Maria Bochkareva. Kwabasetyhini nomkhosi ukufa. Tsarist Russia. indaba

Kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nalo mfazi omangalisayo ukuba kunzima ukufakazela ngokuqinisekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yinyani kwaye yintoni eyinyani. Kodwa kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba umfazi olula, onokuphela kokuphila kwakhe wayefundela, uKum George George V waseNgilani, ngexesha lobukeli bakhe, wathi "isiRashiya uJeanne d'Arc," kunye noMongameli waseMelika W. Wilson wamkela ngenhlonipho kwiNdlu eNtshonalanga. Igama lakhe nguMaria Leontyevna Bochkareva. I-Fate yayimlungiselele ilungelo lokuba ligosa lokuqala lebutho laseRashiya.

Ubuntwaneni, ulutsha kunye nothando kuphela

Iqhawe lekamva leqhawe lebhinqa lazaliswa kwintsapho elula ehlala kwidolophana yaseNikolskaya, kwiPhondo laseNovgorod. Wayengumntwana wesithathu wabazali bakhe. Bahlala elambile kwaye, ukuze ngandlela-thile baphuculwe ingxaki yabo, bathuthele eSiberia, apho uhulumeni wale minyaka wayesebenzisa inkqubo yokunceda abafuduki. Kodwa izithemba azizange zenzeke, kwaye ukuze zithengiswe ezandleni zondla, uMaria wayesandulana nomntu ongathandekiyo, kwaye ngaphezu koko, unxila. Ukusuka kuyo, wayenobongo - iBochkareva.

Ngokukhawuleza, intombazana leyo iya kuhamba kunye nomyeni wayo, odibana naye, kwaye uqale ubomi bakhululekile. Emva koko udibana nomthanda wakhe wokuqala nokugcina ebomini. Ngelishwa, kunye nabesilisa bakaMaria abanamahloni: ukuba owokuqala wayeyidakile, ke okwesibini wayeyindoda engumntu oyinyaniso owabambe iqhaza ekuphanga kunye neqela le "hunhuz" - inzala evela eChina naseManchuria. Kodwa, njengoko bathi, uthando lubi ... Igama lakhe kwakunguYankel (Yakov) Beech. Xa ekugqibeleni wabanjwa waza wanyiswa eYakutsk ngetyala, uMaria Bochkareva wamlandela, njengabafazi bakaDemembrist.

Kodwa uYankel owayengathandabuzeki wayengenakulungeleka kwaye nakwiindawo zokuhlala ezithengiswa ngokuthengwa kweempahla ezibiwe, kunye nokuphanga kamva. Ukuze asindise intanda yakhe ekusebenzeni kanzima, uMaria wanyanzeliswa ukuba ahlukunyezwe ngurhuluneli wasekhaya, kodwa wayengenakukwazi ukuphumelela lo mkhwa wokunyanzelisa - wazama ukuzityhefu. Ibali lothando lwakhe liye ladabukisayo: U-Beech, sele efundile ngoko kwenzekayo, ngobushushu besikhwele wadibana nekarhuluneli. Wazama kwaye waxoshwa kwindawo ekude. Omnye uMaria akazange ambone.

Ngaphambili nangemvume yomntu womlawuli

Iindaba zokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala zenza ukuba ilizwe lwakwaseRashiya lingabonakali. Amawaka amavolontiya athunyelwa phambili. UMaria Bochkareva walandela. Imbali yobhaliso lwayo emkhosini ayiqhelekanga. Ukuguquka ngoNovemba ka-1914 kumlawuli we-battalion, owayeseTomsk, wenqatshelwe ngeengcebiso ezingenangqondo ukuba acele imvume evela kumlawuli wombusi. Ngokuchasene nokulindela komlawuli wamabutho, wabhala isikhalazo segama eliphezulu. Yintoni eyamangalisa ngokubanzi xa, emva kwexesha elithile, impendulo enokuthi yafika kwisiginesha saNikolas II.

