Communist International. Imbali intshukumo zamaKomanisi: umhla, iinkokeli

Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba Communist International ekuthiwa umbutho ngamazwe, idibanisa amazwe ahlukeneyo Communist Party ngo-1919-1943, ngokulandelelana. Umbutho efanayo abanye bakubiza ngokuba International Okwesithathu, okanye Comintern.

Le owabumba yasekwa ngowe-1919, Matshi 4, xa ngesicelo RCP (B) kunye nenkokeli yalo V. I. Lenina ukulungiselela nokusasaza kunye nophuhliso iingcinga socialism olululo ngamazwe, ukuba kuthelekiswa socialism loHlaziyo ye-International yeSibini kanye isenzeko esahlukileyo. Umsantsa phakathi namanye amabini kwenzeka ngenxa iiyantlukwano kwizikhundla ezikwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye Oktobha Revolution.

Congress of the Comintern

Congress of the Comintern yabamba njalo rhoqo. Makhe siqwalasele nabo ukuze:

• Imvelaphi (Constitutive). Liye lazilungisa ngo-1919 (ngoMatshi) e Moscow. It kuyo kwakukho iindwendwe eziyi-52 ukusuka kumaqela-35 kunye namaqela abavela kumazwe-21.
• I-Congress yesiBini. Kwenziwa ngoJulayi ku-19 Julayi eSt Petersburg. Kwesi siganeko, inani izigqibo malunga amaqhinga kunye nezicwangciso zemisebenzi zamaKomanisi, ezifana imodeli inxaxheba intshukumo yenkululeko yesizwe Communist Parties, phezu imithetho yokungena pati 3 International, i-wamaKomanisi Charter International, njalo-njalo. Lo mzuzu wadalwa lisebe intsebenziswano ngamazwe le Comintern.
• I-Congress yesiThathu. EMoscow ngo-1921, ukususela-22 Juni ukuya kwi-12 Julayi. Esi siganeko weza iindwendwe 605 ukusuka kumaqela 103 kunye nemibutho.
• Congress wesine. Esi siganeko senzeke ukususela kuNovemba ukuya kuDisemba 1922. Le seshoni kuyo kwakukho iindwendwe eziyi-408, nto leyo wathunyelwa 66 amaqela kunye neenkampani abavela kumazwe 58. Congress wagqiba ekubeni ukuhlela kwinkampani ngamazwe kunceda abantu abalwa ye revolution.
• Le ntlanganiso wesihlanu Communist International yabanjwa ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuJulayi 1924. Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqiba ukuba ibe ye'Bolshevik lwesizwe Communist Party: ukutshintsha ngamaqhinga abo ekukhanyeni ngokoyiswa amanyathelo olululo eYurophu.
• kwaqhutywa leSithandathu Congress ukususela kuJulayi ukuya kuSeptemba 1928. Kule ntlanganiso, nxaxheba kuhlolwa imeko yezopolitiko kulo elimiweyo lenguqu ukuya kwinqanaba yakutshanje. It waphawulwa yi kwintlekele yoqoqosho, apho wayitwabulula ngaphaya planethi, kwaye ukugxininiswa umzabalazo yeklasi. Amalungu Congress unokuba kegama ithisisi malunga Fascism ekuhlaleni. Ke wakhupha ingxelo ukuba intsebenziswano kwezopolitiko wamaKomanisi nazo zombini ekunene kwaye ekhohlo-iphiko Democrats zentlalo akunakwenzeka. Ukongeza, i-Charter kunye neNkqubo ye-Communist International eyamkelwe kulo nkomfa.
• INkomfa Seventh yaqhutywa ngo-1935, ukususela ngoJulayi 25 ukuya Agasti 20. Lo mxholo esisiseko yale ntlanganiso ingcamango yokudityaniswa imikhosi kunye ukulwa sisisongelo lwamaNazi ukwanda. Kweli xesha ukuba senziwe phambi obumanyeneyo umsebenzi, nto leyo iqela lokulungelelanisa umsebenzi abantu abasebenza ngayo izinto ezahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko.

indaba

Ngokubanzi, Communist International ukufunda umdla kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kwakusazeka ukuba Trotskyists ziye ivume yokuqala abaxhasi ezine congressional zashiya-ubukomanisi - kuphela ezimbini zokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, amaphulo ka-1937-1938, amacandelo inkoliso Comintern esaba. icandelo Polish i Comintern ekugqibeleni iyapheliswa ngokusemthethweni.

