Izenzakalo Eyingozi zejoloji kunye neenkqubo

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yeentlekele-langa zendalo kunye neziphumo zazo ibonisa ukuba abantu mhlawumbi hayi noko ngokwaneleyo bafunda kwezi nkqubo kunye noonobangela bazo, okanye awukho umthetho imigaqo yokhuseleko kwiindawo ezinobungozi.

Ukuba kungenjalo, bekuya kuba iingxwelerha ezininzi apho. Inani labo ebonisa ukuba iziganeko ezinobungozi zegeophyisical zejoloji nangoku kwinkqubo yokufunda zizazinzulu kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Ingcamango ntlekele

Nayiphi kwizimanga zendalo esizakukhokelela kwayo okanye utshintsho kwimeko-bume, bafanelekile ukuba iintlekele zemvelo.

Basenokuba zejoloji, yesimo, zemozulu, nemin, bemvelo, eziphilayo, okanye umlinganiswa isithuba. Okubangelwe ngomnye wemiba ukuba utshintshe isakhiwo, imilo okanye iimpawu zemozulu le iiplanethi ngokubanzi, kwaye kummandla othile. Ukongeza zendalo, kukho zobunjineli eziyingozi kunye neenkqubo zejoloji ngezimanga, amaxesha amaninzi wabonakalaliswa ngexesha lokwakha kwindawo engalunganga, okanye ungenelelo kwabantu nendalo.

Le mbono "ububi" lisetyenziswa kwimeko lweziqhamo ezinkulu etshabalalisayo kwizimanga zendalo. Igama elithi "wemvelo" kule meko ithetha uhlobo olungxamisekileyo ye eyabizwa. ukufunda ixesha elide isakhiwo Umhlaba, imozulu kunye nendawo emajukujukwini, kwakunye nezixhobo lichaneke and sensitive, azisoloko nako "ukulumkisa 'abantu malunga ngengozi esondelayo. Umzekelo, ukwenzeka kwetsunami kunzima ukuqikelela, bengazi malunga neenkqubo ezenzeka emgangathweni wolwandle.

Ukuze ukuchonga utshintsho kunye neentlekele zendalo, kukho imibutho ezikhethekileyo ehlabathini lonke.

Ingcamango yokuba kukho iintlekele neznye

Iingozi zokwakheka komhlaba ivamile kule mihla. Nangona uqikelelo rough izazinzulu, Umhlaba kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-4.5 billion, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezisemajukujukwini, kusenjalo iplanethi entsha, abadlulayo amabanga yabo yophuhliso.

Iingozi zendalo imvelaphi yedeskthopi - intlekele eyabangelwa kwimeko lithosfere le planethi. Ezi ikakhulu ziquka iinkqubo yesimo - iinyikima zomhlaba kunye mlilo. Disaster nature yedeskthopi - landslides kunye mudflows. Bonke babe amanqanaba abo amandla, oosonzululwazi abafanelekayo ngomlinganiselo okhethekileyo.

Ukongezelela ukufunda iziganeko ezinjalo, kukho inani kwemigangatho kunye nemimiselo, nokubonelela ezingxamisekileyo baphume abantu kunye nokuphelisa lweziqhamo iintlekele zemvelo.

iinyikima

Zonke iinkqubo esivulekayo izibilini Umhlaba, baye babonakalisa kumphezulu wayo ngohlobo neenyikima. Ezo izenzakalo zejoloji eyingozi ezinxulumene yokuba iinkqubo ziitectonic plates umhlaba lwangaphakathi kuchaphazela maleko yayo yangaphandle.

Imperceptible abantu, kodwa umgibe ubuchule ezibuthathaka ukuhamba ziitectonic plates ebangela amazwekazi ukuba sihlala motion. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo ezintabeni kunye iziphene kwi noqweqwe. Konke oku unobangela neenyikima. Ezinye ungqameko ye lithosfere phantsi ingubo koMhlaba, ngoxa abanye kuvuka, yaye lo msebenzi ngokuqhubekayo luphawulwa imimandla emibini yenyikima planethi - lweMeditera-Asia Pacific.

Umsebenzi omkhulu wezazi izazinzulu kukuba ukufunda amandla ezichaphazela kuqweqwe lomhlaba, kunye namandla zobungakanani yabo. Ukuze ubone amandla iinyikima kukho kwitafile ekhethekileyo apho ubunzulu kunye namandla nefuthe ayinakutshintshwa ngayo amanqaku.

Victims ukunyikima

Kukho ubungqina bokuba kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho Iingozi zokwakheka komhlaba. Imizekelo yalo - waya ngaphantsi kwamanzi okanye imizi kutshatyalaliswa. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, amandla kunye nezihlandlo iinyikima 10-12 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo lalilikhulu kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo ngokuthe eyekelel 'umxakatho izibilini Umhlaba.

Noko ke, kweli xesha lethu imizekelo emininzi inyikima, ufuduswe umke ngexesha elifutshane amawakawaka ubomi babantu:

• Indonesia Year 2006 - 6618 amaxhoba.
• Indonesia ngo-2009 - abantu abangaphezu kwama-1,500.
• ngonyaka Haiti 2010 - 150 000 amaxhoba.
• Japan 2011 - abantu abali-18 000.
• Nepal 2015 - ngaphezu kwama 4,000 ufile.

