Le mfazwe yamakhaya Tajikistan (iminyaka 1992-1997): inkcazelo, imbali kunye neziphumo

Ngomhla olwandulela sokonakalisa i-USSR (yaye kwi 80s ekuqaleni '), imeko kummandla ongaphandle karhulumente yayikukuba Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Tajikistan, kunye nezinye nakwiiriphabliki ezininzi Central Asia engasekho wavuma eMoscow, enyanisweni, phezu kwindlela separatism. Emva kokuba ngokuwa Union walandela kubulawa elingcangcazelisayo; kuwa kuqala phantsi ukwabiwa abakhaya bethu, yaye emva koko urhulumente wengingqi baqalisa ukuphelisa zonke angi kunokwenzeka. Malunga nesimo esifanayo liphuhlise imfazwe yamakhaya Tajikistan.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Tajikistan, efana Kazakhstan, iye yaba yenye ziiriphabliki ezimbalwa Central Asia, bengethixo ke akazange afune kwawa eSoviet Union. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba apha ukuthabatheka kwaye oku ezakhokelela War Civil.

ngumba

Kufuneka akunjalo, ke, bacinga ukuba yaqala "ngequbuliso ngequbuliso 'kuba zonke ngumkhuba ine ezinye imvelaphi yakhe. Baba kule meko.

impumelelo zosasazeko - kubandakanywa. Yintoni Tajikistan 1990? imfazwe yamakhaya phandle kuloo mmandla lalisakuba yiSoviet Union, apho de imihla yakhe yokugqibela ukuba kubekho ukukhula ngokukhawuleza ibheke oluntu. Ukuze usebenzise angadliwa zigcine abasebenzi, baphosa abantu ngasemagumbini ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe. Kodwa ke ingxaki ayenziwanga kusonjululwe iindlela de kube sekupheleni. Perestroika yaqala, boom mveliso sele wayeka, njengoko inkxaso wayeka kunye neenkqubo nokuhlaliswa. ngqesho efihliweyo yafikelela-25%.

Iingxaki nomakhelwane

Kwangaxeshanye, eyasekwa Afghanistan Taliban korhulumente, kunye Uzbekistan baqalisa ukuphazamisa sone kwimibandela yangaphambili udade republic. Ngelo xesha kwi kummandla Tajikistan wajamelana izilangazelelo United States Iran. Okokugqibela, i-eSoviet Union akakho, awaba nako elalisandul 'ukusekwa Russian Federation ukuba abe ngumlamli kule ngingqi. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo ombane kwandisa, iye yaba isiphumo ubhalo yemfazwe yamakhaya Tajikistan.

Ukuqala ungquzulwano

Ngokubanzi, ekuqaleni impixano inxaxheba negalelo iinkqubo, ngelo xesha e Afghanistan. Phakathi Pashtun, Tajik kunye Uzbek amaqela wajika umzabalazo wezigalo igunya kule ngingqi. Kulindeleke ukuba Pashtuns kwi Taliban ajamelene yomelele iintshaba zabo elidume aliphelelanga kwaye rhoqo ukuxabana phakathi kwabo. Kakade ke, lo Tajiks kwaye Uzbeks akhawuleza basondelelane kunye nabanye. Ngokukodwa, Uzbekistan aza kuxhaswa somfundisi ayo kummandla Tajiks. Ngoko ke, lo Uzbeks kungathathwa amalungu "ngokupheleleyo" ukuliwa yoluntu. Oku kufuneka usixelele okuninzi.

Ngoko ke, igosa Armed Forces of Uzbekistan, kunye namaqonga polubanditskimi hissar Uzbeks ngenkuthalo aphazamise ngezenzo emkhosini, nkqu ngowe-1997, xa imfazwe yayisele luyaphola ngokupheleleyo. Phambi kokuba UN Uzbeks sigwetyelwe ngenkuthalo ngenxa yokuba kusithiwa ukunceda ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwe-Islam.

