Kwemvelo kweenkqubo lwemali ngokufutshane jikelele. Amanqanaba Ukudaleka yenkqubo yemali jikelele

Kwemvelo kweenkqubo kwemali ehlabathini wayalela yokusebenza okuzala. Ixhomekeka izigaba eziphambili kuphuhliso hayi kuphela ehlabathini kodwa uqoqosho kazwelonke. Maxa wambi, imigaqo nkqubo wolawulo izwe liqala kuyaphikisana isakhiwo uqoqosho lwehlabathi, abufani kulwabiwo lwezibonelelo phakathi kwamaziko ezinkulu. Oku kukhokelela nentlekele MFR. kuvela ukungaboni ngaso imali ngenxa zokungathotyelwa imigaqo noshowo indlela zehlabathi ukutshintsha iimeko zemveliso, urhwebo kunye nokusasazwa imikhosi ehlabathini. Le Ukudaleka iinkqubo kwemali zehlabathi, eziya ngokufutshane ngezantsi, ixhomekeke kwiimfuno zoqoqosho zesizwe nezehlabathi, imfuno ukutshintsha imali eseleyo yomkhosi. nezimo kuphela, akukho lula, ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nemeko izixhobo zemali, kwaye isiseko ngobukho kunye nophuhliso yoluntu namhlanje.

izinto eziphambili: nasekusungulweni yenkqubo yemali jikelele

MBC oluleyisayo indlela esisintsompothi nokubunjwa kwakhe phambi kokuba uthathe format mihla. Ngokuba yonke imbali yayo emide yophuhliso imigaqo nkqubo ziye zaguquka-4, kunye isigqibo efanelekileyo kwinkomfa ngamazwe. Phantsi ukutshintsha igama isakhiwo ngokwaso, eqala ukuze utshatise igama laloo mzi apho kwaqhutywa inkomfa.

Cinga amanqanaba ngendaleko yenkqubo yemali jikelele:

• I-Paris nkqubo ngo-1867, eyaziwa ngokuba "standard yegolide". Kuba lwemali kazwelonke ngamnye kwaba ngokuqhelekileyo umxholo legolide, ngokusekelwe apho kwaneso ezinye iimali okanye igolide. Kwakukho ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano.
• inkqubo ngamaRoma, ngo-1922, eyaziwa ngokuba "standard gold". Ukongeza koovimba zegolide, imali ngamnye kuye kwaxhaswa lwemali ehamba phambili ehlabathini yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, ikakhulu British phawundi omhle.
• I eBretton Woods nkqubo ngo-1944, eyaziwa ngokuba "standard dollar". Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe le nkqubo iye uphuhliso olusebenzayo of America kwixesha kwempi. Gold iye yasetyenziswa xa inani eliqingqiweyo.
• inkqubo Monetary ngu 1976 - 78 iminyaka, eyaziwa ngokuba "amanyathelo abolekisa ekhethekileyo eqhelekileyo." CRA wenza format asethi (ukubhala ezizodwa kwi-akhawunti IMF). Ukuqaliswa kwe SDR kungenxa umnqweno onke amazwe ukuba ukufumana uzinzo kwinkalo zokuhlala ngamazwe.

"I-Standard Gold"

Kwemvelo kweenkqubo kwemali ehlabathini yaqala i "umgangatho igolide", esebenze ukususela 1867 de 20 zenkulungwane yama-20. Formation lobume mali kwaba kulogo. Umfutho ephambili ukuba MBC Paris wakhonza njengoko revolution industrial kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye yandisa umgangatho ngegolide urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale nkqubo mali yile ilandelayo:

• nokuqiniswa igolide Fixed kwemali.
• Indima ndlela imali yentlawulo kunye nehlabathi wakuzalisa negolide.
• Engamaphepha mhlobo CB yatshintsha igolide ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Xa intliziyo zokunaniselana parities zegolide. Ukuphambuka izinga lotshintshiselwano kuvunyelwa ngaphakathi parities emali, nto leyo ayila usisigxina.
• Xa izithuthi ngamazwe, kunye negolide waqonda wesikiti.
• Ngaphakathi, ubonelelo imali ngokuhambelana oovimba zegolide likarhulumente, ezilawula ngokuzenzekelayo yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo odola States.
• Ukungabikho eseleyo lwentlawulo, wayifulela yi ngegolide.
• Phakathi States intshukumo mahala yegolide.