Emva koqeqesho olufutshane, ngoFebruwari 1915, uMaria Bochkareva wayephambi kwejoni lombutho - ngaloo minyaka kwakukho isimo esinjalo senkonzo. Emva kokuthatha le nto engekho yezoshishino, yena kunye nabesilisa bengazange bahlasele i-bayonet, batyhutyha abaxhonywe ngaphandle komlilo baza babonisa ubuqhawe. Lapha wayebizwa ngokuba nguYashka, owakhetha yena ukuba akhumbule umthandi wakhe - Yakov Buka. Ubomi bakhe kwakukho amadoda amabini-indoda kunye nomthandi. Ukususela ngowokuqala wayenegama lokugqibela, ukusuka kwesibini - igama lomnxeba.

Xa umlawuli wekhampani wabulawa ngo-Matshi 1916, uMaria, endaweni yakhe, wakhulisa abaqhankqalazi ukuba bahlasele, okwaba yingozi kwiintshaba. Ukubonisa isibindi, uBochkareva wanikezelwa iSt George Cross kunye neendondo ezintathu, kwaye kungekudala waphakanyiswa ukuba abe ngamagosa amancinci angatshatwanga. Ngethuba elingaphambi komgca, walimala ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kodwa wahlala ebudeni, kwaye inxeba elibi kuphela emlenzeni waholela uMoses esibhedlele, apho walala khona inyanga ezine.

Ukudala kwinqaba yokuqala yebhinqa kwimbali

Ukubuyela kwisikhundla, uMaria Bochkareva - umgcini waseSt. George kunye nomqaphi owaziwayo-wamfumana ibutho lakhe kwimeko yokubola. Ngethuba lokungabikho kwakhe, i- Revolution yeFebruwari yenzeke , kwaye phakathi kwamajoni kwakukho iimballi ezingenammiselo ezitshintshana kunye ne-"German". Ngokucaphuka ngoku, uMariya wayefuna ithuba lokuchaphazela oko kwenzekayo. Kungekudala loo thuba linikele.

Usihlalo weKomiti yoNcedo kaRhulumente uDuma M. Rodzianko ufike phambili ukuze aqhube. Ngenkxaso yakhe, uBochkareva ekuqaleni kukaMatshi wathola e-Petrograd, apho waqala ukuqonda iphupha lakhe elide elide lokudala iinqununu zamabhinqa azithandayo abathanda ukukhusela ama-Motherland. Kulo mzamo, wadibana nenkxaso yoMphathiswa Wezemfazwe kaRhulumente, u-A. Kerensky, kunye noMlawuli oyiNtloko-oyiNtloko, Jikelele A. Brusilov.

Ekuphenduleni kwindwendwe kaMaria Bochkareva abangaphezu kwamawaka amabini aseRussia babonisa umnqweno wokuthabatha iingalo kwiindawo ezidalwa. Ukufanelekela ingqwalasela kukuba phakathi kwabo inxalenye enkulu ngabafazi besifundo-abafundi kunye nabaphumelele kwiiKlasi zeBestuzhev, kwaye okwesithathu kubo babenemfundo yesibini. Izibonakaliso ezifanayo ngelo xesha azikwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngeyunithi yamadoda. Phakathi kwala "baxhamli" -kuli gama elinikwe kubo - kwakukho abameli bezo zonke iinkalo zoluntu-ukusuka kubasetyhini abahlala kwiindawo ezizimeleyo, bephethe amagama ahloniphekileyo kunye adumile eRashiya.

Umlawuli wamabhinqa amabhinqa, uMaria Bochkareva, wamiselwa phakathi kwabangaphantsi koqeqesho lwezinyithi kunye nokuthotyelwa ngokuthe ngqo. Ukunyuka kwaba ezintlanu kusasa, kwaye yonke imini kwada kweyeshumi ntambama egcwele imisebenzi engapheliyo, yaphazamiseka kuphela ngokuphumla okufutshane. Abaninzi abafazi, ngokuyininzi ukusuka kwiintsapho ezenza kakuhle, babengasetyenziselwa ukutya kunye nesimiso esiqinileyo sejoni. Kodwa oku akuzange kube nzima kunabo.

