Yintoni na intlekele yendalo? Iintlekele zendalo kunye nokubekwa kwawo

intlekele yendalo - lo mhlola etshabalalisayo, ukuba amandla kakhulu, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kummandla apho livela khona. Ngeli hlobo ntlekele lisetyenziswa kwi umonakalo omkhulu. Ezi kungabandakanya: iinyikima, iitsunami, landslides, iimbalela, izikhukula, neenkanyamba, iinkanyamba kunye nangaphezulu.

Ucalulo iintlekele zemvelo

Ezingxamisekileyo imvelaphi yendalo, okanye iintlekele zemvelo eRashiya kumazwe awahlukeneyo lokuhlela hlobo lulandelayo:

1. izenzakalo zejoloji.
2. izifo ezosulelayo ebantwini.
3. izenzakalo nemin.
4. Izifo ezosulelayo imfuyo.
5. yingozi yesimo.
6. Izitshanguba zezityalo yezolimo izinambuzane nezifo.
7. Imililo.
8. izenzakalo Marine nemin.
9. Zemozulu kunye agro-zemozulu ngezenzeko:

• hurricane;
• isichotho;
• undizela;
• iinkanyamba;
• imisinga nkqo;
• kuneqabaka;
• Inkanyamba;
• kuvulelwa;
• ngekhephu;
• imbalela;
• Blizzard;
• fogs kunye t. d.

Forms zisingathwa yentlekele kunye ingozi ubukhulu kunye nenani leengozi kunye nobukhulu umonakalo, kunokuba kummandla ndawo kutshatyalaliswa.

Umzekelo, nkqu iinyikima ezininzi ezinzima zenzeke kwiindawo enkulu unpopulated, hayi anxulumene nezibangelwa ezibalulekileyo, ngokungafaniyo umothuko wamva buthathaka eyenzeka kwimimandla enabantu abaninzi.

iinyikima

Le ntlekele ihlasimlis zendalo, kwaye ubukhulu bomonakalo, kwakunye nenani amaxhoba. Ukongeza, ukuba uzikhusele ngokwakho kwiintlekele kunzima, ekubeni nokuba kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba wezazi benza iinzame ezinkulu, iinyikima akholisa ukubakho ngokungalindelekanga.

Ezi iintlekele zemvelo rhoqo ngakumbi eRashiya, kunokuba kubonakala xa efika kuqala. Enyanisweni, labantu isiqingatha ehlabathini ohlala kwimimandla seismically yingozi.

Njengoko kulinganiswa yinyikima?

seismographs Ngenxa abhale iingcali amaza kunye intlokoma amacwecwe emhlabeni. izixhobo ze-elektroniki lingakhetha zibe nkqu iingcangcazela wadinwa, nto leyo ukungavakali.

Ngowe-1935, uCharles kwisikali iRichter wadala apho ungakwazi ngokulula ukubala uze uthelekise amandla intlokoma komhlaba. Enyanisweni, lo seismologist American lugqibelele wayila isazinzulu Japanese Wadati. Ngokutsho Isikali esimanqaku-12, iinyikima bohlulwa okusemandleni abo namhlanje.

Ipredikshini nokukhuselwa

Kukho iindidi ezintathu sezulu: engahlawulwayo, zobungcali okanye yenzululwazi. Kukho izihlandlo xa abantu ezibuthathaka uthelekelelo echanileyo kakhulu malunga neenyikima.

The main iindlela uqikelelo ezaba olu hlobo zezi:

1. Ngokuchonga imimandla seismically esebenzayo.
2. Uphononongo lwe utshintsho ekwakhiweni zegesi abavela ezinzulwini.
3. Funda encane utshintsho Umlinganiselo isantya kunye nobude Barr.
4. Isifundo lamaziko yokubuyekezwa kwisithuba kunye nexesha.
5. Studies lo mhlaba otsalayo kunye Unikezelo lombane zeengxondorha.

Imiphumo kweentlekele zendalo abathintelwa wabulela enzelwe iindlela zokukhusela. Bahlakulela njengabanegunya ngokukodwa izifundo iingingqi seismically eziyingozi eRashiya.