Nezenzo kubantu besithathu

Kakade ke, kwimvelaphi konke oku mabi kwawo onke amaqela ukuba baye bayeka ukuzama ukuba ingaxuthi iqhekeza lesicumba betyebile, enethemba lokuba ukwandisa impembelelo yayo kulo mmandla. Ngoko ke, ngo Dushanbe (1992) phantse ngaxeshanye wavula Iran zabo kunye US Embassy. Ngokuqhelekileyo, badlala kumacala ahlukeneyo, ukuxhasa imikhosi ezahlukeneyo kuphikisa kummandla Tajikistan. isikhundla angenzi eRashiya, apho wathabatha ukusuka nokungabi namandla kulo mmandla, iye wadlala ezandleni wonke umntu - ingakumbi Saudi Arabia. Iinkosana Arab akwazi ukunceda, kodwa phawula indlela iluncedo Tajikistan njengesiseko, Lifanele kuba imisebenzi e Afghanistan.

Ukuqala kweMfazwe Civil

Kwako konke oku bakhonza esabo isisu ezikhula rhoqo kwezakhiwo mthetho, ngelo xesha wadlala indima ebalulekileyo izixhobo zolawulo Tajikistan. Konke oko mandundu ukususela 1989, xa uxolelo intlama kuthwalelwa phandle. Abaninzi lamabanjwa, bekhuthazwa yi imali beyikhoni wesithathu, babekulungele ukulwa nabani kunye nantoni na. Kungenxa kule hlobo "isuphu 'yaye yavela imfazwe yamakhaya Tajikistan. Abasemagunyeni babefuna yonke into, kodwa ukufikelela ndlela ilungileyo na izakhiwo eziphantse-mthetho.

Ungquzulwano yaqala ngo-1989. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba imfazwe emva Rally anti-yobukomanisi in Dushanbe. Kuthiwa urhulumente waseSoviet ngoko sabanjwa. mibono angekavuthwa, njengokuba kudala njengoko kade-imi- 70 abasemagunyeni eMoscow kule mimandla ezamkelweyo ngokusesikweni kuphela. Nagorno-Karabakh libonakalise ukungakwazi epheleleyo incwadi ukuya amanyathelo afanelekileyo kwimeko isoyikiso, ukuze imikhosi olukhulu xa beza nje ngaphandle izithunzi.

ukhetho

November 24, 1991, unyulo lokuqala kaMongameli, iphumelele yi Nabiyev. Ngokubanzi, kwaba lula ukwenza, njengoko angi kule "unyulo" wayengekho. Ngokwendalo, emveni koku baqala Ukubila abaninzi, umongameli we ngokwemizalwane abasandula zisasazwe izixhobo Kulyab, leyo wathembela phezu abameli.

Abanye ababhali ephakanyiswa bathi ukuba lo impazamo bafa kuluntu lwentando weRiphablikhi oselula. Ziyinyaniso Ngoxa yayigxile kummandla Tajikistan i Shicilela izixhobo kunye abalwa evela Afghanistan kunye Uzbekistan, ukuba ekuqaleni le ngozi yaba kudlula ixesha. Ngelishwa, le mfazwe yayingeka- aseTajikistan kwangaphambili ukususela ekuqaleni.

butha

Ekuqaleni kuka May 1992 radicals amelana ingcamango yokuba indalo Kulyabis "National Guard", ngoko nangoko wahamba lohlaselo. Zafakwa ngamaziko unxibelelwano engundoqo, izibhedlele, yathatha nabafo abazizibambiso, igazi lokuqala awaliphalazayo. KwiPalamente phantsi koxinzelelo olunjalo ukubonelela ngokukhawuleza nemizalwane usilwa yezithuba eziphambili. Ngoko ke, iziganeko spring 1992 neziphumo ukuyilwa i "womanyano 'urhulumente.

abameli balo ngokwenza ukwenza into luncedo lizwe elisandula eyenziwe, kodwa ngokubonakalayo xa bexabene, ukuba nakhane omnye nomnye oliqhophololo siziyolise ngxabano evulekileyo. Kakade ke, ixesha elide ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka, imfazwe yamakhaya Tajikistan. Ngokufutshane, imvelaphi yalo kufuneka kucelwa ukuthingaza kuthethathethana iqela.