Kuyaziwa ukuba kungekudala egama likaMongameli oPhezulu waqala ukufumana izikhalazo zokunyaniseka kunye nokuxhatshazwa okuvela eBochkareva. Namaqiniso okuhlaselwa. Ukongezelela, uMaria wayebambelela ngokucacileyo abahlukumezi bezopolitiko kunye nabameli beemibutho eyahlukeneyo ukuba bavele kwindawo yakhe yebethi, elalikuphulwa ngokuthe ngqo kwenkqubo eyenziwe nguSeptember Revolution. Ngenxa yesigxina esikhulu, amawaka amabini anamashumi amahlanu "abahlaseli" bashiya iBochkareva baza bajoyina elinye iqulunqo.

Ukuthumela phambili

Kwaye kwafika usuku olude olulindelwe ixesha elide, ngoJuni 21, 1917, kwisikwere phambi kweSt. Isaac's Cathedral ekuhlanganisweni kwamawaka amaninzi abantu, iqela elitsha lempi lafumana ibhanti yokulwa. Kulo kubhalwe kwathiwa: "Iqela lokuqala lokufa kwabasetyhini likaMaria Bochkareva." Akufuneki ukuthetha, zingaphi izinto ezenza umxhwele, yena owayemi ngakwesokudla kwifomu entsha, aphile? Ngomhla wokuhamba kwakhe kwinqanaba lesibonakaliso, kwaye uMaria - igosa lokuqala lebutho laseRussia-lalifanele i heroine yaloo mini.

Kodwa oku kuyingqayizivele yazo zonke iiholide - zitshintshwa ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Okokutshintshwa kwemibhiyozo yaseSt. Isaac's Cathedral yaba ngumntu ongeyomvu kwaye engengomdla wamanzini. Abakhuseli abancinci beBaterland babhekana nenyaniso eyayingakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Bazifumana bephakathi kwesohlwayo elonakele kunye nelokuziphatha. U-Bochkareva ngokwakhe, kwiimemori zakhe, ubiza ijoni "ingqungquthela engathandekiyo". Ukukhusela abafazi besuka kubundlobongela obunokwenzeka, kwaze kwafuneka sikhuphe amagosa kufuphi neenqaba.

Nangona kunjalo, emva kokusebenza kokulwa kokuqala, apho ibhethali likaMaria Bochkareva lithatha inxaxheba, "abadumbisi", bebonise isibindi esifanelekileyo kubaxhatshali bamambala, baphoqeleka ukuba baphathe ngokuhlonipha. Oku kwenzeka kwintsuku yokuqala kaJulayi 1917 kufuphi neSmorganyu. Emva kokuqala kwesiqhawe, nokuba umdlali onjalo wokuthatha inxaxheba yamacandelo amabhinqa kwimisebenzi yempi, njengeGeneral AI Kornilov, waphoqeleka ukuba atshintshe ingqondo yakhe.

Isibhedlele ePetrograd kunye nokuhlolwa kwamacandelo amasha

Ibhinqa lamabhinqa ithathe inxaxheba kwiimfazwe ngokulinganayo kunye nazo zonke ezinye iiyunithi kwaye, njengabo, zithwala ilahleko. Emva kokufumana kwelinye leemfazwe ezenzeka ngoJulayi 9, ingxube enkulu, uMaria Bochkareva wathunyelwa kunyango ePetrograd. Ngethuba lakhe kwixesha eliphambili kwinqununu, inxaxheba yabesifazane belizwe elithile laqala ukuhlakulela ngokubanzi. Kwaqulunqwa amabhethoni amasha, afunwa ngabalandeli bevolontiya be-Fatherland.

Xa uBochkareva ekhutshelwe esibhedlela, wayethunyelwa ngumyalelo woMlawuli oyiNtloko-oyiNtloko uL. Kornilov ukuhlola ezi nqanaba. Iziphumo zophicotho-zincwadi ziye zadanisa kakhulu. Akukho nanye kula mabhinti yayiluncedo olulungele ukulwa. Nangona kunjalo, imeko yeengxabano zenguqu kwimali enkulu engavumelekile ukuba ifumaneke umphumo omuhle ngexesha elifutshane, kwaye oku kwakufuneka kunyamezeleke.