Eli nqanaba uphuhliso hayi kakhulu, hayi ngaphezulu, leyo yafika ekugqibeleni nasekusungulweni inkqubo yemali jikelele. Paris inkqubo yemali ubunzima ukusuka-non ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho nxaxheba kwiimalike zemali ehlabathini jikelele. Flow egolide phakathi kwamazwe akusoloko kunjalo. England usesikhundleni karhulumente oyintloko zemali, ukulawula nje kuphela umdla bank kodwa ukuhamba yegolide. Esona sizathu siphambili uphuhliso ngempumelelo "standard igolide" ayikho ukusebenza kwayo inkqubo, kunye nophuhliso enocwangco uqoqosho lwehlabathi kwixesha impi.

"Umgangatho exchange Gold"

Amanqanaba Ukudaleka yenkqubo yemali jikelele iquka ukongamela kwalowo "umgangatho gold", ezenzeka ukususela ngowe-1922 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-30. Emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi sase sisele ngokwayo nabo bonke uzilawula noqoqosho phakathi kwamazwe amabini babuyiselwa, kukho imfuneko ukwakha MBC entsha. Kule nkomfa, umbuzo wakhulela Genoa ukuba kumazwe zongxowankulu ayikho igolide ngokwaneleyo ukulawula ubudlelwane kwi icandelo wolungiso yorhwebo lwangaphandle kunye neminye imisebenzi. Ukongeza ngegolide, imina yaseBritani , kwagqitywa ukuba akhuphe US dollar. zemali ezimbini baye bathatha indima yezixhobo yentlawulo ngamazwe kwaye wafumana Isaci isihloko. System wathabatha Germany kunye Australia, Denmark kunye eNorway. Ngokutsho imigaqo yalo nkqubo phantse iyahambelana ngokupheleleyo ezihlangwini wayo, inkqubo Paris. parities Gold zaye zigcinwe, kwaye indima imali lehlabathi siphathiswe ngegolide. Kwemvelo kweenkqubo kwemali jikelele kukhokelele ekubeni ezinye yamaphepha esizwe awuyitshintshanga ukuba igolide kwezinye iimali, ochazwa ngokuba sisaci ukuba ngoko kuphela kwaneso bullion igolide.

Formation of the yokuxhomekeka yokuqala

inkqubo World lwemali kunye ngendaleko zabo, ingakumbi ukwamkelwa "umgangatho gold", yakhokelela ekubunjweni ukuxhomekeka lokuqala amanye amazwe phezu kwezinye. Kwakukho ezimbini kuphela iifomathi exchange lwemali kazwelonke igolide. Le ngqo, eyenzelwe iiponti zeedollar, leyo wadlala indima izilogani, yaye ngqo, kuba ezinye iimali kule nkqubo. Kule esidityanisiweyo MBC isicelo i ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano. izizwe zehlabathi ukusetyenziswa ngoncedo utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, baba benyanzelekile ukuba ukuxhasa naluphi na utyeshelo lwemali kazwelonke. Yeyona ukuhanjiswa neemali zangaphandle phakathi kwamazwe obenza isiseko ukuyilwa ubudlelane.

standard exchange Gold akazange elide main MBC. Emva nokuphelisa kwentlekele 1929 - iminyaka 1922, le nkqubo sele zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Sele 1931, i-United Kingdom nethe ngokupheleleyo umgangatho igolide devalued oncomekayo wesikiti. Ngenxa yoko, aliqela kumazwe aseYurophu, kuquka India, e-eYiputa eMalaysia, kwakukho ukuwa lwemali kazwelonke ngenxa ubudlelwane obuluqilima Great Britain ngokwezoqoqosho. Ngowe-1936, umgangatho yegolide bamshiya Japan kunye neFransi. Ngowe-1933, eMelika, xa ukulahlwa engumzekelo ngokutshintshiselana amanqaku zegolide, akuvumelekile ukuba kumazwe aphesheya kwaye yokugqibela bathatha indawo dollar ukwehla kwi ngokomyalelo 41%. Eli xesha, nto leyo nasekusungulweni kweenkqubo lwemali jikelele ezakuwakhumbula ixesha elide, kuba iye yaba ingongoma lenguqu ukuya lwemali ukusasazwa imali Kwiat igolide, ngamanye amazwi, iimali ngetyala.

"Standard Dollar"

Kwidolophu eBretton Woods ngowe-1944 kwiziko kwingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe kwahlanganisana amazwe 44. Kwaye kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano kwi ukuyilwa amazinga otshintshiselwano isakhiwo korellirovannyh uhlobo adjustable. Le nkqubo iye kuma-1976 ukuya 1944. iimpawu zayo eziphambili zezi:

