Lemvelo - isayensi ufunda eziphilayo ... Basics. Unxibelelwano semvelo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

Umhlaba - iperile encinane blue yalahleka zoMoya engapheliyo abandayo emajukujukwini kwaye ube likhaya iibhiliyoni eziphilileyo. Life kwakugcwele ngokoqobo lonke isithuba kwelizwe lethu; amanzi, umhlaba, umoya.

Kwaye konke oku iintlobo ubomi, ukuqalela eziphilayo elula kwaye ziphethe eluchochoyini zazivelela - Homo sapiens - uyakwazi ukunikeza le mpembelelo ngqo kwi ubomi emhlabeni. Lemvelo - isayensi lifunda impefumlelwano zonke izinto eziphilayo abalihlali ilizwe, kwakunye kwiindawo zawo ezininzi, kokubini bodwa kunye nendawo zazo.

A incinane

Abantu abaninzi namhlanje abazi ukuba bume waqalisa ukuba njengesebe elahlukileyo inzululwazi kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane XX. De kube lelo xesha, kwaba isahlulo kuphela eziphilayo. A owaseka eziphilayo kwakukho umlandeli wangumququzeleli nomxhasi ithiyori zikaDarwin, ukuba sisazinzulu zinetalente sebhayoloji - German Ernst Haeckel.

Kwimvisiswano malunga nokumiselwa eziphilayo njengoko inzululwazi eyodwa nefuthe kwelinye icala - eqinisa ngenkulungwane XX, inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye zobuchwepheshe, yaye kwelinye - ukukhula ngokukhawuleza yabemi iplanethi yethu. Ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa kunye noshishino ikhokelele ekwandeni okuphindwayo kwezibonelelo zendalo bagqitywe, ke, kuye kube nempembelelo embi kokusingqongileyo.

Nangona inani labantu sandisa ngokukhawuleza, inani ezinye izidalwa baba ngcembe bunciphe. NTP eye wavumela abantu ukuba ukwakha mestopribyvanie bakhe emhlabeni kangangoko tofotofo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa ngaxeshanye wakhonza njengomba esibulalayo ukuba indalo. Kwabakho imfuneko engxamisekileyo ukufunda ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusingqongileyo uphando. Unxibelelwano semvelo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi uye waba kunqandwa.

siseko eyinqobo zesayensi eziphilayo

Imithetho Lemvelo ibandakanya isifundo intsebenziswano kunye bume yezinto acwangcise phezu iintlobo, umhlaba, kunye namanqanaba biocentric organismal. Ngenxa yoko kukho amacandelo eziliqela eziphambili ezibandakanya eziphilayo jikelele:

• Autecology okanye eziphilayo eziphilayo - icandelo ejongene isifundo kobudlelwane ngamnye kunye nokusingqongileyo njengoko abantu iintlobo nganye, kwakunye izinto yelo kwiqela oqhelekileyo eziphilayo.
• Population semvelo, kunye nendalo kwabantu. Iinjongo zeli candelo abafunda zendalo onoxanduva lokulawula inani eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, ingxinano nesemgangathweni, kwakunye nokuchonga imida yokwakha ukurhoxiswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nabantu.
• Synecology okanye eziphilayo zoluntu lihlola ngokweenkcukacha intsebenziswano kwemixokomelwano yokuphilisana kwendalo kunye nabantu bume yendalo, kwakunye neendlela kunye nesakhiwo biogeocenosis.

Iindlela zophando ngemvelo

eziphilayo lwangoku Isebenzisa ezahlukeneyo iindlela zophando. Noko ke, zingahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini: mhlaba kunye zaselebhu iindlela.

Xa kanye isihloko ungabona ukuba lonke uphando endle wenziwe ngqo kwi-bume yendalo. Nabo ke, lungohlulwa lube:

• Umile. Ezi zifundo ziquka mkhanya zombini ixesha elide izinto zendalo, ngokunjalo imilinganiselo, inkcazelo ecacileyo, kwakunye irekhodi instrumental.
• Route. Kwenziwa kuyajongwa ngqo into, kuqikelelwa ubutyebi bakhe, ilinganiswa, inkcazelo, zenziwe iimephu neetshathi.
• Achazayo - on kwabazana yokuqala into yokufunda.
• Zovavanyo. Apha eyona nto ibalulekileyo - amava kunye experiment, iintlobo wohlalutyo imichiza, quantification kunye nabanye.

iindlela Laboratory zisekelwe kuphando elabhoratri. Ekubeni kokusingqongileyo - kukho ezininzi izifundo nentaphane zinto, ingakumbi izifundo bezinto eziphilayo kunikezwa ngokwenza indlela umzekelo.

