Izikumkani yaMandulo Tmutarakan: inkcazelo, imbali kunye nommandla

izikumkani yamandulo Tmutarakan - le yenye ngawona qembu, kancinane-yaziwa, i-engile, Yaba likhaya eMpuma nokuxubana. Ivela kwi Taman lizwe.

Overview

ubulawuli Tmutarakan ezazikho ngexesha X-XI eminyaka. Yayikumgama ezimbalwa kwiikhilomitha ezilikhulu ukusuka kummandla eziphambili Kievan Rus. La mazwe babohlulwe emaqeleni Sea Black, umiwe mbuya.

capital ubulawuli waba Tmutarakan. ingcaciso ngqo malunga kumhla ukulawula yalo kurhulumente Kievan akukho. Mhlawumbi, le nqaba yoyiswa Sviatoslav Igorevich ngexesha lamaphulo wakhe wasempumalanga nxamnye Khazars. Emva koko watshabalalisa capital yotshaba Sarkel phezu kweenxweme Don, mhlawumbi batyelela Taman Peninsula.

port Commercial watsala abarhwebi ezininzi ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yale ubulawuli yaba Tmutarakan kakhulu zamazwe ngamazwe phakathi amaphondo Russian. Apha Babephila Khazars, amaGrike, amaYuda, kwakunye nabantu abaninzi eCaucasus kwiiOssetian, Alans, etc ...

Ukuvuma Kiev

Ngenxa indawo yayo geographical izibuko waba ibhulorho phakathi eRashiya Byzantium. Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich wathumela kummandla unyana wakhe Mstislav namagorha, owayelawula apha kule minyaka 990-1036. Mhlawumbi oku umBhaptizi of Rus Tmutarakan eqhotyoshelweyo isimo sabo. Inyaniso kukuba ngexesha imfazwe Byzantium, wangena kunye nomkhosi kwi eCrimea, leyo wahlukana nezibuko lexinene encinane. Ngaphambi kokuba Tmutarakan abenaso Byzantium. Amakhosi eConstantinople ngexesha iingxaki ayikwazanga ukulawula iikona qelele amagunya alo kunxweme kuLwandle wasentla Black. Xa wabhaptizwa Russ, uVladimir akwazi ukufumana Tmutarakan njengommeli lalo isisongelo emathafeni.

Mstislav

Unyana wakhe Mstislav rhoqo ulwe iimfazwe kunye nabamelwane balo. Ngoko ke, ngo-1022 xa wayelungiselela iphulo nxamnye Alan imigodi. Xa imfazwe Mstislav yaba njengehlakani baseByzantium Empire, nayo leyo walwa kummandla kulwa nobukumkani Georgian. Olu ngquzulwano kwaziwa ngenxa yokuba kwi intsomi yaqhubeka inkumbulo dueling komdlalo alimwi Russian kunye Rededi. Yaba isizwe wengingqi Prince Kasogs. Ngokutsho nesiko lasekuhlaleni, impixano phakathi imikhosi yayinokuconjululwa emva ezimbini zokucwangcisa, phakathi kweenkokheli zawo. Ngenxa yoko, oyiphumeleleyo ezimbini zokucwangcisa, phakathi Rededi kunye Mstislav nako ukufumana yonke owned umphikisi wakhe. prince Russian ikwaze Kasogs. Mstislav wachaza isiphumo into yokuba Lady wethu uxolo kuye.

Emva kokuphumelela Tmutarakan umlawuli wathabatha umfazi wakhe kunye nabantwana Rededi. Ukongeza, yena wafuna irhafu bonke Kasogs. Zokucwangcisa, wavela yeziKronike eziliqela yamandulo, kwaye abakhankanywe "Lay", yaye ngaloo ndlela yaziwa ngokubanzi. Ngumzobi odumileyo uNikolay Rerih kuboniswe lo mbandela kwi ngelaphu ngo-1943, ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, ngokugqithisa uxinezeleko kakhulu lupwa yokuqikelela uloyiso phezu utshaba ndamthiya.

