Impiliso kunye isakhiwo ngulo mngundo. amanita Avilable

Phakathi ekhoyo ezintlanu izikumkani indalo kwindawo ekhethekileyo obude. Baye iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga ukuba ngaphambili njengoko unique, abayinqobo kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye iluncedo kakhulu okusingqongileyo kunye umzimba womntu. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza neenkowane kwaye siza kuzama ingqalelo inqaku ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na ubunjalo babo.

feature

ngaphezulu kwe-100 kweentlobo zabo kuba ubukumkani zomngundo. Ke phakathi kwabo uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yinkqubo yobonelelo:

• saprophytes;
• izinambuzane;
• eziphila.

Lower kwiseli enye kwaye multicellular ephezulu nezakhiwo data zande ngokwendalo ukulidla indawo enkulu kwinkqubo yehlabathi ephilayo. Musa ukuyilibala umngundo kunye nabantu, njengoko eziphilayo ezidibana nawo, ngaphandle nje kuphela, kodwa kwinqanaba zeselula, ngaphakathi (nomngundo ekumfimfitheni, Candida).

A indima enkulu kubomi babantu odlala Basidiomycetes abalulekile, okanye blewits. Ngapha koko, inkoliso yabo - na iintlobo ezityiwayo esetyenziswa ngabantu njengoko imveliso exabisekileyo okunesondlo zeminyaka emininzi.

Ukusuka kwindawo zebhayoloji lwembono, oko kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo na isakhiwo ngundo, leyo eziliqela iimpawu enxulumene ngokungathi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo. Nakuba ke sisondele ngakumbi ubukumkani izityalo. Ngokubanzi, i-mushroom ilula isakhiwo wesekethe, ukuba ephilayo kwiseli enye, nto ibandakanya hyphae mycelium noncellular kunye ama eziyingozi. Ukuba sithetha abameli aphezulu, lo gama amalungu noshowo zezi zilandelayo:

• mycelium (mycelium) - inxalenye komhlaba;
• hyphae zimanyene kwi inxalenye eriyeli ukwenza umzimba iziqhamo;
• umlenze;
• hat.

Kukho ezo umnqamlezo phakathi fungi ezisezantsi neziphezulu kulwakhiwo kunye nendlela yokuphila.

ngezigaba

KABLOOM Modern iklasi 7 ezinkulu edityaniswe ngezigaba ezithathu. Ubume kunye nobomi amakhowa ngamnye abe neempawu zabo kunye neepropati. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Phycomycetes

Uninzi lwezi zinto ziphilayo - oko olwaye lwamfimfitha kunye neefom saprophytic asetyenziswa ebomini izityalo, amalungelo isilwanyana, ukutya, izinto zasekhaya. Ezi zibandakanya iiklasi ezintathu:

• Chytridiomycota - abemi amanzi kunye netyiwa. Ngokutya igazi ulwelwe nako ukutya ukubola saprotrophic kuhlala zezityalo nezilwanyana kwizihlunu. Bonisa isakhiwo eyodwa. Iimpawu ze isakhiwo olu hlobo ngundo - ukuba iiseli kufuneka Amahlathi multiple - rizomitselii bakhonza ukuba uncamathiselo kwi zeendawana, kwakunye ukuhamba kwikholam emanzini. Abameli chytrid, monoblefarisovye, spizellomitsetovye, izinto rizofidievye.
• Oomycetes - zilwanyana yingozi kakhulu izityalo ephakamileyo, kwakunye imilo ngumngundo amanzi. Isakhiwo emelwe ngundo mycelium multicore non-cellular, ukuvelisa kwenzeka ngokushukumisa zoospores. Phambi zecellulose eludongeni yeseli lubonisa kufuphi izityalo kangangoko ngaphezu kwezinye izinto. Abameli Phytophthora, peronospory kunye nabanye. Hayi nje ukuba iindawo ukubola kwezityalo, kodwa izifo eziphila elwandle, maxa wambi ukutshabalalisa izityalo yonke.
• Zygomycetes - abemi umhlaba kunye nomoya, iifomu kwiseli ezintsonkothileyo. Kuza kuxoxwa kwi mzekelo ummeli eliqaqambileyo - Mucor.
• Gifohitridiomitsety - iintlobo intermediate lwesakhiwo kunye nendlela ebomini phakathi Oomycetes kunye Chytridiomycetes.