Ukuphila bume yezinto eziphilayo

Ukuze siqonde ngcono ukuba nempembelelo ngayo abo okanye ezinye izinto kokusingqongileyo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphila, kufuneka kuqala siqonde ukuzalana yokusingqongileyo kunye nobomi izinto ezahlukeneyo. Iintlobo ngeentlobo iimeko zendalo ezithe zenzeka Emhlabeni - amanzi, umhlaba, umoya, umhlaba, ephilayo - ukuba bahlale kwiintlobo ngeentlobo lweentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana. It is phakathi zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuze bafumane izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini. Kwaye kukho utshintshiselwano iimveliso izinto babuya eziphilayo.

Indawo yokuqala ngokuba abantu abahle ehlabathini baye baba amachibi. Kwaba emanzini kwakukho ubomi ngohlobo iintsholongwane ezincinane - ukuba bagqwese emhlabeni-moya kunye nomhlaba esingqongileyo. A organismal izinziswe ngempumelelo izinambuzane kunye eziphila.

Ngoko ke, lo umahluko iimeko zempilo iimeko ezahlukeneyo kuye kwabangela ukuba Kusebenza eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo inani leempawu nokomzimba ethile, morphological, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nezinye iipropati ukubanceda kangangoko unako ukumelana neemeko ezinzima zobomi.

yemvelo

Imithetho eziphilayo nje isayensi qhoboshela kubaluleke kakhulu iimeko ngamnye zokusingqongileyo. Yi mithandazo ukuze ziqondwe naziphi na iimeko elementi okanye zokusingqongileyo ezibangela la okanye ezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuziqhelanisa kubo uze uziqhelanise. Kukho ezintathu kuphela amaqela neemeko zokusingqongileyo zezi:

• zasemanzini;
• abiotic;
• anthropogenic.

Imiba zasemanzini ziyakuquka iipropati ezahlukeneyo indalo. Ayakwazi ukuba ukubangela basabele encomekayo kuzo izityalo (Phytogenic), kunye nezilwanyana (zoogenic) kunye fungi (mikogennye).

Kunoko Abiotic, amacandelo indalo engaphefumliyo: zejoloji (zomkhenkce eshukumayo, umsebenzi mlilo, imitha, njalo-njalo), Climate (ubushushu, ukukhanya, umoya, ukufuma, uxinzelelo, njl ...), Umhlaba (isakhiwo, lexinene yokwakheka komhlaba) kunye izinto nemin (amanzi, uxinzelelo, etyuwa, ngoku).

neemeko zokusingqongileyo Anthropogenic ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu. Ndimele ndithi ukuba umntu na utshintsho enzima kakhulu eziphilayo. Ke ezinye iintlobo iba intle, kodwa hayi kwabanye.

iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ixesha lethu

Zanamhlanje iingxaki zokusingqongileyo oxhulumene ikakhulu nalo nefuthe ngabantu kwindalo. Global Ecology yazisa ukuba iingozi ezinkulu ilandelayo: imvula eneasidi, ozone luya, yi greenhouse effect, ungcoliseko yehlabathi ajikelezileyo ingxaki yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yabantu, ukuthotywa kunye ukhukuliseko lomhlaba, kohlaza, ukwanda nangokukrola imithi, ukuphela kwezilwanyana, utshintsho lwemozulu, ukuba buthathaka ngokuncomeka kwesixokelelwano omzimba abantu , kwamanani izibonelelo (amanzi, igesi, neoli kunye nezinye izixhobo zendalo), mxube wenkungu nomsi kunye nezinye utshintsho ezibulalayo.

