Nolawulo longcoliseko soil: iindlela instrutsii

Umhlaba njengesakhi esibalulekileyo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Ngaphandle kwalo, bekuya kuba nzima khona on Earth. Umhlaba rhoqo impembelelo anthropogenic. Qho ngonyaka ukusuka emoyeni ukufumana amakhulu iitoni zingcolisi ezahlukeneyo. Oku iigesi exhaust kunye ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwizityalo mveliso. Ngenye lomhlaba, ezingcolisa ezo wabola. Ezinye zazo indlela yokufuduka nophuculo kweyela emanzini. Le dioxides ngophatho iphezulu ingozi kwezendalo kunye nesinyithi enzima, organic kunye nezingaphiliyo ezililize, kunye phenols.

I-inshorensi umhlaba isinki eziphilayo. Ngapha koko, ukuba unako Nokwethisa abatshabalalise ezingcolisayo ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, xa zoqhaphelo aphezulu izinto eziyityhefu ufakwa ukusilela link biosphere. kuzichanaba kunokukhokelela ukuphazamiseka izingqisho ebalulekileyo iplanethi yethu.

iintlobo zongcoliseko

Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukwandisa ukufumaneka kwezinto eyahlukeneyo kwenzeka emhlabeni. Ukuba eli nani likhulu kune imida kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokuvunywe, ngoko kuya kuba ukuthetha ngayo ungcoliseko. Ubukho le nto nga kubethelelwe kwimeko ubukho nkqi naliphi na inani kwezinto hayi ezithile kuyo kwaye kuchaziwe Inqanaba yingozi.

Ungcoliseko lomhlaba zicacisa degrees ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo. Ngamnye kubo features unciphiso ubungakanani imveliso ongaphezulu, kwakunye isixa ngolunya zaveliswa.

Imihlaba kusenokuba kungcoliswe:

- ncanca amatye kunye zokulahla, ukukhutshwa nenkunkuma;

- enzima;

- zinambuzane;

- mycotoxins;

- izinto radioactive.

Imithombo ukungcoliseka komhlaba

On the 'impilo' yale njengesakhi esibalulekileyo senkqubo yonikezelo umhlaba onokuphila lichatshazelwe kakhulu ngokuthi imisebenzi yabantu. Isiphumo kuphuhliso inkqubela obuchwepheshe ungcoliseko ebalulekileyo lomhlaba kunye imithombo yongcoliseko wayo - ilinxuwa ikakhulu industrial ukubonakala ekuvelisweni zesinyithi non-ayoni kwaye ayoni, kwakunye iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo organic, iimveliso chemistry ezingaphiliyo, njl Ubukhulu becala zingcolise okusingqongileyo kunye nemisi .. ukuya emoyeni. Ukusuka umsi industrial zikhutshelwa emoyeni, emanzini nasentlabathini ash kunye uthuthu lweziko, carbon monoxide nesalfure dioxide, nitrate, sulfates kunye like. D.

Nolawulo longcoliseko lomhlaba ibonisa ukuba imeko yabo kakubi kuchaphazela iindidi inkunkuma zeteknoloji, ezo iimveliso, kusetyenziswa mjikelo wemveliso. ukwakhiwa kwawo kunye nobungakanani ezahlukileyo. Noko ke, njengokuba umthetho, hydrocarbon ezahlukeneyo, uluhlu apho izithuthi kuphela kunye namashishini mveliso iquka amagama ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini.

.. I imithombo yongcoliseko kwimeko imveliso iikhompawundi eliphezulu-eziphilayo - izinyibilikisi, monomers, ehlanganisa, colorants, ekwenzeni, njl "Impilo" emhlabeni kunye iimveliso ngokwabo kuthatha kule nkalo: iplastiki, irabha, ipeyinti, etc ...

Xa kungekho utsalo encinane umlinganiselo longcoliseko nokusulungekiswa yeoli. Oku imithombo yendalo isasazeka rhoqo, ekhokelela etyuwa lomhlaba. Ungcoliseko lwenzeka irhasi yokutsha emasimini enxulumene.

izinyithi Non-ayoni kwaye inzima kokusingqongileyo ngenxa ezikhutshwayo zamashishini ezifana:

- zentsimbi eyomeleleyo;

- Mechanical Engineering;

- ngensimbi;

- petrochemical, imichiza, Intlama nePhepha, iinkuni kunye namanye amashishini amaninzi.