Kakade ke, amaqela ezopolitiko kwenkulungwane yama-20 yenza lukhulu utshintsho. Repressions nxamnye amatshantliziyo omzabalazo Communist International, bazibona yiSoviet Union kuloo okanye ezinye izizathu, ukuba bavele phambi Germany kunye eSoviet Union wenza isivumelwano non-ndlongo ngo-1939.

Marxism-noLenin awayifumana ithandwa enkulu phakathi kwabantu. Yaye ekuqaleni 1937, amalungu German Communist Party kwiCandelo G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. kunikezelo, G. Kippenberger, iinkokheli yesiYugoslav Communist Party M. ukudlela, M. Gorkich babanjwa. B. Chopich isiyala Spain weshumi ogama Lincoln Brigade, kodwa xa ebuya, ukuba naye wabanjwa.

Njengoko ubona, Communist International azidalileyo inani elikhulu labantu. Kukho nazo zinganakwa isikhulu kwi intshukumo Communist International ka-Hungarian Bela Kun, iinkokeli ezininzi Polish Communist Party - Ya Pashin, E. Pruchniak, Koshutskaya M., uY Lensky kunye nabanye abaninzi. UNobhala Owayesakuba Jikelele Greek Communist Party A. Kaitas wabanjwa kunye shot. Bebonke isiphelo sinye kwaye wafumana enye yeenkokeli Party Iran A. Sultan Zadeh; yaba lilungu ECCI, umthunywa II, III, IV kunye VI Congress.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amaqela ezopolitiko kwenkulungwane yama-20 inani elikhulu nezikmu ezininzi nezahlukeneyo. Stalin icala iinkokeli Communist Party of Poland i-anti-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, izikhundla anti-eSoviet. ukusebenza kwakhe kubangele kuhlaselo zibonakalayo Jerzy Czeszejko-Sochacki kunye nezinye iinkokheli Polish ngamaKomanisi (1933). Abanye ingcinezelo yamfikela ngo-1937.

Marxism-noLenin, enyanisweni, yaba imfundiso elungileyo. Kodwa ke ngo-1938 i-Elawulayo yiKomiti yesiGqeba Comintern wagqiba ukunyibilikisa i-Polish Communist Party. Phantsi iliza zocindezelo aba bemeko- i-Hungarian Communist Party kunye neenkokeli Hungarian Soviet Republic - F. Bayaki, D. Bokan, Bela Kun, Rabinovich, Kelen J., Gavro, S. Szabados, F. Karikash. ndawonye Bulgarian owahamba USSR, zinganakwa: H. Rakowski, R. uAbram B. Stomoniakov.

Isi-Romanian amaKomanisi baqalisa ukuba anitshabalalise. EFinland, ke ingcinezelo wabaseki Communist Party Rovio G. kunye A. Shotman, ayenguNobhala K. Indlela kuqala yaye abaninzi abahlobo babo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Communist International wabonakala waphuma ndawo. Ngenxa yabo, iye ubunzima ngaphezu nekhulu Italian amaKomanisi, owayehlala yiSoviet Union kwi-1930. Bonke babanjwa kwaye watshintshelwa enkampini. repressions yobunzima ayipasiswanga neenkokeli zamaqela zamaKomanisi kunye asset Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Western Belarus kunye Estonia (phambi wokujoyina ukuba i-USSR).

Ubume bale Comintern

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga ngeenkongolo ye Comintern, yaye ngoku khangela ubume bombutho. Charter lwayo wavunywa ngo-Agasti 1920. Kuyo kubhaliwe kwathiwa: "Enyanisweni, Communist International unyanzelekile ukuba okunene ube jikelele iqela elidityanisiweyo bamaKomanisi, ezi nkampani ngamnye asebenza kuzo zonke zikarhulumente ngokwenene."