Konke oku ikakhulu kubangelwa yokungenelela kwabantu inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zendalo, ngokunjalo ukuphunyezwa ngqiqweni kwe zolonwabo, emkhosini, ezoqoqosho kunye nezinye izicwangciso ukutshintsha zokuhlala zendalo.

yongcoliseko olusingqongileyo

Lemvelo - isayensi ufunda kuquka nokungcoliswa kokusingqongileyo (biosphere). Kulo mzekelo, phantsi ukungcola ubhekisela flow esebenzayo yamandla umhlaba onokuphila okanye izinto, inani, indawo okanye iimpawu ongayi ichaphazele yokuhlala lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ophilileyo.

Urhwebo kunye ikhokelela ezidolophini ehlabathini ezinokosulela kwindawo hayi kuphela okuqinileyo, ulwelo kunye nezinto kwemimoya ethile kunye ezincane, kodwa amandla ezahlukeneyo (izandi, ingxolo, imitha), nto leyo echaphazela kakubi imeko bume umhlaba ezahlukeneyo.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini ungcoliseko ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, ezahlukeneyo yi imvelaphi: zendalo (zendalo) - lwenzeka ngaphandle inxaxheba kwabantu kunye ezenziwe ngumntu. Le yokugqibela kuyingozi kakhulu ngakumbi, kuba abantu baye wabadlali ukubuyisela kwindawo yazo.

Namhlanje, ukungcoliswa isantya ezimandundu uza emoyeni, phantsi kunye nemithombo yamanzi aphezu komhlaba, emhlabeni. Kobuntu iyasuleleka kude kufuphi-Earth isithuba. Konke oku Ayinakongeza themba kubantu kwaye zivuse zehlabathi ntlekele lokusingqongileyo. Uphuhliso yokuqala eziphilayo njengoko inzululwazi unika abantu ithuba ukunqanda ingozi.

ukungcoliseka komhlaba

Ngenxa yoko, ngokungakhathali, ezingenangqondo imisebenzi yabantu umhlaba ebeyiyiphahlile loo mizi ezinkulu imimandla apho kukho ematyeni amakhulu orhwebo intsimbi, izityalo amandla, isakhiwo umatshini, yayixubana kwimigama enkulu.

enzima, petroleum, iikhompawundi isalfure kukhokelela kunye inkunkuma yasekhaya - le nto lizele yokuhlala mihla womntu ephucukile. Nayiphi Institute Ecology uyaqinisekisa ukuba ukongeza izinto ngentla emhlabeni ngobuninzi iqulethe carcinogens ezahlukeneyo, iyakwazi ukwenza abantu boyike sifo.

Ilizwe otyisa, akukho kuphela phantsi kukhukuliseko kunye kungcoliseko imichiza eziyingozi, kodwa kananjalo kumgxobhozo, salinization, athatha ngenxa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ke ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa endalo ongaphezulu umphezulu nga kuba olucothayo kakhulu, ukhukhuliseko oludalwa zizenzo zabantu, ukunyanzela kunye isantya yayo fast.

Kwezolimo kunye nokusetyenziswa intabalala zinambuzane iya isiba iziniya lokwenene loluntu. Le ngozi inkulu kule meko ukuba iikhompawundi yeKhlorini ezinzile ekwaziyo ephila kumhlaba iminyaka yaye inokuqokelelana kulo.

ungcoliseko lomoya

Emva kuyingozi enkulu yokusingqongileyo - ungcoliseko emoyeni. Kwakhona, oku kubangelwe zizinto zendalo, ezifana umsebenzi mlilo, izityalo eneentyatyambo, abatshayayo ezisuka kumahlathi evuthayo okanye ukhukuliseko ngumoya. Kodwa nefuthe anthropogenic ebangela umonakalo emoyeni kakhulu ngakumbi.

Anthropogenic okanye ezenziwe ungcoliseko lomoya kungenxa umoya izixa ezikhulu zezinto ezithile eziyingozi. Iingozi ezikhethekileyo kule nkalo wenza lweshishini lemichiza. Ngenxa umoya betekisi sulphur dioxide, kwenitrojeni, emanzini, hydrocarbon, halides, kunye nezinye izinto. Ukwenza kunye nezinye iziphumo imichiza, ayakwazi ukuba yokutshata iikhompawundi kakhulu yingozi kakhulu.

