Ukulwa iinkosana Russian Polovtsy (XI-XIII cc.). Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Imbali Kievan Rus

Embindini kwinkulungwane XI Kievan Rus kudingeka kuyingozi kakhulu ebusweni Polovtsy. La mbuya evela emaqeleni Asian waza wasithimba yoLwandle Black. Polovtsi (okanye Cumans) aphume kwezi ndawo langaphambili Pechenegs. akukho emathafeni New ezahlukeneyo kancinane ukusuka endala. Baphila ukuphanga kanye ehlasela kumazwe angabamelwane, umiwe labantu omdala.

usongo entsha

Ukuvela loonothwal ungqamene ekuqaleni inkqubo ekungafuneki yezopolitiko Russia. East lenqaba karhulumente lingadibananga de ngenkulungwane XI, xa nommandla wayo yahlulwa izilawuli ezininzi ezincinane. Ngamnye kubo ilungelo ngokuzimeleyo lokuzalwa i Rurik ubukhosi. Ukulwa iinkosana Russian Polovtsy wawunzima yile ukuqhekeka.

Abalawuli badla balwa bodwa, nemibutho iimfazwe zamakhaya benze ilizwe labo asesichengeni abahlala emathafeni. Ukongeza, ezinye iinkosana baqala ukusebenzisa abasemathanga ngenxa yemali. Ubukho umkhosi anayo yabo encinane waba luncedo kakhulu kwi edabini. Zonke ezi zinto ziye zakhokelela ukuba imali eRashiya phantse amabini eminyaka uphikisana rhoqo kunye Polovtsy.

igazi lokuqala

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala abasemathanga ihlasela iRussia ngo-1054. imbonakalo yazo kungqamane kokufa Yaroslava Mudrogo. Namhlanje ke kucingwa umthetheli lokugqibela of Kiev, owayelawula yonke Rus. Emva kwakhe, itrone wegqitha waya Izyaslav unyana wakhe omdala. Noko ke, Yaroslav waba nenzala ezimbalwa. Bamkela elowo ilifa (ngamandla), nangona ngokusesikweni bazithoba Izyaslav. Unyana wesibini Yaroslav, Sviatoslav, imithetho Chernigov, kwaye eyesithathu, Vsevolod Yaroslavich wafumana Pereyaslavl. Esi sixeko iqhele kwimpuma Kiev yaye ikufutshane emathafeni. Kungenxa yoko le nto Polovtsy wayedla bahlasela Pereyaslavl ulawulo kwindawo yokuqala.

Xa mbuya okokuqala ukuvela kumhlaba Russian, Vsevolod wakwazi thethana nabo, waya wozakuzo weendwendwe olungamenywanga kunye nezipho. Phakathi emacaleni, lwagqitywa uxolo. Noko ke, yena nako ixesha elide njengoko emathafeni bebephila ebulala abamelwane.

Hlokondiba kwakhona ahlasela Pereyaslavl ubulawuli ngo-1061. Eli xesha baphangwe watshabalalisa abahlali ezininzi iilali ukuzikhusela. Mbuya akuzange kwenziwe wavalelwa eRashiya ixesha elide. amahashe abo babesoyika ebusika, ukongeza, kwafuneka ukuba zidluliselwe izilwanyana. Ngoko ke, nokuhlasela kwenziwa entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni. Emva nekhefu ekwindla nasebusika weendwendwe asemazantsi ezayo umva.

ngokoyiswa Yaroslavichy

Umzabalazo wezigalo weenkosana Russian Polovtsy ekuqaleni akazange ngendlela. Abalawuli of izilawuli ayikwazanga nzima yedwa aweza enkulu. Le meko yenza umfelandawonye ebalulekileyo phakathi iinkosana Russian. Oonyana Yaroslava Mudrogo bakwazi bengavumelani, ngoko ixesha labo kwakungekho iingxaki kunye nolungelelwaniso yezenzo.