Kufuneka wenze ntoni xa inyikima?

Okokuqala, kufuneka sihlale sizolile njengoko yokothuka singenza isimo kuphela meko. Ukuba bengaphandle, zama ukuhlala kude zezaziso kunye izinto eziphakamileyo-point. Uninzi olusemngciphekweni abantu babaleke baphume kuloo ndlu ukuze bafumane indawo ekhuselekileyo. Enyanisweni, kuya kuba kuhle ukuba bahlale ezindlini, cima izixhobo zombane. Akuvunyelwe ngqo ukungena ilifti ngexesha inyikima. iintlekele ezinjalo zemvelo kuqala kanye nje ngesiquphe njengoko isiphelo, kodwa nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba nongcangcazelo lokugqibela Kucetyiswa ukuba sihambe ayikho ngaphambi kwe emva kwemizuzu engama-40.

tsunami

Igama "tsunami" lisuka kwigama Japanese, elithetha "wave enkulu ukuhlamba bay." Inkcazo intlekele lwezenzululwazi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo - le wave elide yendalo ezinkulu, evela ikakhulu ngenxa intshukumo ye ziitectonic plates olwahlala emgangathweni wolwandle.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi sithi ukuba intlekele yendalo kwaye ibangele inkoliso kwenyikima. amaza tsunami uyakwazi ukufikelela ubude neekhilomitha ezingama-150 ukuya-300. Elwandle evulekileyo Iingoma ezinjalo phantse imperceptible. Kodwa xa yomtshangatshangiso ifikelela kwithala nzulu, kuya kuba nangokusebenzayo iba udonga olukhulu ehambayo. Amandla izinto yisa yonke imizi eziselunxwemeni. Ukuba yomtshangatshangiso hits matheku nzulu okanye amachweba, iba ephakamileyo. Ngokufanayo, njengoko kulinganiswa yinyikima, kukho isikali okhethekileyo, nto leyo esenza sikwazi ukuchaza ngobunzulu tsunami.

• I - Eyona tsunami amandla kakhulu. Igagasi phantse imperceptible, kukho elikhulayo gauge.
• II - Tsunami buthathaka. Kunokuba kukhukula unxweme flat.
• III - Eyona tsunami amandla medium of. It nezikhukhula unxweme tyaba, kwaye kwakhona ukucacisa elunxwemeni lentendelezo.
• IV - A itsunami enamandla. Ngokupheleleyo kwagcwala izakhiwo unxweme kunye umonakalo lonxweme kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Olahla kumhlaba iinqanawa ezinkulu amaphenyane amancinane.
• V - itsunami enamandla kakhulu. Yonke imimandla yaselunxwemeni ixhaphakile kwaye kakhulu ezonakeleyo izakhiwo. Nganeno aphoswe iimpahla ezinkulu kwaye ibangela umonakalo kwi iingontsi zonxweme. Nge itsunami enamandla kakhulu amaninzi ngamaxhoba kwabantu. Le intlekele yinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye ukusuka amawaka abantu abachaphazelekayo ngonyaka.
• VI - tsunami enkulu. Coast kunye nemimandla yonxweme ithululwa ngokupheleleyo. Umhlaba kunye indawo enkulu kunxweme kwelizwe waphuphuma ngokupheleleyo. Izisa eninzi yamaxhoba.

Ipredikshini nokukhuselwa

Embindini Hawaii, Honolulu, le inkonzo ekhethekileyo itsunami isilumkiso. Xa lombutho kwedatha kusingathwa 31 izikhululo wenyikima, kwakunye ukurekhodwa kwezikhululo gauge mali masisiqhube ngaphezu kwama-50. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iziko la iintlekele zemvelo kunye kaxakeka. Ukuqikelela ukwenzeka kwenkonzo itsunami ngezinye i yamandulo imizuzu eli-15-20 phambi kokuba ingozi. Ngenxa yoko, umyalezo kufuneka idluliselwe nangoko ukuba ixesha lokuthatha onke amanyathelo okhuseleko ayimfuneko.