Kungekudala, uMaria Bochkareva ubuyela kwiyunithi yakhe. Kodwa ukususela ngelo xesha, intliziyo yakhe yentlangano yanciphisa ngandlela-thile. Wayephindaphindiwe wathi wayedumaleke kwabasetyhini kwaye ngoku kwangoku akacingi ukuba kulungile ukuwathatha phambili - "i-sissies kunye ne-crybaby". Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iimfuno zakhe zabangaphantsi kwabaxakeke kakhulu, kwaye into enokuyenza ngayo, igosa lempi, liye ngaphaya kwamandla abo bafazi abaqhelekileyo. I-Chevalier yaseSt. George Cross, uMaria Bochkareva wayekhe waxhaswa kwi-rank of lieutenant.

Iimpawu zeBattalion yokufa kwabasetyhini

Ekubeni, ngokulandelelana kwexesha, iziganeko ezichazwe zifikelela kwisiqendu esidumileyo sokukhusela indawo yokuhlala yokugqibela yoRhutyana loTshintsho (i-Palace Palace), simele sihlale ngolu xwebhu malunga nenkoyunithi yempi uMaria Bochkareva eyadala ngalo xesha. "I-Battalion yokufa yabasetyhini" - ngoko kuyinto yesiko ukuyibiza - ngokuhambelana nomthetho, ithathwa njengeyunithi yecandelo elizimeleyo kwaye lilingana nesimo sayo njengegosa.

Inani lamasosha amabhinqa lalingamawaka. Amagosa ayengumntu opheleleyo, kwaye bonke babengumlawuli onamava abadlulile kwimida yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Ibhajethi yayisetyenziswe kwisikhululo se-Levashovo, apho kwakufuneka khona izimo zokuqeqeshwa. Kwilungiselelo le nxalenye, naluphi na ukuphazamiseka nomsebenzi weqela owenqatshelwe ngokubanzi.

Ibhethali akufanele ibe nombala wezopolitiko. Injongo yakhe yayikukhusela i-Fatherland kwiintshaba zangaphandle, kwaye ingathathi inxaxheba kwimibango yezopolitiko yangaphakathi. Umlawuli walomkhosi, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, uMaria Bochkareva. I-biografi yakhe ayinakuhlukaniswa nakweli qhinga lokulwa. Ekwindla, wonke umntu wayekulindele ukuthunyelwa kwangaphambili ngaphambili, kodwa kwenzeka enye into.

Ukukhusela iNdlu yeHlabathi

Ngalindelekanga, umyalelo wafika kwenye yeeyunithi zebhatta ukuze ufike ePetrograd ngo-Oktobha 24 ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kwi-parade. Enyanisweni, le nto yayisisisizathu sokukhanga "abadubhu" ukukhusela iNdlu yeHlabathi yaseBolsheviks eyaqalisa isenzo sokuxhoba. Ngelo xesha iinqaba zaseburhulumenteni zazibandakanya iiyunithi ezidibeneyo zeCosas and Junkers zezikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo zempi kwaye zazingabonakali naluphi na umkhosi wamkhosi.

Abasetyhini abafika baze bahlala kwindawo engenanto yendawo yokuhlala yangaphambili, babelwa ukukhusela iphiko lezantsi-mpuma yesakhiwo ukusuka kwicala leNdlu yeSigxina. Ngosuku lokuqala baye bakwazi ukuphinda baphakamise i-Archcards ye-Red Guards baze bathathe i-Bridge ye-Nikolayevsky. Nangona kunjalo, ngolunye usuku olulandelayo, ngo-Oktobha 25, ukwakha kwebhotwe kwakungeenxa zonke ngemikhosi yeKomidi yokuVikela iMpi, kwaye kungekudala ukuqala kokudubula kwaqala. Ukususela kulo mzuzwana, abaxhasi beSihlalo seBlack Winter, abanqwenela ukufa ngenxa yoRhulumente wexesha elihle, baqala ukushiya isikhundla sabo.