Ngo-1068 i squad edibene Yaroslavichy wadibana umkhosi emathafeni, eyayikhokelwa Polovtsian Khan Sharukan. Site imfazwe kweenxweme Alta River kufuphi Pereyaslavl. uwaphule iinkosana, kwafuneka ukuba aphuthume abaleke edabini. Emva kokuba imfazwe, kwaye Vsevolod Izyaslav wabuyela eKiev. Bona babengenawo amandla okanye indlela ukulungiselela kuhambo entsha Polovtsy. iinkosana Listlessness kwakhokelela kwimvukelo labantu, udiniwe zawahlasela rhoqo emathafeni, walubona ukusilela yeenkokeli yokuphikisa into ngale ngozi ezoyikekayo. Kiyani ebizwa i Assembly Popular. Abahlali wawufuna abasemagunyeni yokuxhobisa abemi abaqhelekileyo. Xa zingahoywa myalelo, aneliseke uqoqo lwayo ekhaya oomantyi. Prince Izyaslav kwafuneka ukufihla kukumkani Polish.

Okwa behlasela Polovtsian iRussia yaqhubeka. Xa engekho umninawa wakhe Izyaslav Svyatoslav kwi efanayo 1068 emathafeni woyiswa kwi Idabi snov ezamahala lomlambo. Sharukan wathathwa. Oku kokuqala liyavunyelwa ukuba ixesha kusingcangcazelise i mbuya.

Cumans kwinkonzo neenkosana

Nangona kuphangwa Polovtsian yaphela, emathafeni waqhubeka ukuvela kumhlaba Russian. Isizathu soku sasikukuba zazizininzi mbuya baqalisa ukuba baqeshe iinkosana Russian abo balwa ndawonye kwiimpikiswano zembujiswano kunye. Isiganeko sokuqala oko kwenzeka ngo-1076. UNyana Vsevolod Yaroslavovych Vladimir Monomah Polovtsy nelizwe ezichithakeleyo of Polotsk Prince Vseslav.

Kulo Svyatoslav nyaka phambi esiyi eKiev, wafa. ukufa kwakhe Izyaslav bavunyelwe ukuba babuye elikomkhulu kwakhona abe yinkosana. Chernihiv (ilifa ilifa Svyatoslav) yayixakekile Vsevolod. Ngenxa yoko, abazalwana bashiya abatshana babo Oleg Roman, ngaphandle elizweni, nto leyo ke evela kuyise. abantwana Svyatoslav waba kumaqela abo. Kodwa nabo baya kulwa Polovtsy. Mbuya ngokufuthi waya emfazweni kwi ubizo namanene, ngaphandle becela ukuba umvuzo, njengoko umvuzo abalufumanayo ngexesha ukuphangwa kwiilali zoxolo kunye needolophu.

Noko ke, le manyano kwakuyingozi. Nangona ngo-1078 Izyaslav Svyatoslavichy woyiswa kwi Idabi Nezhatina Field (Kiev irhuluneli babulawa action), kungekudala Prince baseRoma ngokwakhe kwabulawa Polovtsy, koko wathi emva kwakhe.

Ezisika e Stugna

Ekupheleni XI - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII. i umlweli ephambili emathafeni usongo yaba Vladimir Monomakh. Polovtsi wagqiba ekubeni singaqinisekisa ngokwayo 1092, xa ugula Vsevolod, ngubani na ke walawula eyayiseKiev. Mbuya ngokufuthi bahlasela eRashiya, xa ilizwe banikwa akukho gunya okanye oluye buthathaka. Eli xesha polovtsy wagqiba ukuba isifo Vsevolod angabandululi abantu Kiev ukuqokelela amandla ukubuyiselana uhlaselo.

I hlaselo lokuqala wahlala msulwa. Kumano, bungenazintshaba, ngokuzola babuyela iindawo loonothwal zazo ebusika. ngokuxhoma ke guided Tugorkan Khan kunye Khan Bonyak. emathafeni enamandla ukumelana emva ikhefu elide senziwa emva kweminyaka embalwa ingxokolo saa esidibanise ngeenxa zonke iinkokheli ezimbini.