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kubunkokheli be-Comintern lwaqhutywa yiKomiti Elawulayo (ECCI). 1922 izilingo abameli eligunyaziswe Communist Party. Yaye ngowe-1922 wonyulwa Congress of the Comintern. Small Office ECCI wabonakala ngoJulayi 1919. Ngo September 1921 kokuba uqambe Elawulayo ECCI. ECCI Secretariat wadalwa ngowe-1919, yena inxaxheba ngamandla kwimiba yabantu lombutho. Lo mbutho yayikhona kuze 1926. A Bureau (Organising Bureau) ECCI kombutho wadalwa ngowe-1921 yaye yayikhona kuze 1926.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ukususela ngowe-1919 ukuya 1926, uSihlalo we ECCI waba UGrigory Zinoviev. Ngowe-1926 uyekwa intsika sihlalo ECCI. Endaweni yoko, kwabonakala Political Oonobhala ka ECCI elithoba. Ngo-Agasti 1929, ukwakhiwa kwale sha sele yabelwe iKomishoni Political of Political Secretariat of the ECCI. Kwakufuneka ukujongana ukulungiselela imiba eyahlukeneyo, eyayiqwalaselwe ngakumbi Secretariat Political. Sasiquka Manuilsky D., O. Kuusinen, ummeli Communist Party of Germany (ekuvunyelwene kunye CC of KKE) kunye A. Pyatnitsky (zomviwa).

Ngowe-1935, kwindawo entsha - UNobhala Jikelele we-ECCI. Kwathatha dimitrov. Bona uyekwa iKhomishini yezopolitiko kunye Secretariat Political. Nalapha Secretariat of the ECCI walungiswa.

Control ikhomishini ngamazwe kumisa ngo-1921. Ehlola umsebenzi izixhobo ECCI, amacandelo ahlukeneyo (amaqela) kwaye inxaxheba kuphicotho wezeMali.

Yintoni na imibutho yaba Communist International?

• Profintern.
• Mezhrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• yentsha International (CMM).
• Krestintern.
• LwabaseTyhini International Secretariat.
• Ukudibanisa zemidlalo lisunguliwe (international).
• Ukudibanisa ababhali lisunguliwe (international).
• International free-sabasebenzi.
• amaqabane Committee World Soviet.
• abaqashi International.
• "Red Aid" imibutho zoncedo yamazwe ngamazwe ekuthiwa abalweli okanye DENR.
• Anti-impiriyali League.

ohlel i Comintern

Xa kwakukho ukunyibilika Communist International? Umhla ukuvalwa esemthethweni yalo mbutho edumileyo iwela ngoMeyi 15, 1943. Ngomhla kokupheliswa Comintern, Stalin wathi wayefuna zokuchukumisa namahlakani Western, ukunyaniseka ukuba izicwangciso zokusekwa yosongo neenkqubo pro-yiSoviet emazweni kumazwe aseYurophu yehla. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba isidima International 3 ukuya ekuqaleni-1940 kulungile kunene. Ukongeza, yezwekazi Europe amaNazi ukuyiveza batshatyalaliswa phantse zonke iiseli.

Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1920, uStalin buqu kunye CPSU (b) wafuna ngegqudu International yesiThathu. Le ezincinane wadlala indima kwiziganeko yelo xesha. Ezichaphazelekayo kwakunye nokuphelisa phantse onke amasebe Comintern (ngaphandle kwiKomiti loLutsha Executive International) kule minyaka zocindezelo kaStalin (-1930 ephakathi). Noko ke, 3 International wakwazi ukugcina kwiKomiti Elawulayo: kokuba uqambe yeHlabathi Department of the Central Committee CPSU kuphela (b).

NgoJuni 1947, kwathabatha kwiNkomfa Paris kwi Marshall aid. Yaye ngoSeptemba 1947 Stalin kumaqela yobusoshiyali wadala Cominform - Communist Information Bureau. Kwafakwa Comintern. Enyanisweni, yaba womnatha wabumba amaqela yobukomanisi eBulgaria, Albania, Hungary, eFransi, eItali, ePoland, eCzechoslovakia, eSoviet Union, Romania kunye Yugoslavia (kuba Tito kunye Stalin ingxabano yayo isusiwe ukusuka kuluhlu ngowe-1948).

