Karamzin. Imbali isishwankathelo sebali: "Marta-yeRhuluneli Umfazi, okanye ukoyisa Novagoroda"

Ezi amaxesha ezintsonkothileyo nzima iRashiya, nto leyo eye kunzima kunzima ukumelana i Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe. Kungelo xesha ke ndithi abhalelwa kwesi sishwankathelo mveliso. "Umfazi uMarta-yeRhuluneli, okanye I Uloyiso Novagoroda" - incwadi yembali leyo ichaza ukuba zingaphi igazi labantu abamsulwa yanwenwela ilizwe Russian. Ukuthintela oku, i-Grand Prince of Moscow Ivan III waba yokuhlanganisa oozilawuli Russian ifukame Nebhanile yayo bonke abo wayengenakukunyamezela idyokhwe esikhohlakeleyo iGolden mkhosi. Noko ke, yena engavumi ukuthobela State abanekratshi Novgorod ukuzimela.

Ngaphezu koko kuya ukuchaza ngakumbi isishwankathelo. "Umfazi uMarta-yeRhuluneli 'bali iqulathe izinto ezinomdla ukuba ngexesha Novgorod wawalwela amalungelo abo yamandulo kunye namalungelo, eyenziwa wabanika izikhulu ezinkulu. Ngokomzekelo, igama Prince Yaroslav waba affirmative amalungelo abo.

Karamzin: "Marta-yeRhuluneli Umfazi", enesiqulatho ibali elifutshane

Novgorod wabona ukuba ukruthakruthwano onjalo uya eninzi intlungu, kodwa kungekhona umbingelelo ikratshi lakhe. Kwaye Veche lwedolophu intsimbi ubiza bonke abemi ukuqokelela kwi-Square Great ngoko nangoko.

Abantu abavela kulo lonke indulumbane apho, navuso yi ukubharhula kukuqhaqhazelisa yakhe lemvula. Abantu bahlanganisana afuna ukuqala seSigqeba.

Ephambene izindlu ilitye elimhlophe bahlanganisana Yaroslav posadniki iimbasa esifubeni sakhe, izinduna kunye amalaphu anomyalezo, abadala ngezixengxe zesilivere kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi.

Ngesiquphe, ngomhla eKalvari, okanye, ngenye indlela, Vadimova, apho isithombe marble Vityazya Vadima wabonakala umthunywa - a omthembileyo ukumkani John Prince.

ummeli-lizwe

Yaba Prince Holm, obekumele ukwazisa abahlali Novgorod ukuba ngoxolo bazithobe neemfuno ze-Grand Prince of eMoscow hayi ukuzisa impixano ukuphalazwa kwegazi. Wabaxelela ukuba abantu love ukuzimela asendle, kodwa isilumko - umyalelo ukuba akukho lobuzwilakhe kweli lizwe ayikwazi kuphunyezwa.

Waqhubeka ukuba iindonga Novgorod wazalwa waza waqinisekisa ukuba lobuzwilakhe yelizwe Russian. Esikhulu Rurik waqala apha wenze okusesikweni nobulungisa, ngenxa yale hero Varangian of Novgorod baqala ukoyika zabanye abantu.

Intetho lo nozakuzaku akawuvali umlomo yaye ngumsindo, waza wabakhuthaza ukuba isazela yabantu yazikhalimela ukuba baphosa abazalwana Russian kwi inceba loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, yaye ngokwabo ngeli xesha, nempumelelo yaye singqongwe kubunewunewu. Moscow, Kiev, uVladimir Abaphalaze igazi abavikeli zabo. Russian, yambethe ngekrele, kumkhawulela abasemzini, kwaye Novgorod yokubawa athathe ngeengalo zam, wazibawela impahla yabo enkulu, igolide nesilivere.

ukusebenza ngamandla kakhulu kubantu ngomdlalo wabo aku- ukusebenza "Umfazi uMarta-yeRhuluneli, okanye ekoyiswa Novgorod." Ushwankathe- ngakumbi iya ukuba Prince uYohane wafunda yelenqe wabaphathi Novgorod kunye lutshaba Duchy of Lithuania kunye Poland, endithethisa ukuba ezi abasemzini kuyikhobokisa, kuba kusoloko kusenzeka kwabo ngokungakhathali kufuna ukuzimela evela bakowenu. Ukholelwa ukuba ungasenako ukuphepha ukuqhekezwa karhulumente Russian, emva kwayo yonke le nkathazo apha. Akugqiba intetho yakhe, Holm uye ngokungqalileyo yaye bafuna impendulo ebantwini kunokuba khetha uxolo okanye imfazwe.

it Marfa

Ngaphezu koko ezinomdla kakhulu ilenze isishwankathelo yakhe sebali. Umfazi uMarta-yeRhuluneli yi izandi athi cwaka kwazo wangena nqanaba yesinyithi isithuba ngokungqalileyo. On ubuso bakhe funda intlungu nozuko. ngomoya waqalisa intetho yakhe ezikhuthazayo yaye yathi ukuba ekunene inokuba umlweli wenkululeko, njengoko kwaba yoyise wendoda, nendoda yakhe wafaka intloko yakhe, ulwela lo mzi mkhulu.