Zonke yintombazana Polovtsy. Ngowe-1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich wafa. E Kiev waqalisa ukulawula umtshana abangenamava lalowo ungasekhoyo, Sviatopolk Yaroslavovich. Tugorkan kunye namahlakani akhe wayingqinga Torchesk - sisixeko ebalulekileyo Poros kwi kwimida olusemazantsi eRashiya. Kungekudala Walwela wafunda isiqabu ezayo. abathetheli Russian ngexesha yalibala amabango efanayo nxamnye omnye komnye yaye bahlanganisana squad kwabo uhambo entlango. Kule zebutho iishelfu Svyatopolka Izyaslavovicha, Vladimir Monomakh kunye umninawa wakhe Rostislav Vsevolodovich.

squad States yisiwe Idabi komlambo Stugna, May 26, 1093. Kwakhe kuqala beza kubantu Polovtsian of Kiev, apho ayeke babaleka edabini. Emva kwabo aphulwa Chernigov. Babemise iphini phantsi emlanjeni. Amajoni ezikhawulezayo ukuwela umlambo ekunene kwi isikrweqe. Abaninzi kubo batshoniswe nje, kuquka Rostislav Gromov. Vladimir Monomakh wazama yaba nguYakobi, umzalwana wakhe, kodwa akazange akwazi ukumnceda baphume umlambo ophuphumayo Stugna. Emva kokuphumelela Cumans babuyela Torchesk yaye ekugqibeleni wawuthimba umzi. Le abavikeli inqaba yanikezela. Bona kuwo bemka, nesixeko ngokwaso phezu komlilo. Imbali Kievan Rus sonakala ngomnye ukoyiswa kakhulu ezoyikekayo, uwaphule.

Backstab

Nangona ilahleko enkulu, umzabalazo weenkosana Russian Polovtsy waqhubeka. Ngowe-1094 uyaqhubeka ukulwa lilifa kayise Oleg Svyatoslavovych wayingqinga Monomakh e Chernigov. Vladimir II washiya umzi, emva koko banikwa mbuya kule wabaphangi. Emva minyinyiva Chernigov ungquzulwano kunye Oleg ndiyimfe. Noko ke, kungekudala wayingqinga Pereyaslavl Polovtsy babonakala phantsi iindonga Kiev. Emathafeni wathabatha ithuba lokungabikho engasezantsi amaqela okuqinileyo, abo bathi waya emantla ukuya ukuthatha inxaxheba kwenye uvulele kumhlaba Rostov. Kuloo mfazwe wambulala unyana Vladimir Monomakh, Murom Prince Izyaslav. Ngelo xesha Tugorkan wayesele esondele ukuba ukuthatha Pereyaslavl yindlala.

Ngalo mzuzu wokugqibela squad yohlangulo weza umzi, ebuya evela entla. Oku kwakhokelela Vladimir Monomakh kunye Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Kwidabi senzeka phezu komlambo Trubezh July 19, 1096. iinkosana Russian ekugqibeleni ndahlukana Polovtsy. Yaba yimpumelelo yokuqala engundoqo isixhobo Slavic kwi kokuyaphula abemi emathafeni kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo. Phantsi ngesibetho polovtsy enamandla saa. Kule Ukusukela kunye nonyana wakhe wafa Tugorkan. Kunyaka olandelayo, emva kokuphumelela iinkosana Trubezh Russian bahlanganisana kuloo nkongolo elidumileyo Liubech. Kule ntlanganiso, Rurik ahlala wobudlelwane impahla. ilifa ilifa longasekhoyo Sviatoslav bade babuyela kubantwana bakhe. Ngoku ke abathetheli ukuba baphendule le ngxaki Polovtsian, njengoko wabongoza Sviatopolk Izyaslavovich, leyo ngokusemthethweni baqhubeka ingqalelo abaphezulu.

Surf emathafeni

Ekuqaleni, umzabalazo weenkosana Russian Polovtsy ukuya ngaphaya eRashiya. Kwaqeqeshwa bahlanganisana kuphela xa abasemathanga umnwe iidolophu Slavic kunye needolophana. Eli cebo liye alusebenzi. Nokuba Cumans boyiswa, babuyela emathafeni yabo, kanye kwakhona ukufumana amandla, yaye emva kwexesha elithile kwakhona sawela umda.