Cominform ngokusemthethweni ngo-1956, emva kokuba Twentieth Party Congress. Lo mbutho uye a ezihlangwini ngokusesikweni Noko ke, loo yaba Warsaw Pact kunye Comecon, nizibambe rhoqo iintlanganiso friendliest abasebenzi Soviet kunye namaqela wamaKomanisi.

Archive Third International

Archive ye Comintern igcinwa kwi State Archives of yezopolitiko Imbali Social eMoscow. Kukho amaxwebhu ngeelwimi 90: ulwimi ezisisiseko yokusebenza German. Ifumaneka kukho iingxelo zamaqela ngaphezu kwama-80.

amaziko emfundo

Okwesithathu International yenkampani:

1. abasebenzi Communist China i-eyunivesithi (codend) - ukuya kwi-17 Septemba 1928 wabizwa iYunivesithi abasebenzi ogama Sun yat-sen in China (ugc).
2. Communist University of abo babulaleka ngenxa ye East (TAS).
3. Communist University of abambalwa yeSizwe ye-West (KUNMZ).
4. School International Lenin (MLSH) (1925-1938).

amaziko

Third International ilahlwe:

1. Statistical and Information Institute of the ECCI (Bureau Varga) (1921-1928).
2. Institute International lwezolimo (1925-1940).

amanqaku ngembali

Ukudalwa Communist International, kukhatshwa ezahlukeneyo iziganeko umdla. Ngoko ke, ngo-1928, kuye, Hans Eisler wabhala ingoma enkulu in German. Ulwimi Russian ngayo eliguqulelwe I. L. Frenkel ngo-1929. Le ikwayara imisebenzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo weva la mazwi: "! Isigwagwiso - World yiSoviet Union"

Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa Communist International yasekwa, kakade - yaba lixesha elinzima. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umyalelo we-Red Army, kunye ne-Bureau ze of the International yesiThathu sizilungisile, wapapasha incwadi "kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo". Ngowe-1928, lo msebenzi yapapashwa isiJamani, yaye ngo-1931 - isiFrentshi. Lo msebenzi ebhalwe ngohlobo loqeqesho kunye incwadi kwingcamango umbutho luqhankqalazo axhobileyo.

Le ncwadi wadalwa phantsi elakho A. Neuberg, umbhali wayo real ethandwayo imibuso ehlabathini lonke.

Marxism-noLenin

Yintoni Marxism-noLenin? Oku zefilosofi kunye kwezentlalo nezopolitiko imfundiso yomyalelo omzabalazo ukupheliswa yongxowankulu kwenkqubo kunye nokwakhiwa nolobukomanisi. Kwathi V. I. Lenin, abasungula le kwithiyori Marx yaye balusebenzisa practice. Ukuvela Marxism-noLenin iye yaqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwegalelo Lenin ukuba Marxism.

V. I. Lenin wadala imfundiso lungaka ukuba kumazwe yobusoshiyali, liye laba lilitye igosa "ukusebenza ideology eklasini." Emibonweni wayengekho engatshintshiyo, oko Kuchaza uze ulungise neemfuno abakhethekileyo. Kuyo, ngasendleleni, sele ifakiwe kwaye iimfundiso iinkokeli zamaKomanisi yommandla abaye yabangela ukubaluleka kwabo lithi yali.

Kwinguqulo yiSoviet zokufundisa of V. I. Lenina yinkqubo yenzululwazi oyinyaniso kuphela iimbono kwezoqoqosho, bulumko, nezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo. NgokweMarxist-Leninist theory uyakwazi ukudibanisa iimbono iikhonsepthi ngokuphathelele kuphando utshintsho olululo kwisithuba ezisentlabathini. Libonisa imithetho yophuhliso yoluntu, ingqondo yoluntu kunye nendalo, ucacisa umzabalazo yeklasi kunye iintlobo yenguqu kwiSocialism (kubandakanywa ekupheliseni capitalism), othetha kwimisebenzi yoyilo abasebenzi abathatha inxaxheba ekwakheni kunye wamaKomanisi kunye noluntu yobusoshiyali.