Nolawulo longcoliseko lomhlaba wenza kube lula ukucacisa into yokuba ngenxa unyango kunye zinambuzane zinambuzane amasimi, kwakunye ukuchumisa kwenzeka ityhefu lamanqanaba ochumileyo isiqalelo ingakumbi inetyhefu - esiyityhefu. Le into efanayo okusingqongileyo njengoko ngenxa yemveliso ngeglasi, zombala, iiarhente bed, njengezibulali, kunye rodenticides.

imeko Environmental kubi kakhulu xa kuthe kwiingozi zendlela kunye lwemibhobho ezithutha nezingaphiliyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo, kananjalo izityalo ngamandla enyukliya.

ulawulo Ungcoliseko lomhlaba eye wavumela ukuba ukufumana phandle into yokuba ngumthombo ebonakalayo kwezinto engakhiyo indawo apho ukugcinwa kunye nokonakaliswa mveliso, amayeza kunye nenkunkuma zasekhaya. A nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo kunye nokugcinwa amacandelo ahlukeneyo ityhefu.

Imfuneko esweni 'impilo' umhlaba

umoya uwabonisa yaye ngamaxesha athile self-zokucoca amanzi komhlaba ukusuka ezingcolisa. Umhlaba inani elifanayo iimpawu ezithile. It oluhlala amacandelo eziyingozi kwaye ayikho nako ukuze izenze kubo ngokupheleleyo. A imali ebonakalayo ityhefu kukhokelela ukuthotywa inshorensi komhlaba kwaye ukuyilwa kwento ekuthiwa-intlango ezenziwe ngabantu. Oku kubangela ukwanda Iingozi yokusingqongileyo kunye nemiphumela emibi ukuthwala engozini impilo yabantu. Yiyo loo nto ulawulo longcoliseko Umhlaba ubaluleke kangaka, injongo yazo kukuba ukubhaqa nokuthintela iziphumo ezingalunganga kwi biosphere.

Iingxaki mihla

Namhlanje umba yentsebenziswano lomntu indalo ngeliso elibukhali uluntu. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ingxaki ingakumbi nokoyika ukungcoliseka komhlaba lathabatha, kunye neendlela isisombululo sayo kuwugcina umgangatho wobomi babantu abaphila emhlabeni.

Imiba Environmental kufuneka kufumana ukubonakaliswa noluntu. Oku kuya ukugcina ukusebenza ukucoceka kokusingqongileyo, i-ozone, njalo bioturnover izinto. D.

Wenziwe ulawulo longcoliseko umhlaba ubonisa ukuba kukho utshintsho kokuqulathwe izinto, azafunyanelwa ndawo. Oku kuneziphumo impilo yabantu, okukhokelela ukuphazamiseka iinkqubo pathways emzimbeni wakhe nokunqanda isifo esingapheliyo ubume. Ngokomzekelo, izinto umhlaza emhlabeni ngenxa ezikhutshwayo, kubangela izifo neoplastic.

iindlela ngokutsha, ulondolozo lomhlaba

Ukuze ekwahluleni ezingcolisa kusetyenziswa amatanki yokubolisa kunye nokugcinwa. Ezi zithinteli uvumele ukusetyenziswa indlela ityhefu emzimbeni, nto leyo enokuchaphazela okusingqongileyo. Noko ke, ulawulo longcoliseko umhlaba ingqina ukuba eyona ndlela yokulwa yingozi izinto zethu zempilo emzimbeni yabo. mveliso zinetyhefu nga zilahlwe ngqo iindawo zokugcina zazo. Ngenxa yale ndlela ukusetyenziswa ezifana ukutshiswa hydrocarbon, esusa ukungcola, izisombululo ezahlukeneyo bezimbiwa wokuhlamba zomhlaba. Xa kunjalo, xa mveliso zinetyhefu zizinto eziphilayo indlela bemvelo kusetyenziswa. Ubuthi wambi athathwa kwindawo ngokukodwa wadala ukuba processing kunye neutralization amanqaku zabo.

Ekubekwa ngayo iliso

izifundo zempilo lomhlaba olwenziwe kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Kuyafuneka kwaye kwiindawo ezikufutshane izixeko kunye namashishini mveliso. Ukongeza, ukubaluleka na ulawulo longcoliseko komhlaba, ekuveliseni kwinqanaba yangasemva. Libonisa data kwi ungcoliseko emoyeni, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, - umhlaba.

Umgaqo osisiseko kwamanyathelo olawulo

uphando umhlaba isidambisi ke nawuphi na ishishini zijolise ukuchonga imilinganiselo yamanzi eliphezulu ngokuvunywe kunye nemisi. ukulawula kunye neemfuno njengokhuselo lomhlaba zibandakanya ungcoliseko ukukhangela ubukho kwezinto umhlaza. phambi kwabo kuxhomekeke kubukho benzopyrene. Oku ikhankanyiwe IEC 17.4.2.01-81.