Monomakh wayesazi ukuba nxamnye abasemathanga kufuneka isicwangciso-qhinga ngokwesiseko esitsha. Ngowe-1103 Rurik wadibana kuloo nkongolo elilandelayo kwi ngakuLwandle Dolobskogo. Kwintlanganiso, kwenziwe isigqibo jikelele ukuya nomkhosi kwi emathafeni, xa sisikhundla yotshaba. Ngoko ke waqalisa amaphulo zomkhosi wabathetheli Russian kwiindawo mbuya Polovtsian. Eli phulo yayihanjelwe Svyatopolk Kiev, Davyd Svyatoslavovych Chernigov, uVladimir Monomakh, Davyd Vseslavovich Polotsk kunye yindlalifa Monomakh Jaropolk Vladimirovich. Emva kokuba indibano jikelele Pereslavl yomkhosi Russian waya emathafeni ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo 1103. Abathetheli ngxama, enethemba ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka yogqithe yotshaba. amahashe Polovtsian kwakufuneka luphumlo elide emva amaphulo zangaphambili. NgoMatshi, solo bevuna, ukuba zibe phezu esandleni squad Slavic.

Imbali Kievan Rus wayengazi umkhankaso onjalo yombutho. Elingasemzantsi kuphela amahashe, kodwa kananjalo amajoni enkulu ngeenyawo. Abathetheli ukubala kuye ukuba mabutho ediniwe kakhulu emva kohambo olude. Cumans, ngokufunda indlela esingalindelekanga lotshaba, zaye ngokungxama zaqokelelwa impi ehlangene. Waya, wema phambi Khan Urusoba. Zeza kunye izimpi zakhe wazisa esinye likhetha emathafeni 20. Kwidabi wathatha indawo April 4, 1103 phezu lomlanjana Suteni. Cumans wachithwa. Uninzi abathetheli babo baye babulawa okanye kwikhompyutha. Abafa ne Urusoba. Uloyiso wavumela Sviatopolk ukwakha isixeko St. George phezu komlambo ros, ngubani yatshiswa emva ngo 1095 yaye kangangeminyaka emininzi lalize ngaphandle abemi.

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1097 i-Cumans wokuqala kwakhona waya lohlaselo. Han ekhokele singqingiwe njalo ke isixeko Bonyak Lubena engeka Pereyaslavl ukubusa. Svyatopolk and Monomakh kunye esaphula umkhosi wakhe, wadibana naye phezu komlambo Sula. Bonyak wabaleka. Noko ke, uxolo waba ethe-ethe. Kwixesha elizayo, amaphulo yamajoni iinkosana Russian yaphindwa (izihlandlo ezithathu 1109 -. 1111 gg). Bonke baye baphumelela. Polovtsy kwafuneka abasuka kude imida Russian. Abanye babo bade bafudukela North neAsia. Kuba amashumi amabini, iRashiya ulibele mayelana usongo Polovtsian. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngowe-1111, Vladimir Monomakh wenza iphulo elifana yenkolo of amaKatolika ePalestina. Umzabalazo yaseMpuma nokuxubana Polovtsian nalo zonqulo. Mbuya baba abahedeni ( "ngongahlambulukanga" kwi yemihla wababiza). Kulo efanayo 1111 umkhosi Russian bafika Don. Umlambo waba umgca wakhe wokugqibela. Bona zafakwa, baphanga isixeko NPGs Polovtsian kunye Sharukan apho mbuya, ubusika ngokwesiqhelo.

ebumelwaneni elide

Ngowe-1113, Vladimir Monomakh waba iTshawe Kiev. Kunye, yena, nonyana wakhe Mstislav (ukuya ku 1132), eRussia ngexesha lokugqibela yaba bengatshatanga eliyimbumba. Polovtsi awukhathazeki akakho eKiev okanye Pereyaslavl, nditsho nasiphi na isixeko East. Noko ke, emva kokufa Mstislav Vladimirovich phakathi iinkosana ezininzi Russian baqalisa ngokucalula amalungelo etroneni. Umntu efuna ukufumana eKiev, umntu wayemlwela inkululeko kwamanye amaphondo. Kwiimfazwe phakathi kwabo Rurik kwakhona waqala baqesha Polovtsian.

