Imisebe - intsikelelo esiyingozi

phezu nje kwekhulu eyadlulayo ingqalelo i-atom zincinane amasuntswana yendalo, engaguquguqukiyo ebumbene. Kodwa ingcamango yenzululwazi zange ukuma ngxi, ingqondo yomntu ekucamngceni wafuna ngakumbi ukuze uphakamise ikhuselo vu phezu iimpawu izinto. Ke kaloku, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX yamachiza French Becquerel, ukuqhuba uphando lwe-X-reyi, ngempazamo waba nomdla kwimitha ezintweni iityuwa uranium. Ngoko ke, ngo-1896 yaba kwafunyanwa radioactivity - oku ibobona bungqina ke lowo divisibility ye atom.

Uluntu nakwisayensi nomdla kakhulu kuvulwa, kwaye kwabeMi zesayensi abanetalente ukuba usukelene ukufunda kuyo. Kwathi kanti, ngokufuthi bezizisela esibingelelweni yenzululwazi impilo yabo. Enkosi kubo, ngoku siyazi ukuba yemisebe - into yazenzekela amadlozi yezizwe amasuntswana ezahlukeneyo eziba izinto ezithile, apho ngokuhamba kwexesha ongundoqo ihamba ukuba urhulumente eyahlukileyo, kunye parameters zabo zitshintshiwe.

Atom kwezinto radioactive ayikhuphi amasuntswana kunye radiation electromagnetic. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo:

- amasuntswana alpha (α) zibotshiwe flow insimbi ngokupheleleyo athom helium, ehamba ngesantya 20 amawaka km / s, nokuba ukukwazi ukungena emoyeni kumgama-10 cm Bamba ezi amasuntswana zingene umzimba womntu uyakwazi impahla, iphepha, isikhumba .. . Kodwa zingene emzimbeni, ukuba umonakalo omkhulu;

- amasuntswana beta (β) - le electron fast (okanye positrons), nto leyo iba flow Velocity kufutshane uqina lokukhanya. umthamo wabo ukungena umoya liphezulu kakhulu - ukuya ku-5 - 20 m A uya kubagcina ngendlela kuxwebhu aluminiyam milimitha eziliqela zamafu .;

- gamma (γ) - evela ngexesha leendibano yenyukliya utshintshwano Amasuntswana radiation magnetic kunye kwamaza elifutshane kakhulu. Ukukwazi engena kule hlobo radiation liphezulu ukuze ukubamba kuphela phambili iphepha ubukhulu okanye inwebu eziphathekayo.

Xa inani yokusabela yenyukliya ezizenzekelayo ukhutshiwe amasuntswana cala - neutron luchukumisa amandla abo ngaphezu nantoni na-γ reyi - bayangena elikhokelela ukuya kwiimitha eziliqela zamafu.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yemisebe - yepropati ukuze njengenxalenye yobume eziqalelo kwaye kuphunyezwa ngeendlela elebhu. imisebe ezingezizo lwafumaneka sele imi--30 lwekhulu XX.

Imithombo radiation yendalo baninzi. It ngokwaso Umhlaba emhlabeni, kunye nesithuba, kunye nezityalo namandla enyukliya kunye inkunkuma yawo, kunye imichiza kwimihlaba kunye nezinto zokwakha, yaye inani izinto zekhaya. Ke aba bantu zama ukucinga.

Kukho izixhobo ezininzi umlinganiselo iiyunithi radioactivity nazo ezahlukeneyo. Le yunithi esisiseko - i becquerel (Bq), lingana wokuqhekeka kobudlelwane enye ngomzuzwana. Units Common asetyenziswa:-X-reyi, Curie. umthamo baphilela ilinganiswa ngeeyunithi Rad okanye hina. Iziphumo eziphilayo eziphilayo ivavanywa kaRemaliya okanye sievert.

Natural radioactive materials ayikhuphi amasuntswana bombarding thina ubomi. Enye imithombo sesichengeni rhoqo enze izakhiwo ngumntu - zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo. Nkqu uluhlu lwezixhobo zendalo oye eziphakamileyo radiation yangasemva. Umzekelo, yemisebe endalo lenyengane yenza kube isakhiwo ngaphezu kabini yokufakela (400 mrem / unyaka) kunezo eyakhiwe ngezitena ezibomvu, izihlandlo ezine - le eziphathekayo. Mncinanana kubo bonke amasuntswana ebizwayo ayikhuphi umthi - kukwakha sisiphinda-13 ngaphantsi radioactive ngaphezu lenyengane.

Izibonelelo yabantu radioactivity - liyinto ayinakuphikiswa. Science, amayeza, ezolimo, amandla, kunye namashishini amaninzi kunzima ukukwenza ngaphandle ezineeathom eqhumayo. Kodwa xa i-atom ngoxolo uba olungalawulwayo okanye iba isixhobo, yena uloyiko lokuba ubukho iplanethi yethu.