• Indima imali yehlabathi egolide. zemali parallel efana njengoko idola kunye esikiti.
• Kwasekwa amaziko amazwe ngamazwe zemali afana Monetary Fund International (IMF) kunye World Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Umsebenzi ophambili lombutho kukulawula ubudlelwane zemali phakathi kwinkqubo yehlabathi Member States. Lonke ilungu IMF ngokuzenzekelayo idlalwa njengelungu le-World Bank.
• Liqalise inkqubo umlinganiselo adjustable, nto leyo evumela ukuba mhlawumbi ukugcina izinga lotshintshiselwano kwi kwinqanaba elifanayo, okanye silungise oko ngamalungiselelo angaphambili kunye IMF. Kwacetywa ukumisela iirhafu kwinqanaba eyayiza kwenza States ukuba ngempumelelo ukuphuhlisa ngenxa iinzuzo urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye capital spillover. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuphumeza le nkqubo, ehlaziyiweyo izifundo.
• Isikhonkwane i dollar kwigolide. Kwemvelo kwenkqubo global ngezimali (ngokufutshane ngazo kweli nqaku) kukhokelele kwinto yokuba onke amazwe ziye zafuna zolondolozo dollar. Ilungelo lokuba enze sisananelo intsimbi anqabileyo kuphela Melika kwi $ 35 ounce nganye. Elinye iLungu States benze isaziso iimali zazo ngegolide okanye zeedollar, uyabaxhasa ngokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa ezo iidola ezifanayo yinxalenye yommandla wentengiso exchange angaphandle.
• Formation of oovimba kwiNgxowa-ngamazwe. Reserve igalelo karhulumente ngamnye kugqiba umthamo urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye kwakuhambisana ukuya 1/4 zegolide okanye zeerandi kunye 3/4 ye-currency yesizwe. Ukuba umyinge kwingxowa ifuthe ngqo mali avumelekile mboleko lwemali angaphandle kwi-IMF.

isimo emhlabeni ebudeni "standard dollar"

Le Ukudaleka iinkqubo kwemali jikelele, leyo gqabagqaba ngomzekelo ezikhoyo nemigangatho ixesha, kukhokelele ekubeni ngexesha i "umgangatho dollar" kwicala lophuhliso kuqoqosho lwehlabathi saqala ukucela uRhulumente "enkulu asixhenxe". Bona kwabalelwa malunga 44.8% evoti. America owned 18% ne-Russia - 2.8%. Oku wabumba peculiarity ukuba America kunye nezinye "asixhenxe" States angasebenza ngqo kwi ukwamkeleka okanye ukwaliwa kwaso nasiphi na isigqibo. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwesi sakhiwo sele yabelwe isixa esikhulu ngokwaneleyo kwezibonelelo ebonakalayo kuphuhliso inani elibalulekileyo amazwe.

Kwemvelo yenkqubo yemali jikelele: isakhiwo-mboleko kwi itafile ngexesha i "standard dollar"

Nangona isithembiso nkqubo, ayizange ihlale ixesha elide ngenxa umahluko angundoqo loqoqosho lwesizwe zehlabathi. inkqubo Qalisa ngozi wamnika inkqubo yentlawulo ukuswela America, olwaboniswa eedollar njenge lwemali reserve lwehlabathi. Ngo-1986, i-US intsilelo lwangaphandle wayelingana billion 1 zeerandi. Phezu kwako nokunyamezela le meko, isenzeko kwaba nemiphumo yaso. Ngowe-1971, uMongameli Nixon uyala ukuba isikhonkwane imali yesizwe negolide, njengokuba iNkampani ulindele ukwehla kwamandla emali, kwaye aqalile ukuthenga negolide Melika, ngokungqinelana ne-izibophelelo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba athengise. Dollar ukhululeka abhabhe ngokukhululekileyo, eli xesha "standard dollar" nto iphelelwe.

"Amanyathelo siboleka ekhethekileyo Standard"

Nasekusungulweni kwale nkqubo yehlabathi emali, ishwankathelwe umbuzo kweli nqaku zange ukuma ngxi, yaye endaweni "umgangatho dollar" kuza "amanyathelo yokubolekisa ekhethekileyo eqhelekileyo." Yena yafunyanwa kwisithuba ukususela 1976 ukuya 1978, kwaye lisetyenziswa namhlanje. Iimpawu eziphambili izibonelelo zilandelayo kuqwalaselwa iinkqubo kwemali Jamaica:

• ulahliwe enkulu umgangatho yegolide.
• Demonetization ngegolide ngokusesikweni samkelwe. Indima intsimbi elixabisekileyo njengoko ekubalekeleni lehlabathi intlawulo.
• On igolide parities ban.
• iiBhanki ezingoovimba igcinwe ilungelo ukuthenga nokuthengisa negolide imveliso eqhelekileyo ngexabiso kwimarike free.
• Ukwamkelwa olusezantsi SDR, nenokuthi isetyenziswe njengemali ehlabathini, kodwa kusetyenziswa njengesiseko sokubala amazinga otshintshiselwano, izinto ezisemthethweni. CRA aza kusetyenziselwa-uhlobo ngamazwe zokuhlala ngeendleko amangeno-akhawunti kwaye iyunithi ye-akhawunti ye-IMF.
• Indima zezimali reserve, idola yaseMerika ababeyiqwebile uphawu waseJamani, lo omhle esikiti kwaye franc Swiss, yen Japanese kunye franc French.
• Izinga Exchange ezidadayo, amiliswe kwakunye nokufunwa kwimarike imali yelinye ilizwe.
• States banelungelo ukuseta imo ngenxa lwemali kazwelonke.
• nokunyuka kwemali asikiweyo azilawulwa.
• Formation of iiyunithi okuvala imali yeloo lizwe ifomati, nto leyo ithathwa nxaxheba kwi-IMF, waba zomthetho. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi kolu didi wemfundo - i European Monetary System (ER).

Inkqubo yemali yehlabathi: udidi zazivelela nonlinear

World inkqubo lwemali umyalelo imbonakalo yazo zikhokelele zokusekwa kwe-European Monetary System, nto leyo isebenza iseti lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho malunga nokusebenza kwemali ngaphakathi uhlanganiso zoqoqosho lwaseYurophu. EMU - licandelo elibalulekileyo yonke MBC. Isakhiwo iqulathe amacandelo amathathu aphambili:

• ECU umgangatho omiselwe-1979, nto leyo ichazwe indlela entsha reserve ECU, nto leyo yenza njengoko ifomati eyenzelwe abantu 12 zemali yaseYurophu.
• Free lencopho ezinxaxhileyo izinga kuludwe phakathi kwe 15%, zombini phezulu kunye ezantsi. Zakha indlela iirhafu exchange nongenelelo.

Okwenziwe ngokubala yeeyunithi uhlobo SDR kwaye ECU ayikwazi kusetyenziswa imali yokwenene evela ngenxa kudityaniswe iqela kwamazwe. Ukususela ngowe-1999, amazwe ali-11 ngaphandle kwe-15 ziye zavuma ukuba ziqaliswe Ukubolekisa lwemali olulodwa - euro. Sele ngo-2002, elo lizwe, nto leyo enika imvume nokwamkelwa yelizwe entsha leyo ngokupheleleyo indawo yaseYurophu yaye lishiywe ngokupheleleyo imali yayo.

Ziziphi iindlela kufuneka ihlangabezane nxaxheba i "euro"?

Evolution kwenkqubo imali selizwe lonke, kwi ulandelelwano lwamaxesha apho kuxoxwa ngasentla, uye kuphela isakhiwo yomgama. Branch waba EMU angazibandakanya naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini, nto leyo eya kudibana inani le migaqo:

• akufuneki sibe ngaphezulu kwe-1.5% ngaphezu ixabiso yokusebenza ezifanayo kwi kummandla kumazwe amathathu kunye nokwanda ezincinane ixabiso lempahla kunye neenkonzo Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kweli lizwe.
• Intsilelo mali kweli lizwe kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-3% of GDP.
• ityala likarhulumente kufuneka ibe phakathi-60% ye-GDP.
• Izinga imali kangangeminyaka engama-2 kufuneka singaweli kwipaseji ebekwe yi imigangatho EBU (+/--15%).

inkqubo Monetary ayinikiwe kumazwe asakhasayo, ulawula nje kuphela imicimbi intlawulo yemali, kodwa ke nokuphuma kwemali yangaphakathi. Le isicombululo asebenzisekayo ehlabathini namhlanje. Kwangaxeshanye, nasekusungulweni iinkqubo kwemali lwehlabathi kunye neengxaki zale mihla inxulumene ukususela imvelaphi yalo mthombo enye.

MFS Communications and iinkqubo zesizwe zemali

Nasekusungulweni kwale nkqubo currency lwehlabathi, nto leyo kuxoxwa ngokufutshane kweli nqaku waqala isakhiwo esisebenza izenzekele isekelwe phezu zolondolozo zegolide, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe yala maxesha kwisakhiwo ekujoliswe kwaye ilawulwe, olusekelwe phezu izixhobo eziphathekayo iphepha-credit. Uphuhliso MBC linyathelo kwayelo kulo, kunye nothotho engama-10, kunye zigaba okuvelelayo ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo emali yesizwe. isakhiwo wemali utshintshwe ngegolide umgangatho nezinkozo bullion wegolide kuqoqosho lwasekhaya, koko kutshintshiselwano legolide, yaye ekugqibeleni bafika kwindlela iphepha-credit, apho indima ephambili bobabo ityala amaziko.

Makhe siyibeka iyonke ngoko yaba inkqubo wemali ihlabathi. Le theyibhile ingentla iya kuvumela ukulandelela amanqanaba eziphambili izinto zazivelela.