Abantu baphulaphula oko umoya bated. Waza waqhubeka intetho yakhe ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba ityala abantu ukuba akazange wabandakanyeka yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye , yaye baphambuka boyisa Mongol-Tatar, xa neengcwangu Batu yagqiba ekubeni ibachithe isixeko sabo. It kubhiyozelwa kunye nangooyise bayazi ukuba baya kufa edabini, kodwa ke musani ukuba ngamakhoboka, sazama amanye amakrele abo ngaphandle ukungazithembi. Ngoku Veliky Novgorod achumayo, nabarhwebi ezininzi zahluke, ukumana esiya ekhayeni lakhe, bathi isixeko sokuhomba enjalo akambonanga naphi na. Kwaye akukho Akumangalisi ukuba uYohane ngoku ibona bonke ubuhle kunye nobuhle Novgorod, ufuna ukuba abalawule.

Yaye ngoko umda nokuba uba isishwankathelo sebali. Umfazi uMarta-yeRhuluneli ihlabela mgama isithi ukuba izulu ngobulungisa, ukuba ukunyoluka azigqogqayo, asililo isidima nozuko, iya kungekudala hit ilixa abakhululekileyo nabangamakhoboka lokugqibela, kwaye ngokulahlekelwa yinkululeko uya kubuna, kwaye ngumthombo wobutyebi, ubuqaqawuli lomzi liya kwenziwa mnyama, yaye uya kujika zibe ngamabhodlo ebuhlungu. Abantu babengcangcazela nangoburhalarhume ekhala "War John! Siya kufa ngenxa looBawo Freedom! "

Ambassador Moscow wayesazimisele ukuthetha into, kodwa watsho phantsi - isihlwele abazange baphulaphule yaye phantse wayaphula. Yena ke buhlungu esikhulu umphefumlo wathetha ilizwi lakhe zokugqibela: "Makubekho imfazwe!" - ngokukhawuleza Baphuma ke edolophini kunye nabantu bakhe.

impi

Kakhulu umdla ichaza amalungiselelo sebali imfazwe "Umfazi uMarta-yeRhuluneli", enesiqulatho elifutshane ibali ngakumbi uthi, xa ufike intsimbi alarm, abantu baqalisa ukuba ukulungele ukuthatha idabi lokugqibela. Kwaye ngoko nangoko uMarta wakhawuleza ukuya umdala bahanahanisi amalungisa uTheodosius, owathi, emva kweminyaka engama-70 yenkonzo kwilizwe lakhe bayishiya ephithizelayo behlabathi kwihlathi elishinyeneyo. Yaba nguye lowo wamxelela ngengxaki likaxakeka, kodwa uMarta ngenkani. Yena weza naye umfana oselula, Miroslav waza wafuna ukufumana intsikelelo evela kumadoda amakhulu ukuya edabini. Emva koko uMarta ungxamile ukutshata ukuba intombi yakhe Xenia. Ngaphambi kokuba impi, baye satshata, yaye ubhishophu ebekwe aselula eSt Nozipho Cathedral. Ngoko Miroslav waba yinkokeli Novgorod amadoda.

UMarta wayenethemba Pskov akayi kuma bucala, bona babe emanyene anike umkhosi wakhe, kodwa abavumanga ukuxhasa imvukelo Novgorod. Kungekudala kwafika iindaba uYohane nomkhosi kungcono bafudukela kwisixeko esikhulu. Komele Miroslav waya kubakhawulela.

ukulindela

cwaka eyoyikekayo kuhlala kwisixeko ilindele, iicawa kuphela zivaliwe iingcango zazo, abantu abaseleyo waguqa ndamgocagoca ukufunda moleben. Ukuze ixesha elide kwakungekho ndaba. Ngomhla kwidabi, uMarta, kunye nesithuba eliphezulu ngokungqalileyo wabona ilifu uthuli. Wokuvala amehlo akhe, wathi: "Miroslav wafa, uYohane ophumeleleyo!"

Ngenqwelo kulo mzi bazise umzimba Miroslav ababuleweyo amajoni ndithi amadabi ezoyikekayo. Russian baba nxamnye Russian, amajoni omabini wayefuna ukungqina ukuba nokuxubana. intiyo yabo mutual yeyona nto imbi! oonyana ababini uMarta wabhubha naye.

Kodwa ke idabi wahamba, uYohane, xa kungquzulwano ngqo akakwazanga ukumelana Knights Novgorod, ngoko ke baya zokungqinga elide. City waqala ukulamba kulo abavikeli inkululeko baqala ukufa.

I uTheodosius enkulu, wemka isango layo baya kungena kuwo umzi kwakhona yaba Posadnik, kodwa emva kokuba uloyiso yena sasekhohlo phezu izitshixo isixeko kukumkani kuYohane waza wacela kuye inceba ngenxa yabantu, ethembisa imbuyekezo ukuba aba bantu baya simkhonze ngokuthembeka.

xolela

Prince of eMoscow ugqiba ukuxolela abantu Novgorod, kodwa oko akuthethi iphele isishwankathelo. UMarta-yeRhuluneli Umfazi nentombi yakhe Xenia akakabi kugqitha isohlwayo wakhe ovuthayo. Kubo, kungekudala uza kwakha itheko, apho uMarta ngebhongo liphuma kwaye yazisa ebantwini yafa ngummi Novgorod, ngoxa bona bakhonza uYohane.

Kwangaxeshanye, intsimbi inqaba yamandulo isusiwe naxa uthuthwa kuye eMoscow.

Xa intwana yayo eyodwa "uMarta-yeRhuluneli Umfazi, okanye ekoyiswa Novgorod." Isishwankathelo, ngelishwa, ayinako le ndebe ukudlula isimbo eliqaqambileyo amandulo kanye ukunambitheka obungaqhelekanga, ngoko ke kungcono ukufunda ngokupheleleyo kulo msebenzi.