Phantsi imithetho ekhoyo, kolawulo ukungcoliseka komhlaba kwiindawo zolonwabo, abancinane eziguqulweyo kunye namaziko onyango yenziwa hayi ngaphantsi kwe kabini ngonyaka - entlakohlaza nasekwindla. Ngokutsho neemfuno ngamaqhinga iindwendwe isampula kufutshane amashishini zoshishino kufuneka iphawulwe ecaleni umoya kumda wesangqa ezikhoyo wavuka.

kumasebe ngamasebe imiyalelo ezizizo ukulungiselela esweni imeko yomhlaba, isicelo kwi amashishini zolu shishino. Ngoko ke, Minneftegazprom yaphuhliswa izindululo kwi imimandla yokhuseleko, kwiindawo kwimveliso petroleum. Balungiselela ulawulo Ungcoliseko oluqhubekayo, uze uchaze izenzo ezifunekayo ukwenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kaxakeka.

iindlela zokulawula

Ukuze kumiselwe nokungcoliswa balo mmandla uphononongwayo isampuli lomhlaba imveliso. Izincomo ulawulo ukungcoliseka komhlaba, nto leyo inokufunyanwa umyalelo nesilungiselelwe ngokukodwa, lubonisa imfuneko yokuba uhlalutyo yemizimba yethu. Oku kuzakuvumela ukuba ukujonga kuvumelekile xi ubuninzi izinto eziyityhefu. Kwanele ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo ngqo iindlela ukulawula ukungcoliseka komhlaba. uluhlu lwabo kubandakanya:

- uhlalutyo ukuziphatha kunye nokwabiwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo Cya, izityalo kunye ezingenamqolo, leyo zizalathisi ye 'impilo' esibekwa umhlaba;

- abangaboni wafumana assessment phytogenesis.

ukulawula ukungcoliseka komhlaba

Atom ukuba elide nesiqingatha-ubomi, ziwe emhlabeni evela ngaphandle, isuka kwi-atmosfere, oko oluhlala kwiingcamba eliphezulu. Le ngxaki kungcoliseko kwimihlaba kunye neendlela izisombululo ayo kakhulu efanelekileyo eluntwini. Ezi izinto uphethe ezinokubeka impilo yabantu emngciphekweni kwaye ubukhulu becala, kungaba kubi imeko eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, ukubekwa esweni rhoqo ukungcoliseka komhlaba.

Ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwakhe aphantsi komhlaba kwesampulu ndlela, apho phantsi uhlalutyo gamma-spectrometric elebhu. Control engenziwa entsimini. Kwakhona kuqhutywa uhlalutyo gamma-spectrometric kunye nokusetyenziswa izixhobo eziphathwayo, "Unikezelo" okanye PSA-88.

Ukubeka iliso amanqanaba zinambuzane

Ukuze ukulawula ukhula, izinambuzane okungafunwayo nezifo fungal of kumhlaba otyebileyo babacukucezela izinambuzane, njengezibulali-zinambuzane. Bonke bephela, kwakunye Izigxothi kunye fumigants, ukwandisa imveliso, ezinxulumene izitshabalalisi. Ezi izinto eziphilayo iyasebenza kwaye ephezulu boxinzelelo yabangela umonakalo omkhulu-bume.

Kungenxa yoko le nto esweni rhoqo iyilwe lomhlaba zinambuzane. Namhlanje, ukuba imigaqo kunye neendlela zokuqhutywa kwesampulu ethile. Zenza kube lula ukufumanisa MICROQUANTITIES imichiza kunye zinambuzane. Kwi iingongoma eziphambili, ukuvumela ukwenza ulawulo umgangatho umhlaba wezolimo inokufumaneka kwiMithetho, eyenziwe yi-Institute of wokulinga Meteorology Roshydromet. Olu xwebhu incwadi echaza zigaba engundoqo ukulungiselela ulawulo, kwakunye intlanganiso ze ufumane iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo.

ulawulo amagciwane Soil

iindawo elizweni, emizini, iidolophu kunye nomhlaba wezolimo kufuneka ibe negalelo ingozi eziphilayo ngeentsholongwane zabantu. Ngenxa yoku, buphuhliswe buqaliswe buphenjelelwa iimpawu ezithile eliphezulu kwinqanaba kuvumelekile, ezo zikokosiweyo kumGaqo-imigangatho yococeko kunye nemithetho nesempilweni.

Iindlela obusetyenziswayo esweni ekuzakuqalwa zomhlaba ochazwe iingcebiso methodological faki ngamalungu weZiko Federal for Sanitary Uhlolo Ministry of Health ka-Russia, Federal Research Centre. F. F. Erismana kunye neziko GSEN e Krasnodar.