Kwemfazwe Kiev

Mstislav obunazo musa kunqumama ubulawuli kude Tmutarakan. Wayefuna ukufumana eKiev. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokufa kukayise, Vladimir Mstislav Svyatoslavich wathi imfazwe nxamnye nomntakwabo Yaroslav Izazi. Wasilela ukufumana Kiev, kodwa wabathimba Chernigov, owenza indawo yakhe. Noko ke, Mstislav walibala ngayo Tmutarakan. Ahlela iihambo eziliqela ezintabeni. Ngowe-1029 yena walwa yasami. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva le zithuthi Russian Wabonakala kuLwandle lweCaspian, kunye nomkhosi Slavic wada waya eCaucasus, kummandla samandulo Arran. Ngeli xesha Tmutarakan inkxaso Alan. Le dolophu likhaya ezahlukeneyo bamazwe kunye mercenaries ezivela kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Mstislav i Bold yaba ngumKristu zinyibilike. Emva kokoyisa Rededi wabeka ilitye yokuqala Tmutarakan etempileni. Emva kokuba zokutshatyalaliswa kwesixeko, wathi folokohlo - amanxuwa ayo esafunyanwa zakudala mihla. Emva kokufa Mstislav nakuzingela 1036 le ubulawuli Tmutarakan wabuya wemka, waya kubathetheli Kiev.

esibulalayo, izikhulu

Emva Mstislav Vladimirovich ngohlangothi Ezomva iinkosana yagqiba zokuxhatshazwa kwabantu abo babethunyiwe apha mhlawumbi ngaphantsi kweminyaka okanye ngenxa uhlobo zenkohlakalo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1064 kukho imithetho umzukulwana Yaroslava Mudrogo - Gleb Svyatoslavich, lowo bagxothwa yi umzala wakhe Rostislav Vladimirovich. Kwizikolo ezikude evela Kiev wenza Tmutarakan enkundleni elula for olungenasiphelo iimfazwe zamakhaya. Abathetheli evunyiweyo apha kaninzi ngenxa mercenaries phakathi mbuya Polovtsian. Akumangalisi ukuba iirhuluneli ezimbalwa wavuma kulawula kumngcipheko ezisemajukujukwini zombini Tmutarakan ubulawuli. Mountaineers kunye emathafeni baba Usongo abahlali balapha.

Ngowe-1069-1079 gg. kwimithetho baht Gleb - Roman. Yena wabulawa Polovtsi ngexesha elinye imfazwe. Wee guququ phezulu apha yokugqibela Tmutarakan Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. Yena abe ngumlawuli Chernigov, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubudlelwane ezimashakeleyo kunye kwetrone Kiev, kwafuneka ukuba abalekele eziphelweni zehlabathi. Waye waseRoma ngexesha lephulo yakhe yokugqibela aluphumelelanga. Ukuba wamaRoma wambulala, ngoko Oleg wasiwa ibanjwa yanikwa amaByzantine intlawulelo. Ngeli xesha, umlawuli eConstantinople, yaba sizana Prince of Kiev - utshaba Svyatoslav. Ngoko ke, kangangeminyaka eliqela, Oleg waba esekuthinjweni kwisiqithi yaseRhodes. Ngeli xesha e Tmutarakan namandla zithe saa amakhosi. Apha ngokufutshane ivuthwe inzala ka Yaroslava Mudrogo - iinkosana esibulalayo kaDavide I. kunye Volodar Rostislavich. Kwintsimi ubulawuli Tmutarakan udushe ingxokolo Polovtsian. AmaGrike ayekholelwa ukuba umhlaba wabo kunye wengingqi Russian abathetheli baphathwa bemanyene akhonze elifutshane elide.

Oleg Svyatoslavich

Ngenxa wabaphangi Polovtsian umlawuli omtsha Aleksey Komnin ngo-1081 wagqiba ekubeni lirhoxe ingcikivo Oleg. Ngeli xesha, Chernigov ekuthinjweni ukuba atshate intombi yamaGrike, sendiselane kunye neentsapho odumileyo yeengcungcu waseConstantinople. Ngowe-1083, enkosi inkxaso soMhlekazi waba nako ukuphumelela Tmutarakan ubulawuli endala Russian. Oleg got isihloko archon (okt irhuluneli asebukhosini). Ezi meko zinje sahlala iminyaka elishumi, xa iphondo yaseluxolweni kunye norhwebo inzuzo.

