Xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano. lencopho system rate

Izinga lotshintshiselwano ibizwa ngokuba ngenzuzo iimali mazwe mabini. Ngamanye amazwi, ixabiso lwemali eveze kwiiyunithi ezahlukeneyo.

Iindlela amazinga exchange setting

Kufuneka ukuba babenolwazi iindlela ezikhoyo sentlalo amazinga otshintshiselwano:

• Kwi Ngenxa ukulingana yegolide. Iimali zinxulunyaniswa ngegolide, zinxulumene omnye komnye ngentlawulo ezinzileyo. Ngaphambili, umgangatho igolide yaba komlawuli lohlobo kwimarike auto zehlabathi.

• Ireyithi eme. Ibhanki engundoqo imisela izinga lwemali kazwelonke. Oku ikakhulu uphathelene imida ukuhla simahla imali kazwelonke, oko kwenziwa ngenjongo yokuba sinjalo soqoqosho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ukuthenga Central Bank okanye wathengisa isixa ethile imali yelinye ilizwe.

• Incopho ngerandi. Kuthatha isigqibo ngenxa yokuba ubonelelo kunye nemfuno okunzulu mda. Kulo mzekelo, izinga unaniso ixabiso kuvuselele ye lwemali kurhwebo exchange angaphandle. Xa imiqulu ukuhla, Rhweba ngaphakathi no Rhweba enye, ubume iintlawulo kunye nokulungelelana kurhwebo akukho ndlela ulinganiselwe.

Ukuba iindlela ezimbini zokuqala zicacile ukuqonda, lencopho izinga lotshintshiselwano kufuneka ifundwe banzi.

Yintoni izinga lotshintshiselwano bhetyebhetye?

Incopho okanye izinga lotshintshiselwano flexible indlela apho amazinga otshintshiselwano kwimarike kuyohluka ngokuxhomekeke unikezelo kunye nemfuno. Xa iimeko ezamahala oscillation linokwanda okanye linciphe. Kukwaxhomekeke kwimisebenzi kwerandi kwi emarikeni kunye yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo karhulumente.

Kuthiwa ulawulo amazinga otshintshiselwano okudadayo ngokukhululekileyo kufuneka isizathu nokusekwa ngeranti kuvuselele. Xa kunjalo, eli lizwe liya kuba umthamo owaneleyo ukulawula imeko yezoqoqosho engekho yempembelelo lwangaphandle. Kodwa enyanisweni, izifundo bhetyebhetye na ukuba imzisele isenzeko imikhwa ukungazinzi kunye bangazinzi. Le meko kungenzeka ukuba mandundu yi yokufika mali ngumyinge.

Isiphelo kwezivumelwano utyalo-mali norhwebo kunokuba nzima kakhulu ukuba amahlakani awuqinisekanga malunga nokwenza inzuzo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, amazwe Kungangcono ukuba ulungise amazinga otshintshiselwano kunye nokusetyenziswa ngoncedo. Kodwa ke kaninzi ke yona ibe manipulation ngeranti ukuze bafumane iingenelo ukukhuphisana kurhwebo namanye amazwe.

Ukudala inkqubo ngerandi engenasigxina

Ngowe-1976, intlanganiso ye-IMF weThutyana yiKomiti, apho kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano Jamaica. Le nkqubo neemilo demonetization yegolide lenguqu ukuya kumazinga exchange zokudada. Kwi-Russian Federation wabekwa umthetho indlela efanelekileyo ka November 15, 1991. Inkqubo rates exchange okudadayo wayenempebelelo kwakunye nokufunwa ziyafumaneka kwi kwiimarike lwemali karhulumente.

Kweentengiselwano yorhwebo awugubungele umngcipheko currency baqala ukusebenzisa phambili iimvumelwano. Le ndlela iye yaphinda yathandwa kwi ekupheleni 60s. Eli lixesha yamakishwa kutshintsho kolawulo phenyane, intlekele ekuyo i-nkqubo eBretton Woods, kwakunye Market exchange angaphandle.

Izizathu ngokudala inkqubo entsha

Ngenxa okungazinzi kweemalike kunaniselwano namazwe angaphandle 1964, kwabhengezwa ukuba convertibility iintlobo zemali zehlabathi Japanese kunye nezinye. Ngenxa yoko, i-US uphelelwe ukukwazi ukugcina ixabiso ounce yegolide. State senze ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso. Kakade ke, urhulumente US uthathe iqela amanyathelo ukuze kuliwe le meko, kodwa abazange ukunika iziphumo ezidibanisayo.