Le meko mandundu wemoto. Ezininzi iidolophu ezinkulu kwimozulu oluboniswe iye yaba Kuyaziwa nomsi nomsi.

Ungcoliseko oovimba amanzi umhlaba

Ukuphila emhlabeni akunakwenzeka kungekho manzi, kodwa ixesha lethu, izifundo yokusingqongileyo kwakhokelela izazinzulu ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo ekrakra: Umsebenzi yabantu iba nefuthe kuxhelo kwehayidrosfere komhlaba. Ukuncipha oovimba endalo amanzi acocekileyo, kwaye nkqu iilwandle namhlanje ijongene utshintsho ehlabathini eziphilayo yayo, ngokunxulumene apho iintlobo ezininzi zaselwandle Kukuze yokutshabalala.

Ingakumbi bakhathazekile kukuba ungcoliseko luchaphazela amanzi komhlaba nje kuphela kodwa kwakhona komhlaba, kwi imeko ezichaphazela kuphela inkunkuma mveliso, kodwa ezininzi kugcwaliswa amadama ngamanzi kamasipala, ilindle, inkunkuma-ezizalayo izakhiwo, yokugcina izichumiso kunye neekhemikhali. On top of ukuthi impucuko akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ingozi enkulu. ukungcola inkunkuma Emergency emizimbeni emanzini - hayi ityala esinqabileyo.

Unxibelelwano semvelo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

I eziphilayo lokuqala - isayensi lifunda iingxaki zokusingqongileyo, yaye lowo akabanga nako ukulungisa le meko. Ngoku, xa kwacaca yingozi kangakanani na imeko kwimixokomelwano ezahlukeneyo, oko luqina ngakumbi kubaluleke kangakanani na ubudlelwane eziphilayo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Ngaphandle intsebenziswano enkulu kunye amayeza, ibhayoloji, imichiza, inzululwazi kunye nezinye amasebe yesayensi nje akunakwenzeka ukujongana ngokubonakalayo nemiba yokusingqongileyo.

Izazinzulu ziya kwenza iinzame ezibambeneyo ukuze ukuzama ukunciphisa umonakalo owenzeke yobuntu. Izazinzulu ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo ungxamile, sifuna imithombo yamandla ekhuselekileyo. Kwamanye amazwe sele landa kakhulu inani lezithuthi asebenzisa umbane. Kuxhomekeka imigudu ekhemisi, baya kuba kwinkulungwane entsha yokusombulula ngokupheleleyo ingxaki zokunciphisa umonakalo kwenkunkuma yamashishini. Izisombululo zeengxaki ezibachaphazelayo lumele ukubandakanya zonke intsimi esingqongileyo.

Imeko kokusingqongileyo Russia

Ngelishwa, okusingqongileyo Russian alikho kwimeko engcono. Ngokutsho kwezenkolo anempembelelo, ilizwe lethu yenye ithi ezintathu kakhulu kakhulu ziyihlambele eziphila kulo mhlaba. Ukongezelela eRashiya, kuluhlu edume kuquka nokuba China nase-United States.

Le meko mandundu yi kukuba lo gama uninzi amazwe aphuhlileyo aseYurophu bachithe ngonyaka ukuya kwi-6% yolwabiwo-mali yayo ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo, eRashiya, ezi ndleko musa kufikelela-1%. Abasemagunyeni ngenkani ukuphendula ukuzama of zemvelo ukutsalela ingqalelo yabo ukuba mbi imeko kule ndawo.

Kusenjalo imvelo Russia ibangela inkxalabo uluntu lonke jikelele njengoko kummandla ukuba singene, elikhulu ngokwenene, iqashiso mveliso, inkunkuma leyo nga ri kwaye elahlwa ngendlela efanelekileyo, kwaye ngokuchasene sizoku lobunzima kwezoqoqosho, oko nje ibonakala usongo.