La eziyingozi zejoloji kwenzeka ekuqaleni 21 kwenkulungwane th, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba umsebenzi ngaphantsi ziitectonic plates kule planethi yayisathe phezulu.

mlilo

magma etyhidiweyo kwi core ityhalela rhoqo, kwaye xa ngenxa kwipleyiti iziphene shear ziitectonic plates neentanda kuvela, oko phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu Lisuka nje ukuya kumphezulu uqweqwe. kobungozi bendalo Ngoko kuyabonakala - iintlekele zejoloji njengoko mlilo.

Izazinzulu niwafake ezintathu iintlobo mlilo :

• An mlilo eyaziwa ngokuba iqhuma layo phambi impucuko yafika ivela Earth. Kuphela kubume kunye needipozithi yimingxuma, izazinzulu onokugweba indlela enamandla ngayo, yaye xa beyeka ukuba esebenzayo.
• Yi iingozi zejoloji ezi mlilo aleleyo, nangona dubulo yabo yakutshanje Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo. Noko ke, maxa wambi "beze ubomi 'ziinkqubo zenzeka nzulu izibilini Umhlaba. Basimisela usongo abantu, njengoko unako 'ukuvuka' nangaliphi na ixesha.
• Ingozi enkulu ebomini kwabantu mlilo, endihleli ezinzulwini iinkqubo rhoqo ezibangela iinyikima kunye ezikhutshwayo iziqina.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eli nani likhulu mlilo akhawunti ngenxa Nqabakazi Indonesian, eyaziwa ngokuba "Ring yoMlilo". ubude Ncebakazi of km 40 000 ibandakanya ikakhulu lweempazamo ziitectonic plates, eyenza i phantse 90% yazo zonke mlilo ehlabathini.

mlilo Akunjalo eyoyikekayo ngokwabo njengoko nesenzeko yingozi zejoloji ezihambisana nazo - ukukhululwa zegesi kunye nothuthu emoyeni, lava mlilo, nokuphuma udaka, iinyikima neetsunami.

Imiphumo of mlilo

Ngu nesenzeko ezihamba kukujaduka mlilo zezi:

• udaka - luqulathe kwingxelo zomhlaba, linyibilike ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu 1000 degrees okanye ngaphezulu. movement mlilo ixhomekeke balo babulingana nesandla kunye neengcamango entabeni kwaye lisukela cm / h ezimbalwa, yaye ukuya ku-100 km ngeyure.
• ilifu mlilo - enye nesenzeko kakhulu yingozi, kuba iqulathe igesi eshushu kunye nothuthu ukuba atshiswe ngendlela yayo. Umzekelo, kuqhambuko Mont Pelee (Martinique) ngo-1902, kukho ilifu efanayo itshayelwe ngesantya-160 km / h kwimizuzu nje embalwa wabulala abantu-40 000.

• nokuphuma udaka kunye nodaka. Ukungcola lithatyathwe ash mlilo kunye nodaka - umxube zanyibilika ikhephu, umhlaba kunye namatye. Phantsi nodaka ngo-1985 babulala yonke isixeko (abantu abangama-25 000) kwi Armero ntlekele (Colombia).
• igesi mlilo yakhiwa emanzini kunye oxides isalfure, obulalayo ebantwini.

Oku zonke iinkqubo yingozi zejoloji ngezimanga ezinxulumene mlilo. Olu hlobo yintlekele kwabangcangcazelisayo lokuba iminyaka yethu, ngokunjalo kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu.

landslides

Ukuba mlilo kunye neenyikima zizinto yesimo, iintlekele zemvelo ezifana landslides, zekhephu kunye mudflows - a iinkqubo zejoloji.

landslides Cause (rocks etheza) namhlanje 80% umsebenzi yabantu ngqiqweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo emaweni ixesha elide ukuba nomzi kwaye ayikwazi iphathwayo kunye amashumi isithuba, kodwa utshintsho kwithambeka yaseNtabeni, uyothuka wenyikima, imvula phantsi okanye imisinga uyakwazi ukutshintsha yonke kumcimbi lemizuzwana.

Landslides ngenxa yezenzo zabantu linxulunyaniswa nangokukrola imithi, ukufama ngokungafanelekanga ezikwi thambeka lwentaba kunye nokususwa lomhlaba.

Xa oku, indawo leyo bahlala kuyo, kunye nobunzulu umaleko womhlaba, izilayidi bohlulwa babe amancinci, aphakathi kunye enkulu. Xa indawo yezi iingozi zendalo (Shift nokwakheka ebangela rocks) kusenokuba intaba, ngwenya, ezidibeneyo ngumntu. ZifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu - wemihadi, inkunkuma iinkunkuma imigodi, imijelo.

wethala

Enye ingozi kubomi babantu intlekele Udaka. Le ibandakanya amanzi, ubumdaka kunye namatye amaninzi unxulunyaniswa yokukhuliswa kwamanzi emilanjeni entabeni. Nangona wahlala indibano kuthatha iiyure 1 ukuya ku-3, umonakalo ukuba kunokubangela i noqhekeko. Umzekelo, izixeko ezininzi kunye nenani lilonke amaxhoba abantu abangaphezu kwama-50 000 ziye yatshatyalaliswa xa Udaka ePeru ngo-1970.