US kwamatyala angaphandle luyanda kunyaka ngamnye, kodwa inkoliso yeengxaki dollar ngo-1970, nto leyo echaza ukwehla kwezinga lenzala. Kunyaka olandelayo, lomncono yelizwe iintlawulo okhe waneengxaki intsilelo olomeleleyo. Free ukuguqulwa zeerandi ezili zegolide wamiswa.

Ukugcina inkqubo eBretton Woods sele kwenziwe lukhulu. Ungenelelo elibiza 5 bhiliyoni. Dollars akazange ukunika iziphumo. Emva kokuba ukwehla i-dollar nge-10%, kumazwe aphuhlileyo wenza kutshintsho ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano.

ukususwa lobunzima

De kwangowe-1973, kwenzeka ukuba imali okulungileyo imisebenzi iimali. Kodwa ukususa iinzuzo kwerandi kwakukho iingxaki emva kokuba irhafu esisigxina azisekho ezifanelekileyo. Kule ulawulo amazinga otshintshiselwano okudadayo ngokukhululekileyo kwakhokelela ekubeni imilinganiselo yeebhanki ezinkulu. Ngelo xesha elinye inani elikhulu zamaziko zemali ezichatshazelwe kakhulu. Emva kokuba le nkqubo sele ngokomthetho, ubudlelwane zemali jikelele baqala samazwe ukuba ummiselo.

Xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba ezidadayo izinga lotshintshiselwano ukuba ukuphelisa inkoliso nezingeloncedo iingxaki. Nangona iingenelo ngomthetho, banalo neengxaki. Kuqala kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba hexa aphezulu kwiiyunithi kwemali (i awo of ukuhla nokunyuka kwexabiso ekuhambeni kwexesha). Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kuchaphazela kakubi imisebenzi kumazwe-import ngamazwe.

Indlela khona eRussia

Emva kokuba olungagqibekanga, owenzeka ngo-1998 kwi-Russian Federation, kunyaka olandelayo yaphehlelelwa kwi lwemali nolawulo olulawulwayo. Ukususela ngoku, urhulumente iye yakwazi ukunciphisa ubungakanani nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo kwicandelo likarhulumente. Incopho izinga lonaniselwano zincediswe ukuqaliswa ibhaskiti lwemali. Kwakugcwele indibanisela euro dollar. Ngenxa yesi senzo ithuba ukomeleza ulawulo lwenkqubo yemali.

Emva kokuba kuqaliswe le ibhaskiti currency lwaqhutywa, le engange ifumene orientation phezu iiyunithi ezimbini ezizezona zibalulekileyo ehlabathini reserve. Kwangaxeshanye, wafumana ixhomekeke kangako kwi US kuqoqosho.

Ukuba ixabiso ungaphandle engobozini kabini lwemali, urhulumente unelungelo lokungenelela iikowuteshini kwimarike exchange angaphandle. Okwangoku, lo mgaqo azisasebenzi, kwenzeka ntoni emva kwentlekele jikelele. Urhulumente ungenza lijongene lwemali, kungakhathaliseki ukuba khosi.

Ncokola lencopho ngerandi

Le indlela inika ukwala karhulumente karhulumente ngokupheleleyo ukuze ukulawula imali yesizwe ngokumalunga neeyunithi emali yamanye amazwe. Ncokola lencopho izinga lotshintshiselwano kuthetha intshukumo izinga lotshintshiselwano, nto leyo uzimisele kuphela ngokutsha lushishino kwaneliswe nemfuno.

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ingqalelo usebenzisa inani elincinane amazwe. Ivame kakhulu likhulu izinga ezilawulwa lonaniselwano esijingayo. Uyakhululeka ukufaneleka mkhulu, kuba ixabiso ziyohluka ngaphakathi sikhokelo lusekiwe. Xa ifika omnye imida yenzelwa ukuzinzisa kukutshintsha izinga nge abasemagunyeni emali. Ivame kakhulu ukuba wenziwe ukuguquka imisebenzi kwimalike evulelekileyo evela yogcino, kunye lwemali kazwelonke.

imisebenzi ukuguqulwa Isiphumo

imisebenzi Conversion na iintlawulo amele ukuba athenge okanye athengise iiyunithi lwemali bombane-kusekwa sakhelo sexesha, umthamo kunye nezinga. States ezisebenzisa lencopho kwaye esisigxina ngerandi, uyakwazi ukwenza le misebenzi. Bona bayakwazi ukuphembelela imeko yemali kwishishini, kummandla othile kwaye uqoqosho ngokubanzi. Kuba inzuzo ngale ndlela kufuneka aqonde kakuhle lo mba.