Ama-cadets eSikolweni saseMikhailovsky ayengowokuqala ukuhamba, kwaye i-Cossacks ilandele. Abafazi bahlala ixesha elide kwaye kuphela ngo-10 ngentsimbi kusihlwa bathumela amaphalamende ngesitatimende sokuzinikela kunye nesicelo sokubakhulula ebhotwe. Banikezwa ithuba lokuhamba, kodwa kwimeko yesifo esipheleleyo. Emva kwexesha elithile, iyunithi yabasetyhini yayisetyenzisiwe ngokupheleleyo kwiimvumba zeRevivsky Reserve Regiment, kwaye zithunyelwa kwindawo yazo ehlala kuLevashovo.

Ukuthathwa kwamandla ngamaBolsheviks kunye neziganeko ezilandelayo

Emva kobhikibho lwe-Oktobha, izigqibo zenziwe ukuphelisa ibhinqa labesetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, ukubuyela ekhaya kwifomu yomkhosi kwakuyingozi kakhulu. Ngoncedo lweKomiti yoKhuseleko loluntu ePetrograd, abafazi bakwazi ukufumana iimpahla zembutho kwaye kule fomu bafike emakhaya abo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngexesha leemeko ezithandwayo, uMaria Leontyevna Bochkareva wayekho ngaphambili kwaye akazange athathe nayiphi na inxaxheba kuyo. Oku kuxwebhu. Nangona kunjalo, inkolelo eyayiyalela ukuba abaxhasi beSihlalo seNtsundu yaseNtshonalanga babegxininiswe. Ngaphandle kwefilimu edumile nguS. Eisenstein "Oktobha" kwelinye labalandeli, unokufumana lula umfanekiso walo.

Ingozi eyongezelelekileyo yale ntombi yayinzima kakhulu. Xa imfazwe yombango, uJeanne d'Arc waseRussia - Maria Bochkareva - wayephakathi kwemililo emibili. Emva kokuva malunga negunya layo phakathi kwamajoni kunye nezakhono zokulwa, zombini amaqela aphikisayo azama ukudweba uMaria kwizikhundla zabo. Ekuqaleni, e-Smolny, abameli abaphezulu beburhulumente abatsha (wathi, uLenin noTrotsky) bacela umfazi ukuba athathe umyalelo weyunithi ye-Red Guard.

Emva koko uNdunankulu uMarushevsky, owawisela umkhosi we-White Guard enyakatho yelizwe, wazama ukumnyanzelisa ukuba asebenzisane kwaye walela uBochkareva ukuba enze iinqanaba zokulwa. Kodwa kwiimeko zombini walahla: yinto enye ukulwa nabantu basemzini kunye nokukhusela i-Motherland, kwaye yinto enye ukuphakamisa isandla sakho kwikhaya lakho. Ukukhanyela kwakhe kwakunjalo ngokubanzi, apho uMaria wayephantse kuhlawulwa inkululeko - umlawuli othukutheleyo wamyala ukuba abanjwe, kodwa, ngelitye, abazalwana baseBrithani bangenelela.

Uhambo lwe-Overseas lukaMariya

Isiphumo sakhe esilandelayo sithatha ukujika okungalindelanga - ukuzalisekisa ikhomishoni ye-General Kornilov, uBochkarev uya eMelika naseNgilandi ngenjongo yokuxhalabisa. Ngalolu hambo wahamba, waziguqula njengodade wenceba kunye namaxwebhu ayo amanga. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa lo wesifazane olula, ongenakukwazi ukufunda nokubhala, wayefanelekile ekudleni kwiNdlu ye-White House, apho wamenywa nguMongameli Wilson ngoSuku lwe-Independence of America. Akazange abe neentloni kubaphulaphuli ukuba uKumkani waseNgilandi uGeorg V. wamlungiselela. UMaria wafika eBuckingham Palace kwi-uniform yegosa kunye nayo yonke imikhosi yemikhosi. KwakuyiNkosi yesiNgesi eyayibiza ngokuba yiRashiya uJeanne d'Arc.