Eumitsety

Olu didi lubandakanya iintlobo ngophuhliso ngakumbi elichubekileyo abantu kwizintlu ezintathu:

• Ascomycetes - ezixabisekileyo yezonyango obude. Build kuthetha mycelium, multicellular, septate yaye iphuhliswe kakhulu. Njengoko igama layo (marsupials), ezi amakhowa ziye ezifunyenweyo kwiingxowa yokuqala, ngontsi okanye asci, abaqolileyo imbewu ngesondo - ascospores. Ubume hyphae akhoyo eziphelweni zalo akhiwa conidia ababandakanyekayo yokuzala. Abameli igwele, IPenicillium, Aspergillus, kunye nabanye. I kakhulu into yokuba iintlobo ezininzi bayakwazi ukuvelisa antibiotics.
• Deuteromycetes, okanye zomngundo abangafezekanga. abameli Uninzi sodidi Candida lini ebangela igama elinye sifo ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni. Betha ancedisana amalungu. Abanalo eli zizala kuphela psevdostrukturu. Qhamani, ukwakha chlamydospores.
• Basidiomycetes okanye ifomu shlyapochnye. Ubume eklasini ngundo kuya kuxoxwa ngazo nzulu ngakumbi ngezantsi.

Ezifanayo kunye nezinye izinto

Ubume bale iiseli izityalo, izilwanyana, nomngundo, kukho inani iimpawu ezifanayo. Ngoko ke nangoku ekugqibeleni wagqiba ukuba ukwaba kumzimba ekuthethwa ngayo ubukumkani eyahlukileyo okanye nangoku edibana ngayo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Eyona nto kukuba kukho inani imihlaba amakhowa ziyafana nezo enezityalo:

1. Capacity for ukukhula mda ubomi.
2. iiseli fungal kufuneka ezindongeni elingqingqwa, kwakunye nezityalo.
3. iindlela yokuzala ziyafana: ngokusebenzisa imbewu kunye iinxalenye mycelia, oko kukuthi ngokukha.
4. Ukungabi nako ukuhamba esithubeni.
5. Nokufunxwa indlela izondlo ukufunxeka.

Noko ke, ngokwahlukileyo abo ngezi zizathu ingqalelo ikhowa kuli izityalo, kufuneka zinike inani ubungqina elingekho ngaphantsi kwe yokufana ezi zinto ziphilayo kwizilwanyana:

1. Udonga iseli iqulatha polysaccharides - ngechitin. Nangona umbandela enye yakha exoskeleton of intlanzi kunye nezinye izinambuzane.
2. Iimveliso pathways of fungi zifunyenwe ezafa uric acid.
3. izondlo Reserve kwezi zinto ziphilayo - glycogen, ngokunjalo ebantwini.
4. Ngendlela ukufunxeka kwezondlo yi eziphilayo heterotrophic babhaqiwe yiklorofili kwizisele zabo.

Ngoko ke, kuyacaca ukuba zonke amakhowa - oku bubukumkani eyahlukileyo, kunye neempawu zaso.

Isakhiwo weseli ezinzwaneni

Le ukufana ngasentla kunye neeyantlukwano kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo nazo kubonakala ngokwesakheko kwinqanaba ezincinane cellular. Umzekelo, iseli ezinzwaneni lineqela ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Ngaphandle, oko ezahlulwe udonga iseli yezityalo. Noko ke, izinto eziyinxalenye yale sakhiwo ibonisa ukuba kukho ukufana kakhulu kwizilwanyana. Iinxalenye: ngechitin (kwezinye iintlobo neselulosi), glycan, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, heteropolymers. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, esi sakhiwo kubune, baba calcium oxalate ityuwa, uze umzimba mycelium ngokwangaphandle ukuba eqinileyo efana izityalo stem. Kwezinye iimeko, udonga iseli igutyungelwe ngebhitumene ngaphandle.
2. Elilandelayo isakhiwo ibhanile inwebu plasma - ukuyilwa ulwelo-kaMoses eyenziwa bilipidnogo maleko kunye ukugqojozwa kunye neeproteni eziqulethwe kwemisebenzi ezahlukeneyo. umsebenzi inwebu ziyafana kuzo eziphilayo aphezulu, - ukuqinisekisa ukuba izithuthi esebenzayo neyokwenziwa kungena seli nangaphandle kuyo.
3. Phantsi plasmalemma protoplast ibekwe equka i vacuole, ngumongo kunye icytoplasm hyaloplasm nucleoli kunye organelles.
4. Vacuole ne iseli incindi - yinto ukufana ngokupheleleyo ukuya yeseli izityalo. Ngexesha imali ubomi babo kunye nobukhulu izakhiwo data. Xa iseli omdala enkulu vacuole Parietal eligcwele nesisombululo equlathe polyphosphates, iikhabhohayidrethi, iimolekyuli zesondlo organic.
5. Isiqalo kunye nucleolus kudla ifumaneka ikopi enye. Ekubeni kufutshane embindini iseli kwaye akhonze okugcina kwaye edlulisa ulwazi yemfuza ngohlobo iimolekyuli acid acid (DNA, RNA). Okubangel 'umdla kukuba isakhiwo kwiiseli ze ngundo elo core ngokwahlula yi mitosis kabini, kodwa nangoko siwele constriction ezinqamlezayo ezimbini iiseli. Ngoko ke, ixesha elithile isakhiwo mushroom kungabonwa kwaye trinuclear ezimbini ezingundoqo Ukwakheka.
6. It imele hyaloplasm kukho icytoplasm kunye cell organelles. Ulwelo medium iikhabhohayidrethi zichithakala amalungiselelo ukufakwa glycogen ukukhula microfilaments, iiseli kwakhiwa cytoskeleton. Ngu organelles ziquka mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosomes. Ukuthetha malunga iimpawu isakhiwo ngundo, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye lomasomah. Le ithole bukhanye, ogama indima yiyo ayikacaci.

