Karhulumente yaMandulo Midia: kwikomkhulu, labemi. ulwimi namaMedi,. History of Iran

ubukumkani namaMedi,, xa wabumba umanyano wesizwe, ithatha indawo elikhulu kwimbali kwezopolitiko, kwezenkcubeko nakwezoqoqosho yamhlamnene. Le yenye ithi apho abaninzi wabhala nokuzilolonga, ezinxulumene ngqo nayo. Kuvela kwixesha ukususela 670 BC. e. 550 BC. e., kodwa ngexesha ngexesha layo yona Wasolula banzi kakhulu imida eziqhelekileyo uhlanga.

nendawo

Xa ilizwe elikhulu yamandulo Oriental, ezicatshulwe njengoko amaMedi, ngoku ise entshonalanga indawo ngenkcazo, eyeye Iran. Kwimephu yehlabathi lamandulo ngayo maluquke indawo omhle apho inomda ukuya emantla yaba umlambo Araks kunye Elbrus, kwaye i-West - iOfele inkulu mihla zeZagros entabeni kuluhlu. Emazantsi karhulumente amaMedi iye kuphelela kuLwandle lweCaspian. East yommandla ithanda ityuwa entlango Dasht-e Kavir, ngoku ngundoqo Iran.

Ukuvela karhulumente

Sisihlandlo sokuqala yamaMedi badibana encwadini yeembali Asiriya Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane 9. BC. e. Kwiincwadi zakhe nguHerodotus ubiza izizwe e Media, kwiindawo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, kwaba zabo self-isiqu. Izibhalo ezingcwele zazo imeko yamandulo sithetha "ilizwe Aryan."

Xa izizwe Iranian ukusuka Central Asia wangena ummandla Iran mihla, akwaziwa. Uninzi ngembali oyikholelwayo ukuba senzeke 2000-1500 BC. e. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ekuqaleni bakha ubuhlobo yezizwe yemveli, endingowakhe ngokwezizwe ndawo. Noko ke, sele kwiinkulungwane 9-8. BC. e. utshintsho kwenzeke. Bathi ezinxulumene ukufika zezizwe ezintsha. The State of Media kweli xesha luphawulwa mandundu lilungu Iranian abathetha kamva owaba evelele.

C 8. BC. e. kwi kummandla yamagunya elizayo eqala ukuvela imibutho yokuqala encinane. It is a uhlobo karhulumente-mmandla, eziphawuleka kakhulu phakathi kwawo Mans. Oko kukuthi kwixesha elizayo ibe liziko yezoqoqosho neyenkcubeko zamaMedi. Ngenxa yoko, kwindawo ethile kwindawo enye bekukho imibutho yesizwe kunye entsimini kaRhulumente. Ngokutsho neerekhodi yekaHerodotus, abantu ezibenza, oko kukuthi umseki i Midia karhulumente - is Deioces.

Deioces (Dayukku)

Deioces ekuqaleni waba nomgwebi lowo, malunga nama-670 647 leminyaka. BC. e. Waba ngukumkani yokuqala zamaMedi. Ngokutsho ubungqina esishiyekileyo yekaHerodotus, inegunya elikhulu phakathi okusesikweni nabo abalaseleyo walawulwa yona, liya kwenza isigqibo imbambano ngokwengqiqo ebanzi, ngoxa kwilizwe lonke kwaba mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Kungenxa yeso sizathu ke wonyulwa ngumgwebi. Ezi Deioces iimpawu wayesazi yonke iimbaza, ngoko emva kwentlanganiso elandelayo, wonyulwa ngukumkani. Into yokuqala owenza irhuluneli - edibanisa izizwe ezintandathu: abaqhelisela imilingo, iibhasi, struhatov, arizatnov, budiev kunye paretakenov. On imiyalelo yakhe, urhulumente yamandulo bafumana imali yayo ngokohlobo isixeko ezintsha of Ecbatana.

ookumkani elandelayo bamaMedi

Malunga ookumkani wobukumkani bamaMedi ababhali yamandulo Ukucengceleza inani eziphikisanayo. Kangangethuba elide maxesha umgca phezu kwimibhalo yekaHerodotus, ingqalelo imithombo inokuthenjwa.