Coalition wayekade uhlobo umanyano lwangaphakathi, sineenjongo ezingatshabalalisa wenyama yonke ezinokubakho bamelene. Ukulwa zazilwela okukhulu, inkohlakalo isilwanyana. Nam amabanjwa okanye amangqina umkile. Ekwindla yokuqala 1992 Nabiyev ezininzi baye bathinjwa, kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba asayine balukhanyele. Inkcaso wathabatha amandla. Kule Imbali emfutshane i-Tajik imfazwe yamakhaya isenokuba yaphela, njengoko incam omtsha wanikela iimbono ngendlela ebhadlileyo kwaye izabalazela sigqibe lizwe ngegazi ... Kodwa oku akuzange kube.

Ukungena kwimfazwe imikhosi lesithathu

Okokuqala, kwifuthe olukhulu wazibandakanya Hissar Uzbeks. Okwesibini, urhulumente Uzbekistan litshilo ngokuphandle ukuba semkhosini lizwe uya bazibandakanye kumlo ukuba Hissar uya kuphumelela uloyiso ekholisayo. Nangona kunjalo, i Uzbeks zange madolw 'anzima ukusebenzisa umkhosi wakhe ngobuninzi phezu ummandla kwilizwe elingummelwane, ngaphandle befuna kwizisombululo UN. Kuyinto ngenxa kule "hodgepodge" lwezohlwayo elide kangaka kwathatha imfazwe yamakhaya Tajikistan (kwiminyaka 1992-1997).

Ukutshatyalaliswa empini

Ekupheleni konyaka-1992, Hissar kunye Dushanbe Kuliabis kubamba. imikhosi inkcaso waqala siphumele ezintabeni emva kwabo baya uTola amawaka eembacu. Abanye bahamba Apmir kuqala, yaye ukusuka apho abantu bafudukela Afghanistan. Ubunzima engundoqo yabantu ababalekela impi waya ekuyeni Garm. Ngelishwa, wafudukela apho ngezigaba sazela. Xa zifika kubantu ukuhlangana, aduma kubulawa eyoyikekayo. Amakhulu amawaka izidumbu uphoswe emlanjeni Surkhab nje. Izidumbu ezininzi kangangokuba abantu abazange bade baya emlanjeni phantse amabini eminyaka.

Ukususela ngoko, imfazwe eyathatha, i lokudlabhuka phezulu, ngoko ebunayo kwakhona iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Ngokubanzi, i "yoluntu" ukubiza le ingxabano alichanekanga kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ukuya kwi-60% ye-nabaphumi-uhlangothi, singasathethi ke amaqembu kwezinye iingingqi lalisakuba yiSoviet Union, kuquka Georgia, eUkraine, kunye Uzbekistan. Ngoko ke ukuba ubude impi icacile: umntu ongaphandle lizwe Akwalinganiselwa kakhulu ukumelana elide kunye ngokuqhubekayo exhobileyo.

Ngokubanzi, ayizange iphele apho kwimvukelo eliphikisayo. sagcina elingakanani imfazwe yamakhaya Tajikistan? iminyaka 1992-1997, njengoko kwindawo ezisemthethweni imbono. Kodwa ke akunjalo, ngokuba ukungqubana kwemihla yokugqibela kuthi ga ngoku ukusuka kowama-2000. Ngokutsho data ongekho mthethweni, imeko kweli lizwe Central Asia, kude kakhulu zimbi namhlanje. Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi ngoku, xa Afghanistan ngokubanzi iye intsimi zihlaselwe vakhabitami.