Eli nani likhulu lepati hlabathi kucingelwa ukuba Communist Party of China. Kufuneka ibe zabo iimfundiso V. I. Lenina. KwiTshatha yayo iqulethe la magama alandelayo: "Marxism-noLenin wafumana imithetho zazivelela yembali yoluntu. Zakhe ezisisiseko indawo isoloko ilungile kwaye womelele okuphila. "

wokuqala International

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Communist International wadlala indima ephambili kumzabalazo abantu abasebenza ubomi obungcono. I-International Association of abasebenzi ngokomthetho igama International yokuqala. Lo ukuyilwa wokuqala ngamazwe sabasebenzi, eyasekwa September 28, 1864 eLondon.

Lo mbutho wachithwa emva ukwahlulwa eyenzeka 1872.

2nd International

2nd International (Working okanye Socialist) ngumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe amaqela abasebenzi yobusoshiyali, eyasekwa ngo-1889. Yena ilifa ngokwesithethe ezihlangwini zayo, kodwa isakhiwo yayo na anarchists ngo-1893. Kuba unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamaqela ilungu Socialist International Bureau wamisa e Brussels ke yabhaliswa ngo-1900. International wenza isigqibo ukuba amaqela enqila baba ayisosinyanzelo.

yesine International

I-International wesine, lo ngowona mbutho ngamazwe wamaKomanisi, enye ukuya kwiStalinism. Oku kusekelwe lemveli theoretical component Lva Trotskogo. Iinjongo zolu Ukwakheka nokuqondakala revolution yehlabathi, uloyiso kwabasebenzi kunye nokudalwa socialism.

Le International yasekwa ngo-1938, noTrotsky kunye namaqabane akhe e-France. Aba bantu babekholelwa ukuba Comintern kulawulo epheleleyo Stalinists ukuba yena akakwazi kukukhokela abasebenzi ehlabathini lonke ukugqibezela kuloyiso igunya kwezopolitiko. Kungenxa yoko le nto, njengoko kuchasene bathe bakuyila zabo "International yesine", amalungu egama xa ekuwasukeleni arhente NKVD. Ukongeza, kwathiwa abaxhasi USSR kwaye mvanje Maoism e illegitimacy, latyumza oohlohlesakhe (France kunye USA).

Lo mbutho enqamlezeneyo yi ukwahlulwa ngo-1940, kwakunye nokwahlula enamandla ngakumbi ngo-1953. Ngo-1963 kwakukho lokunye bebonana, kodwa Mangaphi amaqela bathi lezopolitiko preemstvennikami "Okwesine International".

yesihlanu International

Yintoni i "Fifth International"? It is a elide ibonisa Left olukhulu abafuna ukwenza ukusebenza nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe entsha esekelwe phezu ngcinga abangabaxhasi bakaMarx-noLenin kunye Trotskyism. Amalungu eli qela bazijonge azo of the First International, Okwesithathu wamaKomanisi, Trotskyist Okwesine nolwesibini.

ubukomanisi

Ke ekugqibeleni, baya kuqonda oko Communist Party Russian? Oku kusekelwe yobukomanisi. Marxism yi - inkqubo yezinto kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo, olusekelwe kulingano kwezentlalo wabeka, impahla loluntu lwauyila ukusuka iindlela zemveliso.

Enye idumileyo ke slogans sehlabathi wamaKomanisi esithi: "! Sabasebenzi onke amazwe, ukuhlanganisa". Owathi la edumileyo lokuqala mazwi - siyazi kancinane. Kodwa uvula imfihlelo: okokuqala isilogeni ke avakalisa yi Fridrihom Engelsom kunye Karlom Marksom kwi "wamaKomanisi Manifesto."

Emva kwenkulungwane XIX, igama elithi "ubukomanisi" lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisela ukuyilwa lwezentlalo noqoqosho, nto leyo kwangaphambili lo Marxists kumsebenzi wabo theoretical component. Yaba lisekelwe kubumnini yoluntu, elasekwa indlela kwimveliso. Ngokubanzi, i ezakudala ka Marxism bakholelwa ukuba wamaKomanisi liphumeza umgaqo "nganye - ekukwazini, elowo - ngokweemfuno."

Siyathemba ukuba abafundi bethu baya kuba nako ukunceda uhlobo ngaphandle eli nqaku Communist International.