• Fravartish okanye Phraortes (malunga 647-625 BCE ...) - nyana Deioces (ukumkani wokuqala), ngubani ilifa amandla akhe. umlawuli udumo kunye zemfazwe, wayekhe wadlana emfazweni nxamnye namaPersi oyiswe kubo. Ekubeni oyiswe kunye nezinye iintlanga, ekugqibeleni yatshatyalaliswa ngama-Asiriya.
• Cyaxares, okanye Cyaxares (malunga 625-585 BCE ...) - ngqo emva kokumkani yangaphambili. Yaba nguye lowo wazisa ukuyalela umkhosi; umabela kuyo iintlobo izixhobo kunye neempawu. Kwithuba wokulawula Cyaxares uwa lokuhlasela yamaSkitiya kunye nephulo yesibini eAsiriya.
• Ishtuvegu okanye Astyages (malunga 585-550 BCE ...) - unyana ka Cyaxares, kunye nokumkani namaMedi, wokugqibela. Xa Midia emva yoyiswa namaPersi wegazi imfazwe seminyaka emithathu.

umphakathi namaMedi,

Okwangoku, ababhali-mbali baye inani elingonelanga ngezakudala kunye nezinye iinkcukacha eziya ukuhlola inkqubo loluntu kunye nesakhiwo imo zamaMedi. Ngokwamanani zakudala, iye kancinane wafunda, kunye nemithombo ezininzi (isixeko archives) okwangoku kombiwe. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingcebiso ukuba kwiinkulungwane 9-8. BC. e. NamaMedi wayehlala kwidemokhrasi yasemkhosini. Enyanisweni, eli xesha imele inguqu ukusuka kuluntu zakudala ikhoboka ekuqaleni. Neentsika aphambili ezoqoqosho agriculture kunye izilwanyana, ingakumbi namantshontsho, kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa nokuphuhlisa.

nempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhliseni uluntu waba nempumelelo emkhosini, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente pretty silwe. Iimbaza kwiimfazwe loloyiso with "abamelwane 'wakhe wawumdibanisa impucuko kakhulu waseMpuma. Ngenxa yoko, kuqala, kwintshona kweli lizwe, waza waqala yonke ukwandisa inani emigudwini khoboka, nesetyenziswa kuphela endlwini yobukumkani, kodwa kwi tempile kumakhaya yezikhulu. Emva koko, mhlawumbi, kwaba ukuxhatshazwa amalungu oluntu kwaye ngenxa yoko, nogonyamelwano olungathwethwisa kakhulu udidi kukuqiniswa. Esi sesinye sezizathu ukuba buthathaka karhulumente kunye nokufikeleleka kwayo kuloyiso kumazwe angabamelwane.

Elikomkhulu isimo Midia

Isixeko capital amaMedi Ecbatana (ngoku Hamadan) yaye zibekwe entlambo echumayo. Ababhali-mbali baqikelela ukuba ibisekwe malunga 3000 BC. e., nangona yokuba imithombo-Asiriya zibonisa 1100 BC. e. Bobubele Ecbatana baba kaHomer. mbali yaMandulo poliby nenkcazelo ukhankanya ibhotwe izigaba 7 achazwe apha enqaba elunge emasikwini ukungabikho olupheleleyo iindonga zesixeko. Zonke iziqwenga iinkuni zazakhiwe ngemisipres nemisedare, nezimiso zamatye, ngemiqadi iisilingi wayaleka izitya zegolide nezesilivere, kwaye iibhodi zokuxhoma zenziwe ngesiliva ecocekileyo. ngokweekholamu Gold yaye etempileni le Aisne. Isixeko sele baphanga Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Owayesakuba Ecbatana, ngoku Hamadan (ingasentla) sesinye sezixeko endala nje kuphela Iran kodwa ehlabathini lonke. Waye ke nangoku singqongwe ziintaba eziluhlaza. Ubuhle bendalo kunye nembali eminyaka ubudala nomtsalane kubakhenkethi abaninzi.

Culture Media

Kwinkulungwane 7. - kwisiqingatha sokuqala BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6. e. Midia karhulumente yaba liziko inkcubeko Iranian, apho kamva waboleka baza namaPersi. Yinto eyaziwayo nje kancinci. Kutshanje, ulwazi kuphela ukugcina umfanekiso kwi-BAS-imikrolo waseAsiriya. Idatha uNothozamile afunyenwe ngenxa ngabembi ukuvumela ukuba ndigwebe malunga sesakhiwo karhulumente yamandulo. Ngoko ke, abembi aseJamani ogrunjiweyo yaba km 70 ukusuka Hamadan etempileni umlilo ukuthandana emva kwinkulungwane 8. BC. e. Uphethe imilo kwedayimani. Ngaphakathi, isibingelelo siyakhuselwa ukuphakama 1,85 m, eliquka amanyathelo amane kunye cap.

Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ihlabathi lamandulo, ukuba abantu belimiwe imeko yamandulo, baba ngeendlela ezininzi ezifanayo amaPersi, xa Vol. H. Kwaye uhlobo amasiko. Amadoda ayenxiba eguye elide kunye neenwele. KumaMedi enxibe iblukhwe emfutshane kunye neebhutsi (ezifana namaPersi), kunye ingubo ende evakalala enemikhono evakalala ubotshwe umbhinqo, apho imvelaphi inyuselwa akinak - ikrele elifutshane. Marine axhobe imikhonto ezimfutshane kwafuneka namakhaka eziethe wambu ngesikhumba. AmaMedi waba amahashe kakhulu. Ukumkani walwa ngeenqwelo zokulwa, umi khona embindini yomkhosi. Nezikhali, njengezinye izizwe ezininzi Iranian baba ipleyiti, bagqubuthele kuphela abakhweli kodwa ngamahashe.

Religion ku Imidiya

Kunzima ukucinga, kodwa Media (Iran mihla kwimephu yehlabathi) yande, senye yeenkolo endala - wabhala, kunye Islam kula mazwe beza kakhulu kamva. It esuka ekutyhilekeni umprofeti Zarathustra Spitama, nemfundiso kwenza isiseko bonke yokuzikhethela umntu ukhetho elungileyo ngamazwi, iingcinga kunye nezenzo. Kuthathwa ukuba namaMedi, ukumkani wokugqibela Astyages wabhala fumene unqulo karhulumente. Ngoku iye yasinda kuphela kwiindawo ezincinane of India, Iran, Azerbaijan Tajikistan.

Ezi mbaza waba lonqulo Ardvisura Anahita - uthixokazi wenzala. Kwisixeko iphambili uhulumeni itempile yayo.

Language Media

Phakathi izazinzulu zakha imibono emibini ulwimi namaMedi,. Abanye uqinisekile ngokupheleleyo bobukho bayo, abanye - aphike, ekholelwa ukuba abantu bamandulo babethetha iziyelelane eziliqela, nto leyo kunye zenza olunye nolwimi Persian - Iranian yamandulo. Le ngxoxo bakhetha kwinguqulelo sesibini ukungabikho weqondo efunekayo kweentsapho phakathi inzala yamaMedi: .. nokusungula, Tat, Talysh, amasela, njll Kodwa kunjalo siya kuthathwa ngokuthi ulwimi oluthethwa e-Media Ekbatanskogo County lwesigodi. Mhlawumbi, oko ingqalelo karhulumente.

Kakade ke, kukho naye kwathiwa, kodwa ngelishwa ayifumanekanga ezikhumbuzo yayo. Qaphela ukuba yokubhala eyayisetyenziswa yi amaPersi, iqhelene Urartu ngoonobumba. Yena, ke, akwazi ukufumana kwabo kuphela zamaMedi.

Fall wombuso

Njengelizwe Midia yaphela malunga 550 BC. e.

Cyaxares ukumkani namaMedi, emva kokuba ukugxothwa evela kwilizwe yamaSkitiya wenza umfelandawonye zomkhosi nxamnye neBhabhiloni eAsiriya, leyo itywiniweyo yi kumtshato umzukulwana wakhe unyana kaHaloheshe umlawuli waseBhabhiloni. Ngo-613 BC. e. umkhosi united bahlasela yaye limisiwe iNineve. I-uBukhosi baseAsiriya wawa, kunye kwitekisi awo yahlulwa phakathi namahlakani. WamaMedi waya kwinxalenye esemantla. mpi indawo tu Union inqaba. Ngenxa yoko, ukumkani waseBhabhiloni wenza isivumelwano kunye umlawuli oselula ukuvelela oyisa wasePeshiya, owathi ngo-553 BC. e. Wabuza imvukelo nxamnye kolawulo namaMedi,. Imfazwe lweminyaka emithathu. UKumkani yamaMedi, UHerodotus, wangcatshwa umphathi wakhe. Ecbatana kwaba nobudlova, kunye uKoreshi of the Achaemenid ubukhosi, waba ngumlawuli uBukhosi basePersi. Abantu Media ukugcina amalungelo athile kuwo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha yaphakamisa imvukelo nxamnye irhafu phezulu kakhulu.

Nanamhla oku khange walondolozwa akukho bungqina ebhaliweyo karhulumente yamandulo njengangaphambili, engqongwe ngabantu Sea lweCaspian kunye Dasht-e Kavir entlango, kwakunye uluntu namaMedi, kunye nabalawuli balo. Izinto ezembiwayo imizi mussel akazange ndawo, yaye ikomkhulu lalo Ecbatana kudala elangcwabekayo ngaphantsi emathunjini mihla Iranian Hamadan. Iinkcazelo ye nguHerodotus efanayo kunokuba engacacanga Isazinzulu mashumi yakutshanje ziingubo mbuzo ngakumbi nangakumbi rhoqo.