Mongol-AmaTatar - imbali Russian bayobamba komhlaba

Lokuqala Mongol-Tatar Ukuhlaselwa Russia ngokusebenzisa emathafeni oLwandle Omnyama waqalisa kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIII. Genghis Khan (Temujin) eyenzelwe oko ukwandisa imeko zalo ezinkulu, apho ngeli xesha waneka ukusuka kunxweme iPacific kuya oLwandle lweCaspian.

Emaqeleni akumazantsi kunxweme oLwandle Omnyama ngelixa izizwe Polovtsian waphila. Baza baqala ukubiza uncedo weenkosana Russian, besithi, ukuba namhlanje Mongol-AmaTatar nisithimbile kumazwe Polovtsian, ngomso nokufikelela ezweni Russian.

Ukuvela, iintshaba ezintsha ngaphambili ayaziwa enamandla, wabangela luloyiko olukhulu eRashiya. Kuphela abalawuli amazwe akumazantsi bagqiba ukunceda Polovtsy e utshaba ekuthinjweni. Kokuba bamanyane umkhosi, kodwa boyiswa ngokupheleleyo kwi-Battle of the Kalka River. Mongol-AmaTatar kwakhona ngequbuliso ndagqiba kwelokuba ashiye ilizwe Russian emva kokoyisa kwakhe.

Ngowe-1227 ezingazange Khan wafa ngaphambili impahla yakhe enkulu zahlulwe phakathi koonyana bakhe, olawula zonke ukunikwa ngelixa Udyog.

baya Inxalenye ilizwe kunye nomzukulwana Genghis Khan, Batu. Wagqiba kwelokuba afune banqande umgaqo-utatomkhulu wakhe nokwandisa imida impahla yabo entsha.

Ngowe-1236, enempi enkulu AmaTatar eyayikhokelwa Batu Khan lula wathimba ikomkhulu iVolga-Kama Bulgars, isixeko Great eBulgaria, yaye ngowe-1237, ndisondela kwimida Ryazan ubulawuli. Batu Khan wathumela izigidimi zakhe kwiinkosana lendawo igunya lakhe kwaye uyavuma ukuba ahlawule izishumi. Abo ngebhongo wathi, "Yonke sowenu, ukuba kwemkiwa."

iinkosana Ryazan wabhenela umthetheli Vladimir. Kodwa ke iziphumo nempembelelo yexesha elide eqhekekileyo kobunye phakathi kwabantu Rus. Vladimir Prince kaYuri Vsevolodovich ugqibe ekubeni angakuniki uncedo, nokulungiselela idabi kulwa ngokwabo.

Wonke ubulawuli Russian wazibhokoxa ukumelana lithemba lotshaba, kodwa kuphela abakwazi ukumelana amajoni wawo Batu.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe ilizwe Ryazan, i Mongol-AmaTatar waya Suzdal. Njengekomkhulu ubulawuli, isixeko Vladimir, yathinjwa waza watshiswa. Ilandelwe yi Rostov, Yaroslavl, eMoscow, yaseTver kunye Suzdal. Kulo mhlaba akukho ilali mnye, kuba zazingathandanga ukuba kube mkhosi mkhulu kunene, nangokubulala, ukutshisa yonke endleleni yayo. A Grand Duke uYuri Vsevolodovich wabulawa Idabi komlambo City.

Kwiminyaka emibini, ayehlasela AmaTatar woyisa lonke kumntla-mpuma weRashiya. Namandla kakhulu komsindo waba abahlali kwidolophu encinane Kozelsk. Kuba oku abahlaseli kunqunyulwa bonke ukuba umntu, kodwa amabhodlo kuphela nengasekhohlo kuko esixekweni.

Ngowe-1240 imikhosi Batu kaThixo zifakiwe nommandla kumzantsi-ntshona Russian. Pal Chernigov ne Pereyaslavl. Ebusika 1240 waye bamba of Kiev yi the Mongols. Russia ilizwe.

Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, eli hlokondiba babeyihamba iHungary, eSilesia, Moravia kunye Poland. Kodwa Tartars elide akukho njani ukumelana bawa umva. Kakhulu ntshona imida yokoyisa baba Volyn ubulawuli Galician.

Emva koko, i-Mongol-AmaTatar wagqiba ukuba bahlale kumzantsi-ntshona we-Russian Plain wasungula Khanate entsha - Golden mkhosi. Ngokomthetho, oko ilawulwe omkhulu Mongol Khan, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe yaba geqe. Zolotaya Orda wayelawula phezu onke amazwe Russian kuLwandle Black mmandla, Urals kunye iinxalenye emaqeleni West Siberian.

Tatar khan akazange kuziphelisa abasemagunyeni weenkosana Russian, kodwa wavuka phezu kwayo. Emva kokuba ukuqondwa lezikhulu ngamandla otshatsheleyo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, abakwazi ngokusesikweni alawule siyehla ezintlokweni zabo, ukufumana babizwa ngokuba "ileyibheli". Batu ngokobuqu kugwetywa nguwuphi iinkosana Abasindileyo le ubulawuli leyo ukunika ebhodini. Amandla iinkosana Russian phezu kwabantu bakhe ngexesha elifanayo anda kuphela njengoko ngoku wayekholose abantu amandla lwangaphandle olumbaxa Golden mkhosi.

bonke abantu oozilawuli iye awo ngocoselelo yaye kuhlawuliswa kwi irhafu enzima. Ekuqaleni, imali yakhe ebizwayo Baskakov - amagosa athile anayo. Maxa wambi oku kwenziwa abarhwebi kongakholwayo ngubani evela namali zabo uhlawule irhafu ukuya ubungakanani eyimfuneko uze emva koko abeke okwalo ukusuka abantu balapha, bakhupha phezu kwalo.

Ukuphanga, ukuhlukumeza kunye nobundlobongela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuba uphakamo ethandwayo nxamnye nangezinto. Kodwa abalawuli wasekuhlaleni wazama ukuba zithetha-thethane loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, ukuba kuziswe phezu kwabantu bakhe kwakhona kukutshabalalisa. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV abasemagunyeni Tatar kuseyinto kube lula ngakumbi ukuba owonithemba ukuqokelelwa irhafu ngqo kwiinkosana Russian.

Amandla iGolden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, ngokuthe ngcembe buthathaka - abalawuli omeleleyo akasekho, kunye neenkqubo zembujiswano Khans sibe kuphela meko. NgoNovemba 1480 kwi komdlalo isigqibo kunye kwi Ugra River imikhosi iinkosana Russian bakwazi ukuzuza Mongol-Tatar umkhosi. Ngenxa yoko bahlaseli kwanyanzeleka ukuba kubuyela kummandla wabo. Ngoko ke yaphela omdala ushukuxwa Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe, Russia kwakhona yaba free.