Ngoko ke, ukuba iseli ye Umngundo ezifanayo kunye zombini izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Noko ke, oko kuquka kunye namacandelo ngokulambisa ezithile.

fungi kwiseli: Mucor

Abameli uhlobo sibonile, mhlawumbi bonke. ngumngundo White ezintofontofo evela ukutya, imifuno kunye neziqhamo, lixesha imifuno kunye nezilwanyana kwizihlunu - a fungi le sodidi Mucor udidi Zygomycota.

Nangaphandle, ukuze ngeliso lenyama khangela ityali anoboya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko mnyama kwaye iba oluhlaza, engwevu. Oku kwenzeka ebudeni ekukhuleni imbewu e ama, apho ulisebenzisa iye oqolileyo nokulungiselela sizale.

• Umngundo mkhuhlane Mucor isakhiwo ilula. , Yonke iphela Okokuqala - enye enkulu isakhiwo iseli, yaye kwiseli enye. mycelium nje - multi-core, kodwa ngaphandle kweendonga, kakhulu branched. Omnye ufumana uluvo lokuba ephilayo multicellular, kodwa ayikho.

Le hyphae le ngundo kukhula nkqo wobomi kwaye kwakheka kwi isiphelo sporangium, iimilo globular ngakumbi, apho imbewu abaqolileyo. Elinye igama Mucor - umngundo capitate. Wanikwa ngenxa yale isakhiwo kunye lungiselelo kwezakhiwo ibihlungu-bokwakha.

Emva ukuguga iiseli zincinane ngakweli yamanzi ama kwaye uqale self-ukuntshula ngendlela entsha. Kwakhona ezikhoyo, kwaye inkqubo ngesondo - kwakhona kuvelisa ngumngundo Mucor. Ubume bale ezifanele umele imisonto omnye okanye semitransparent kwee-odolo ezahlukeneyo, abaqhagamshelwe ukuba ibe elilodwa. Kamva Yena unika Gifu ezintsha sporangium, nto leyo liqumrhu elizimeleyo.

Loo isakhiwo ngundo akukwenzi kube yingozi ebantwini. Kakade ke, iintlobo kunokubangela izilwanyana mucormycosis kunye nabantu, kodwa ke ixabiso ezintle kwesi sigaba enkulu. Umzekelo, ukuba abavelisi ezixabisekileyo iziyobisi - ramitsina. Kwakhona ilifa umsebenzi omkhulu enzymatic kwenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa kwabo njenge iinkcubeko igwele zokuqalisa umsebenzi imveliso kweentlobo ezithile oomoya, nezonka zamasi njalo njalo.

fungi Multicellular: Basidiomycetes

Esi sigaba abameli ezahlukeneyo ngaphezulu kwezigidi 31.5. Phakathi kwabo apho izinambuzane kunye eziphila. Iqela kakhulu umdla ibandakanya ngundo ezityiwayo, ebizwa pileate. abameli ezinjalo zobukumkani kungena intsebenziswano obuza kulinceda kunye neengcambu zemithi, akha ebizwa ngokuba yi-mycorrhiza - a interweaving oxineneyo hyphae nezityalo iingcambu ezinzwaneni. Kakade ke, ngoko musa bonke abameli, kodwa abo ezidliwayo, kweyela kolu didi.

blewits Avilable usendleleni yokuba multicellular izimisele ukuba amalungu omzimba ezithile, ezo iimpawu ezahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ummeli nganye enjalo yinxalenye olungaphezu komhlaba.

ukubonakala

Isakhiwo sangaphandle iquka ikepusi mushroom ukwakha iimilo ezahlukeneyo, imilenze isiqhamo ubude nokuphathwa massiveness kunye namalungu komhlaba - mycorrhiza equka mycelium hyphae ezidityanisiweyo kunye neengcambu zemithi.

Mhlawumbi wonke umntu owakhe ahamba ehlathini, wakwazi ukubona iminqwazi mushroom ubuncwane ezimibalabala peeking ngaphandle intertwining amahlamvu hlathi. White, bomvu, orenji, tyheli, nangwevu, incinci kunye, inkulu, elimnandi kunye meaty, okunencasa nokunesondlo kakhulu - ezi zinto ziphilayo ziye zaba yinxalenye yobomi babantu kwaye wenze inxalenye ethile ezityiwa abaninzi kubo.

