides) ifihliwe. Iziqalelo lemiqolo odd ithuba yesine, yesihlanu yesithandathu ke nomnye kwicala (b), kwaye imikrozo abhalwe subgroups eziphambili (a), kunye nabo ziphantsi amaxesha yokuqala, eyesibini, neyesithathu kunye yesixhenxe.

Umthetho periodic uthi ukuba yonke imiba kwiqela elifanayo ziyahluka ufana kakhulu omnye komnye yaye zahluke kakhulu kwezo eziyinxalenye namanye amaqela. Umzekelo, kwi qela Ia ngaphandle hydrogen, iquka isinyithi kunye chemical Valence dibanisa 1, lo gama iqela VIIa, ngaphandle astatine, zonke izinto ezi nonmetals, ezo zinto kufuneka ngokubanzi kukho Valence yomthetho ngamaxesha thabatha 1. Namhlanje imelwe nje itheyibhile. amabinzana Mathematical yena, kodwa kukho ingxelo ukuba iimpawu elementi weekhemikhali, kwakunye iimpawu izinto ezilula nezixandileyo of iikhompawundi apho ifakwa, ixhomekeke athile kwi isigxina le ngumongo atomic.

Term periodicity iye yaphakanyiswa D. I. Mendeleevym, nangona ngaphambili kubekho imizamo izazinzulu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo ngandlel zokuhlela ezithile amachiza. Kodwa yena waqaphela ukuba xa ukuwabeka ukuze yokwanda izihlwele atomic, ipropati isiqalelo ngasinye wesibhozo bafana abo bokuqala. Ngowe-1869, inguqulelo yokuqala etafileni (ngelo xesha yayisaziwa elements-60 kuphela) nangoku eyahlukileyo kakhulu iintlobo mihla, nomfanekiso umthetho ngamaxesha athile. Ekuhambeni kwexesha uye utshintsho abathile, nto leyo ukuncedisa kamva ukufunyanwa entsha, na imichiza. Kodwa ibhuqiwe nje ingcamango periodicity kweepropati lwemichiza athom, leyo yayikhokelwe le yasekhemesti enkulu Russian, kodwa elowo kubo iye yaqinisekisa umthetho ziqulunqwe zizazinzulu zethu.

izazinzulu zangaphandle Russian kuwo umthetho ngamaxesha kunye nenkqubo ukudala inkqubo ngamaxesha ziye isiseko enokuthenjwa chemistry mihla. Ngaloo ndlela Mendeleev wayilungisa ezinye athom ubunzima zabo kwangaphambili ubukho indalo eziqalelo abathathu kodwa eyay, apho kamva ndafumana kuqinisekiswa ngokomfuniselo, kwaye bafumanisa kaLayishe waseGalim, scandium kunye germanium. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuqondwa jikelele kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Ixabiso yomthetho ngamaxesha zibalulekile, njengoko oku ukufunyanwa obaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso zemichiza.