Unobangela amaninzi ubanjwe nje iimvula okanye ikhephu ukunyibilika encotsheni yentaba. Kumafa yayo, zisasazwe eludakeni, kunye gryazekamennye vodokamennye. Ukuze siphephe amaxhoba abantu, iindawo mudflow ukwakha idama ethubeleza amanzi kodwa bayeke ukuhamba amatye nodaka. Kwakhona Okusebenza ukwakhiwa misele kunye izisele emvula.

Ngqo kwemali ixesha udaka ayikho, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukubala malunga amathuba imvula (in flash imvelaphi) okanye ukwandisa kobushushu (wahlala glacial).

ukudilika

Njengoko uqaphele, ngaphezu kwama-80% of udaka ngenxa yezenzo zabantu. Namhlanje ke abakhenkethi Ski abanqwenela ukufumana "isahlulo" adrenaline. Kwadilika - ubunzima ikhephu, walibumba njengoko oluhlala ezintabeni.

Ngenxa ukuqokelelana kweemaleko ngekhephu zinzima, kodwa akayi kuyaphula phantsi jerk encinane okanye zavuleka. Kuxhomekeka kwithambeka kunye nokuphakama i ithambeka udaka banokufumana isantya ku-100 km / h. Bayehla entabeni, luluncinane ekuqaleni, kwenyusa, "prihvatyvaya 'kumendo ikhephu namatye. Misa Ezincwadini engenakwenzeka. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukufana yayo iyeka kunye ekuhleni ukuya emazantsi entaba.

Ngokwembali le meko nokwakheka uye wancipha ezininzi, ngokwenani na ukuba kuthiwe kukho intlekele ukudilika. Umzekelo, eTurkey ngo-1191 no-1992, amaxhoba esi simanga abantu abangaphezu kwama-300.

Tshintsha umhlaba

Njengoko kubonakala kule nkqubo ingentla zendalo, iingozi zejoloji - definition ibanzi nje intlekele yendalo. Umhlaba Iintlekele aziwayo, nto leyo ibangele utshintsho zehlabathi okanye wengingqi kwemozulu isiqabu isakhiwo.

Ukususela imizekelo iintlekele eziye zenzeka ngexesha lethu, sinako kubizwa ngokuba dubulo lwe Krakatoa (1883), okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu iminyaka emi-5. A intsika igesi kunye nothuthu yi-dubulo lo mlilo luphakame phantse 70 km ngobude, namaqhekeza ayo saa kwi km 500. Ukususela uthuthu, ixesha elide emoyeni, amaqondo obushushu emhlabeni lehla laya 1.2 degrees.

Iimpazamo umhlaba ngamandlakazi kubangela iinyikima kunokubangela ntlekele eziphilayo. utshintsho landscape kubangela ukutshatyalaliswa zokuhlala zezityalo ezikhulayo apho kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo.

Engineering kunye neznye izenzakalo

Unobangela ukwenza izinto ezininzi Iingozi zokwakheka komhlaba yena umntu. Engineering kunye nemisebenzi nokwakhiwa abantu kudala uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo kwi kwiinkqubo ziitectonic plates. Ngethuba azithwale, umzekelo, lunyhasho amadama Umhlaba yenkitha, leyo kuwa phantsi kweempembelelo imikhosi yangaphandle phezu kwabo.

Oku kwenzeka kwinkulungwane ye-19 e-France. Ifunyanwa phantsi umaleko dam yelitye lentlabathi wayengekho ezinzileyo nkxu nezakhiwo ubunzima, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni utshintsho-mhlaba kunye namaxhoba zabantu.

Eziqhumayo zomhlaba kuveliswa ngexesha lokwakha, miscalculation kunye nokunqongophala kolwazi lweenkqubo ziitectonic plates udlula kwinkalo nganye kolu qweqwe lomhlaba rhoqo kukhokelela kwintlekele. Ukuze uphephe oku, liphuhlise imigangatho uphando zobunjineli kunye neznye.

Elula kunazo kwezakhono ezempilo kunye nokhuseleko yabantu ezifundiswa ezikolweni.

Uphononongo lwe ngezenzeko zendalo esikolweni

isifundo esikolweni, ukufunda iingozi zejoloji, ukhuseleko ubomi, enika ulwazi olusisiseko olufunekayo ukuze abantwana baqonde iinkqubo zendalo ezenzeka Earth.

Othi "Iziseko loKhuseleko Life" inikezela imbonakalo yomntu esikolweni ulwazi kunye nezakhono ukuba baziphathe kakuhle, ukuba baphile, ukunika uncedo lokuqala kwiimeko eziyingozi okubangelwa ngezenzeko zendalo.