Impembelelo Environment kwimpilo yabantu

Ngaphezu kokuba kuchazwe indlela ichaphazele okusingqongileyo ubomi bomntu ezimbi kwimpilo imiba yokusingqongileyo. Owokuqala ngulo, Kakade ke, abantwana, ngenxa yokuba - ikamva lethu. Kodwa uya kuba yintoni na kwixesha elizayo, ukuba indoda encinane ukusuka ezalwa siphefumle umoya ongcolileyo, udle isonka, okuye kwisigcinakaliso eziyingozi imichiza, usele amanzi kuphela yeebhotile zeplastiki njalo njalo. D.?

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, oogqirha zigxininise yokuba izehlo izifo broncho-pulmonary ngokunyuka. Liyanda inani lezigulane kukwalisa, inkoliso yabo kwakhona - abantwana. Kwihlabathi kukho ukukhula nezifo ezinxulumene ne immunodeficiency. Sinako ukucinga ukuba xa abantu na kungekudala kuza ezingqondweni bakhe uze uzame ukuba enze uxolo union oluhle Mother Nature, kwixesha elizayo akakude kakhulu, sinako ukuqonda isiphelo iintlobo ezininzi extinct. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu ke kuhlangene.

2014 - Unyaka of the Environment

nyaka ngamnye kwilizwe lethu ikhutshwa phandle imisebenzi emininzi, elingcwele, imisebenzi yemfundo kwimiba yendalo esingqongileyo. Kwaye 2014 kwaba okufanayo. Ukususela ekuqaleni konyaka kukhuphiswano omkhulu-isikali "National Prize Environmental" ERAECO "eRussia. Njengenxenye yale siganeko kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo Russia bonisa bhanya kwimiba yendalo, imithendeleko, iintetho.

Kwakhona kuza kubakho iintetho kwi-Eco-lokwakha umboniso amathuba kumakhaya zokulima eziphilayo eMoscow kunye nommandla eMoscow. Ezi zikolo ziye eco-izifundo apho amakhwenkwe wamxelela malunga nemiba yokusingqongileyo, kwaye kuxoxwe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo bume.

"ERAECO" nabaququzeleli siceba kuvulwe iilebhu mini-mobile esingqongileyo, ngalo kuya kuba lula ukwenza uhlalutyo ngokukhawuleza kwiisampuli ezithathwe emanzini, umoya kunye nomhlaba. iingcali Laboratory ngenkxaso iingcali kokusingqongileyo ziya kuba abafundi kunye nabafundi bobudala ezahlukeneyo.

Amajoni aza "Eco-patrol" ukuyilwa, nto leyo iza kuqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo nje kuphela ngethuba lokhuphiswano, kodwa emva kokuba. Oonyana abafikelele kubudala bokuhamba isikolo samabanga aphantsi, kakhulu, uya kuba nako ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi emininzi fun, kwaye ke ngoko baya kucelwa ukuba ukudala irekhodi ezibonwayo imizobo.

Intsebenziswano yamazwe ukukhusela okusingqongileyo

iplanethi yethu enye, kwaye nakubeni abantu abaye bazibalula oko kumazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo namazwe, ekusombululeni imiba njengezona nkalo zitshisa ibunzi yokusingqongileyo kufuna zidityaniswe. Intsebenziswano elolu hlobo oluqhutywa ngaphakathi sikhokelo kweenkqubo ngamazwe kumaqela anjenge UNESCO kunye UN, kwaye kulawulwa izivumelwano interstate.

izimiso zokubambisana yokusingqongileyo sele ziphuhlisiwe. Omnye wabo uthi ukuba intlalo-ntle kokusingqongileyo kaRhulumente kufuneka kube yimpumelelo ngaphandle kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno kwamanye amazwe okanye ngeendleko zabo. Umzekelo, amazwe onamandla akwamkelekanga ukusebenzisa izibonelelo zendalo kwimimandla ngokwaneleyo zehlabathi.

Enye ithi umgaqo ukuba onke amanqanaba kufuneka abekwe ulawulo olusisinyanzelo zisongele utshintsho kwimeko-bume, nabo bonke States sinembopheleleko ukunika uncedo ngokupheleleyo enye kwenye kwiingxaki ezinzima zendalo kunye kaxakeka.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kuphela uluntu united uya kukwazi ukugcina Umhlaba ukusuka ukuwa kusondela eziphilayo. Ukususela ngoku, wonke ummi umhlaba kufuneka ukuba ayiqonde.