Ngaphandle, uyakwazi ukubona kuphela umzimba fruiting ngokwawo, kodwa iimpawu noshowo le amanita unako kuqondwa kuphela icandelo uhlalutyo yayisesona microscopy.

isakhiwo umzimba

Isiphunzi umnqwazi mycelium (mycelium) - ezi iindawo eziphambili noshowo nabameli ezinjalo. Ubume umzimba fruiting ye ngundo ezahlukeneyo. Kunoko, abafani ubukhulu kunye nombala, kwakunye ezinye iinkalo eqokobheni. Ngaphakathi ukuba onesilonda umnqwazi - a interweaving oxineneyo hyphae ezinzwaneni nendibaniselwano ezahlukeneyo.

Ngenxa yoko, unyawo iqulethe amakhulu amawaka abantu thinnest zezingxoxo, ephothiweyo ngokusondeleyo ukuya kubume lulonke. Ezantsi kwayo kakuhle waya mycelium, sifihlwe phantsi komhlaba. Ukuba usike i mushroom ngononophelo kakhulu, uyakwazi ukubona izinto ezihlobene umsonto-njengoboya ubhityile ukuba yosuka emhlabeni kunye nokukhula zibe isiphunzi somthi.

Phezulu, ngezantsi nje le chap, stipe igutyungelwe iintsalela zokunciphisa okanye kwezinye iintlobo. Olu phawu lwenza kube lula ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezityiwayo enobuhlungu, kwakunye ukuzicwangcisa mabazihlele.

Inxalenye engentla likhaba wathweswa cap. Kuyo kukho phawu. Ubume amanita ukwahlula ezityiwayo ezivela iifomu eziyityhefu. Ngenxa yoko, cap kuba kweentlobo ezimbini:

• Ngaplastiki - limela kwicala elingaphakathi ipleyiti encinane apho zilungiswe zavuleka abaqolileyo. Imizekelo eziphilayo volnushki, Russula, amakhowa.
• Tube - bakha iityhubhu, ubonakale ngeliso lenyama. izakhiwo Data kuqulunqa imbewu ukuba nokuzala. Imizekelo: uyawathanda ibhotolo, amakhowa amhlophe, Aspen, chanterelles.

Loo isakhiwo cap kunye ama ebizwa Hymenophore. cap Ngaphandle legqunyiwe ngomaleko angamarhoqorhoqo, ezithambileyo yesikhumba, naye ngaphakathi emele hyphae. Kuye nje ngombala owahlukileyo, apho uyakwazi kugweba njenge mushroom.

Ubume mycelium

Mycelium - indima ebaluleke kakhulu, nto leyo ukhandwa zomngundo. isakhiwo Umzimba hyphae, njengoko senditshilo. Kodwa mycelium - ke side iiseli multinucleated inazo naziphi na zombala.

It mycelium ngokuncedisana engena iingcambu zomthi kwaye ide ukuya izimbiwa umthi mitseliynym outgrowths kunye namanzi. Imbuyekezo, ngundo ufumana ukusuka kwisityalo umcimbi eziphilayo, nto leyo eyenza kube heterotrophs yi nendlela ubonelelo.

blewits Ubume ithetha ukuphinda-sikuyo. Nangona kunjalo, lo mycelium wadibana kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo (ukufuma elungileyo, lobushushu) unako ngokwayo zinokubangela ukuba amabhunga iziqhamo entsha. Ngoko ke mycelium ngesibindi ngokuba iziko andise kwezityalo.

iimbambano

Ezi zithinteli amancinane abakulo ubunzima enkulu ngumgubo ngemibala eyahlukileyo i mthombo uphambili lokwanda nomngundo. Kukujaduka ama kwi le chap, baya kuchongwa ngumoya, batwabulule phezu imigama emikhulu. izilwanyana ezininzi ezitya nomngundo, akakwazi nokugaya iingxabano zabo, ngoko ke imveliso kunye ilindle kokusingqongileyo. Apha Iintlobo shlyapochnye elizayo ukufumana ithuba lokuphila kwimeko ukusekwa ukuntshula sikuyo. Imilo, ubungakanani kunye nombala yezo seli ezichongiweyo ezininzi iintlobo mushroom, correlating nabo kwiklasi ethile.

Xa ndiqukumbela, ndifuna ukuthi abameli zobukumkani nomngundo - kuba izinto kubaluleke kakhulu, echaphazela eziphila lonke ezakha ikhonkco lokutya, ebangela umonakalo noqhekeko ukuba izidalwa eziphilayo, kodwa asinike na ebubuvuvu loo izigulo ezininzi.