Umzekelo, i- Yury Dolgoruky, owayelawula e Rostov, izihlandlo ezihlanu mbuya umzi "unina izixeko Russian." Polovtsi babandakanyeke kwiimfazwe zamakhaya kwi Compostela-Volyn ukubusa. Ngowe-1203 baba phantsi umyalelo Rurik Rostislavovich zifakiwe kwaye limisiwe Kiev. Ngoko, kwi ikomkhulu mandulo waseRoma kulawula Mstislavovich Prince Galitsky.

ukhuselo yorhwebo

In XI-XII cc. polovtsy akusoloko ihlasela iRussia kwi ubizo omnye kubathetheli. Zonyaka xa kungekho ndlela enye rob ayixhelele abasemathanga bahlaselwa ngabom zokuhlala Slavic imizi. E Kiev Prince Mstislav Izyaslavoviche (walawula 1167-1169 gg.) Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ixesha elide luye lwaququzelelwa babeqhele ukuya kuMatshi emathafeni. Kwaqeqeshwa zaye zathunyelwa kwindawo ephila, kungekuphela nje ukuze akhusele kokuhlaliswa cross-umda, kodwa ukusindisa urhwebo Dnieper. Abarhwebi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ulonwabele indlela ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, apho impahla anikezelwa baseByzantium. Ukongeza, abarhwebi Russian babethengisa emantla ubutyebi eConstantinople, nto leyo izisa ingeniso engakumbi kwiinkosana. Ingxokolo abaphangi baba Usongo kule exchange ebalulekileyo yempahla. Ngoko ke, inxalenye Russian-Polovtsian imfazwe sabangela ngomnye kunye nomdla kwezoqoqosho babalawuli Kiev.

Ngowe-1185, iNkosana Novgorod-Severskogo Igor Svyatoslavovich wasiwa olunye uhambo ukuya entlango. Kwi obandulela kwakukho ilanga, leyo ababephila ngexesha kuthathwa umqondiso embi. Ngaphandle koku, le squad kunjalo waya sisikhundla le Polovtsy. Lo mkhosi ke wavuthululwa nguSirayeli, yaza yafakwa isikhulu. iphulo Iziganeko yenza isiseko "Lay". Oku okubhaliweyo ngoku yayigqalwa lesikhumbuzo ibalulekileyo iincwadi Old Russian.

Ukuvela kwe Mongols

Relationship nokuxubana Polovtsian phantse amabini eminyaka babekwa ngendlela alternation rhoqo emfazwe kunye noxolo. Noko ke, kwinkulungwane XIII, ukuhleleka crumbled. Ngowe-1222, kwiMpuma Yurophu, i Mongols yokuqala ukuvela. Ingxokolo mbuya eziqwengayo sele oyisa China yaye ngoku waya entshonalanga.

Becela 1222-1223 gg. Kwaba isilingo yaye okunene krelekrele. Kodwa ke, kunye Cumans, kunye Russian waziva engenakuzinceda phambi kotshaba entsha. Aba bantu babini, ingakumbi kwakusoloko kuyimfazwe phakathi kwezinye, kodwa eli xesha wagqiba ukwenza kunye nxamnye umdlali welinye icala engalindelekanga. Xa imfazwe kwi umkhosi Kalka-Polovtsian Russian lahluleka obukhulu. amawaka yabulala amajoni. Noko ke, emva kokuba uloyiso ngayo Mongols ngesiquphe babuya baza baya emakhayeni abo.

Kwakubonakala ukuba isaqhwithi lidlulile. Bonke baqalisa ukuhlala efana phambi: abathetheli impi omnye nomnye, Cumans bayiphanga zokuhlala ayeya. Emva kweminyaka embalwa abasali asifanelekanga Polovtsian kunye Russian oyike. Ngowe-1236, i-Mongols ikhokelwa umzukulwana Genghis Khan kaThixo Batu waqalisa uhambo ngasentshona lwabo olukhulu. Eli xesha baya kumazwe akude libeyise. baphuke First Polovtsi zaye phezulu, ngoko limisiwe Mongolian Russ. Hlokondiba ifikelele ngeeBalkans, kwaye kukho ebuyile kuphela. mbuya ezintsha ahlala phambi emathafeni Polovtsian. Ngokuthe ngcembe, abantu ababini kufakwe. Noko ke, njengokuba amandla ezimeleyo polovtsy yaphela ngo-1230-1240 yakhe. Ngoku, iRashiya kwafuneka lijongane notshaba kude ngakumbi ezoyikekayo.