Noko ke, ngo-1094, Oleg wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele ekhaya. Wahlanganisa umkhosi Polovtsy waza waya koyisa Chernigov, abalunikelwayo kwakanye olawulwa uyise. Ekubeni imfazwe yaqala, Oleg kunye Vladimirom Monomahom. Ngenxa yokuba Tmutarakan umgxothwa bazisa eRashiya ngu aweza loonothwal waza waqalisa imfazwe nongenanceba, kaloku igama elithi Gorislavich. Ngowe-1097 Oleg ekugqibeleni got Novgorod-Seversky. De kokufa kwakhe, akazange abuyele kude Tmutarakan.

End Tmutarakani

Ixesha lokugqibela eli ubulawuli Tmutarakan ekhankanywe yeziKronike Russian ngo 1094. Emva koko, enyeleni zakubon 'ukuba zivaliwe umke ezweni labo kunina. ngcembe labantu Russian liphelile. Kwinkulungwane XII amandla Taman lizwe ugqunywe Byzantium. Kanye ngo-1204, Western Omnqamlezo wayithimba eConstantinople kwi amathanga Sea Black walawula umbhodamo lokugqibela amabhodlo yokugqibela karhulumente eyemka ngayo kweli lizwe. Apha kwaqalisa kubungangamsha impahlana. Kodwa nakuba kunjalo, kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwi iibhanki wabonakala Taman trading thanga Genoa, obarhwebi ezinikwe Western Europe izinto ezingaqhelekanga oriental evela eCrimea kunye Kuban.

Ukufunda imbali ubulawuli

Tmutarakan ubulawuli endala Russian kunye neempawu zayo, yaye namhlanje ezitsala ingqalelo iingcali ezininzi: mbali, abembi kunye endaba. Xa isayithi ye-amathanga Russian zamaqula namhlanje, ukunceda ukuphakamisa ikhuselo vu phezu ubomi kaRhulumente. Coins Tmutarakan Duchy umdla ethile. Wonke irhuluneli entsha baqala zazinegama imali yayo. Systematization ulwazi malunga imali ephakathi ezikhutshiweyo Tmutarakani, likuvumela ukuba ufunde okungakumbi ngoko urhulumente nocwangco.

Ukususela kwixesha eladlulayo, nathi kwakhona emanxuweni iicawa zamaKristu. Enye zobuntlola Soviet nabo bafumana necropolis. Ukongeza, kufutshane dolophu kwakukho eMonastri lamaKristu.

ngenx Tmutarakani

Tmutarakan waba inqaba ngeendonga ukuzithethelela. Iingceba inxenye yabo basinda. Le dolophu sakhiwa izihlandlo eziliqela. Kwi X Ngenkulungwane, oko kumiselwa isicwangciso esitsha, nto leyo obabulingana iincam. Tmutarakan ubulawuli Kuban ilifa ilizwe, ukunika inala yesivuno. Kwikomkhulu, ecaleni kwindlu nganye oovimba zabo okanye izisele ukulungiselela injongo efanayo.

Imbali Tmutarakan ubulawuli kwakhona efundwayo izinto zekhaya ezifumaneka ngexesha emsebenzini zakudala. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izilawuli ze Kievan Rus, apha eninzi wasebenzisa kwimveliso zokubhala baseByzantium. Oku kungqinwa ngu iseramikhi isixa esikhulu afumaneka (imiphanda, amphora kunye t. D.). Ayimangalisi into yokuba ezinye izinto ezenziwe ezibhaliweyo efumaneka Tmutarakan, ebhalwe ngesiGrike. ezafunyanwa Slavic kule nqaba zinxulunyaniswa ikakhulu kunye nezikhulu ezo zinto, abalindi, abakhonzi neemonki Orthodox. Tmutarakan - wayenovimba rarities olubalulekileyo ngorhwebo umsengi, leyo lwaqhutywa kwi izibuko lobulali. izibuko lula watsala abarhwebi abavela kumazwe awahlukeneyo.