Imiphumo yemfazwe

Ngoko akukho ngozi bathi ntlekele inkulu kuba ilizwe akukhona ukuphazamisa lutshaba, akukho intlekele yendalo, kodwa imfazwe yamakhaya. E Tajikistan (1992-1997 gg.) Abantu nga tiyiseka ngamava abo.

Iziganeko kuloo minyaka luphawulwa ngxwelerha omkhulu phakathi abemi, kwakunye umonakalo enkulu yezoqoqosho, ngexesha umlo satshatyalaliswa phantse zonke izibonelelo industrial esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi yangaphambili waseUSSR, sasinda bakwazi ukukhusela isikhululo ekhethekileyo amandla kagesi, ngelo mzuzu unika ukuya 1/3 lwabiwo-mali olupheleleyo Tajikistan. Ngokutsho kwamanani asemthethweni, wabulala ubuncinane 100 amawaka abantu, inani elifanayo - engekhoyo. Nto layiva kakuhle, phakathi yamva - ubuncinane 70% Russian, Ukraine, Belarusians, ngubani phambi ngokuwa Union wahlala kummandla weRiphabliki Tajikistan (1992). Le mfazwe yamakhaya liqinise ngesantya abavela.

Ingxaki yeembacu

Inani ngqo iimbacu ukuba nangoku ayaziwa. Kungenzeka, baba kakhulu ngaphezu kwesigidi, apho amagosa bathi abasemagunyeni Tajik. Ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa ingxaki iimbacu nangoku yenye yeengxaki ethe-ethe urhulumente uzama ukuba aphetshwe xa unxibelelana noogxa eRashiya, Uzbekistan, Iran nkqu Afghanistan. Kwilizwe lethu ibonisa ukuba ilizwe washiya abantu ubuncinane kwezigidi ezine.

In igagasi lokuqala wabaleka izazinzulu, oogqirha, ababhali. Ngenxa yoko, Tajikistan (iminyaka 1992-1997) elahlekelwe iziza zoshishino kuphela, kodwa ezingundoqo yengqondo yayo. Kude kube ngoku, eli lizwe lifumana ukunqongophala nokoyika iingcali ezininzi abanezakhono. Ngokukodwa, ngenxa yesi sizathu, kodwa kwaqala uphuhliso zezimbiwa eziliqela ezifumanekayo kwi nommandla wayo.

UMongameli Rakhmonov ngo-1997 wakhupha ummiselo lombutho fund ngamazwe "Reconciliation", oko kwakubekwe kunceda iimbacu ukubuyela Tajikistan. Le mfazwe yamakhaya ngowe-1992 ziindleko ezinkulu lizwe, kodwa kuba iiyantlukwano zangaphambili, kungabikho bani ubuyekeza ingqalelo.

endaweni yesiphelo

Ke ukugqithisela esi sipho abasebenzi ikakhulu ezisezantsi abanezakhono kunye nabalwi nababefudula uhlangothi. iingcali nolwazi kweli lizwe ukuze ubuyele akayi; kuba kudala sele kufakwe aphesheya, nabantwana babo awuyazi ulwimi okanye amasiko yelizwe lawo bangaphambili. Ukongeza, sitshatyalaliswe phantse ngokupheleleyo kushishino Tajikistan negalelo sandayo inani labasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphakathi lizwe akukho ndawo ukusebenza, kodwa ngenxa yokuba siye kwelinye ilizwe: eRashiya, ngokutsho-2013, uhlala usebenza ubuncinane kwesigidi Tajiks.

Kwaye - kuphela ngokusemthethweni balucanda FMS. Ngokutsho data ongekho mthethweni, inani kwilizwe lethu besukelana 2-3.5 million. Ngoko ke imfazwe e Tajikistan kwakhona uqinisekisa ingcamango ukuba ungquzulwano yoluntu - into embi kwenzeka lizwe. Abayi kuzuza umntu (ngaphandle iintshaba angaphandle).