Kuyo yonke imibuzo ebuzwe yiNtloko kaRhulumente Bochkareva, wakufumanisa kunzima ukuphendula omnye kuphela: ngokuba obomvu, okanye abamhlophe? Lo mbuzo kuye akazange wenze ingqiqo. Kuba uMariya, bobabini babengabazalwana, kwaye imfazwe yembambano yabangela intlungu. Ngethuba lokuhlala eMelika, uBochkareva wachaza omnye waseRashiya uguqulela imemori yakhe, eyayilungisa kwaye yapapashwa phantsi kwegama elithi "Yashka" - igama lomnxeba weBhenkerva. Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-1919 kwaye yaya kuba yintengiso.

Umsebenzi wokugqibela

Kungekudala uMaria waphindela eRashiya, wabulawa kwimfazwe yombutho. Wazalisekisa umthunywa wakhe wokuthabatha, kodwa wenqaba ukuthatha iingalo, okwabangela ukuba kuqhekeke ubudlelwane kunye nomyalelo we-Arkhangelsk Front. Umntu owayengumhloneli ohloniphekileyo watshintshwa ngumgwebo obandayo. Amava adibeneyo abangela ukudakumba okukhulu, indlela uMaria ayezama ngayo ukufumana utywala. Wayehla ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye umyalelo wamthumelela phambili, waya edolobheni laseTomsk elisemva.

Apha Bochkareva ethunyelwa ngexesha lokugqibela ukukhonza iLizwe loobawo - emva ukweyisela Admiral High A. V. Kolchaka nivumelene ukwenza squad ntliziyo zeenqwelo zezigulane. Ukuthetha phambi kokuba ababukeli enkulu ngexesha elifutshane, Maria ikwazile ukutsala amavolontiya ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini nezikhundla zayo. Kodwa ke kuqala ngokukhawuleza stop ebomvu ukuba zazise lo mba ukuya esiphelweni.

Ubomi waba legend

Xa Tomsk yathinjwa iiBolsheviks, Bochkareva wabonakala ngokuzithandela kwi-ofisi kwingqwayi-ngqwayi, waza wamnikela izikhali zabo. Ukususela umnikelo wayo zentsebenziswano, abasemagunyeni abatsha wala. Emva kwexesha elithile, waye wabanjwa waza wathunyelwa Krasnoyarsk. Abaphandi yeCandelo oluKhethekileyo badidekile ukubonisa nayiphi na isityholo kwakunzima - UMaria akazange athathe inxaxheba ekulweni Reds. Kodwa, embandezelweni yakhe, efika kwisixeko eMoscow, usekela intloko yesebe eyodwa Cheka IP Pavlunovsky - umxhomi ucacise kabuhlungu. Ngaphandle siphengulule kakuhle lo mbandela, wanikela umyalelo - ukudubula, oko kwenziwa ngoko nangoko. Marii Bochkarovoy bafe May 16, 1919.

Kodwa ke ubomi lo mfazi uqhubeke engaqhelekanga kangangokuba wamnika ukunyuka ukuya amavo ezininzi wokufa kwakhe. Akwaziwa apho engcwabeni Marii Leontevny Bochkarovoy, yaye oku kwavusa amarhe okuba yena wasinda uphumezo yaye ehlala phantsi kwegama kucingelwa kude kube sekupheleni novalo. Kukho elinye ibali engaqhelekanga eveliswa ngokufa kwakhe.

Oku kusekelwe lo mbuzo: "Yintoni wadubula kaMariya Bochkarev?", Ngenxa yokuba izityholo ngqo wayengakwazi ukuvelisa. Ukuphendula, omnye ilejendi ithi ukuba Yasha onesibindi zimbelwe Tomsk American igolide wala ukuba aveze iiBolsheviks zakhe uphi. Kusekho iqela amabali emangalisayo. Kodwa ilivo eziphambili, Kakade ke, uMariya Bochkareva, engobomi ezisenokusebenza iyelenqe ngenxa kwinoveli kakhulu imincili.