Ukuze akhusele nxamnye iitsunami, kufuneka sihlale sizolile, kwakunye kwimeko neenyikima. Kufuneka kuzanywe kangangoko kude komcu lonxweme uzame ukuba ukukhwela phezulu kangangoko. Eyona eyingozi - yinto abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukuhlala kunxweme phezu kwezindlu zonke emakhayeni abo. Enyanisweni, amandla amaza kuba buhlungu ukuba kuzisula nkqu into en- ngaphandle naziphi na iingxaki njalo. Tsunami - intlekele yendalo, kwaye kakhulu yingozi.

mlilo

mlilo luphawulwa iinkqubo mlilo, esinokubangela intlekele. Kusenokuba udaka,, nokuphuma zodaka eshushu mlilo, amafu otshisayo and more.

Ingozi enkulu lava, ngxondorha etyhidiweyo, lashushu lobushushu ngentla 1000 degrees. Olu lwelo kwemali ngqo kwi neentanda emhlabeni okanye nje abetheka elunxwemeni kuloo mngxuma kwaye aphuma kancinci ukuya elunyaweni. Ifuthe iintlekele zemvelo zibangelwa dubulo mlilo, iyingozi kakhulu ebantwini.

Ezi udaka nazo kakhulu kuyingozi enkulu. Nangona kubonakala ukuba ubunzima ihamba kunoko ngokucotha, kuyimfuneko ukuba bathathele ingqalelo into yokuba ubushushu usenza imisinga oshushu umoya, nto leyo inokuba ezisongela ubomi, nokuba kude omkhulu.

Ipredikshini nokukhuselwa

Amava kunye yokusebenza ibonisa ukuba lokusetyenziswa mlilo mayilungiswe ngoncedo iziqhushumbisi ukusuka moya. Ngenxa kule isantya flow ashushu kusihla kakhulu.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iintlekele zemvelo ezifana "mlilo" eceleni ngenxa imikhombe elibona ukuvumela ukuthatha ukufikelwa. Ngokufanelekileyo indlela ephumelelayo ingaba ulwakhiwo ifikile zokuzikhusela.

Ukongeza, kukho enye ingozi. Udaka Mechanical okunene eziyingozi kakhulu mlilo kunye, Ngokwezibalo, inani lamaxhoba abathwaxwa kubo izihlandlo ezininzi ngakumbi. Isibakala sokuba kweemaleko ash na indawo kunokuba ezingazinzanga. Ukuba ash mlilo kukho buzane ngamanzi, uqala ukuba zifane gruel, nto leyo slide ngesantya enkulu ethambekeni. Ukuze bazikhusele kwezi daka kwemali phantse akunakwenzeka, njengoko zihamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inkoliso ngobungxamo akanayo nexesha elaneleyo. Iintlekele zendalo ezifana eRashiya kakhulu ukuba kwenzeka eKamchatka, njengokuba kunjalo kulo mmandla sine nani liphezulu mlilo.

Ukususela nokuphuma udaka ebuthathaka kungenziwa zikhuselwe ifikile okanye vee nesilungiselelwe ngokukodwa. Kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala abemi ukwanda Indonesian kwi emazantsi mlilo, iinduli ngumntu. Ngexesha kwizimanga zendalo leyo esongela bahlali ingozi enkulu aza- ngezi hillocks kwaye oko ungafudumezi nokungena udaka eshushu.

Enye ingozi kukuba ngexesha zomkhenkce kunyibilika evela mlilo, zakha isixa esikhulu samanzi. Oku ngakumbi kungakhokelela ekubeni izikhukula kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, iingozi kunye neentlekele ukuze bandiqumbise omnye.

Nje iigesi eziyingozi mlilo. Bona ziqulathe nezingcoliso sulphur oxide, emanzini, kwaye zehydrochloric acid. Ezi iindibaniso ziyabulala ebantwini.

Ukhuselo kuphela ukususela neegesi enjalo imaski.

landslides

La kwakheka xa iinkqubo zendalo (okanye, njengoko kudla ngokwenzeka, abantu) yayikukwaphula ukuzinza ithambeka. Ngelo xesha xa amandla yengxondorha iba incinane amandla womxhuzulane, inginginya umhlaba wonke sihamba. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi inyambalala ukuwa kumathambeka phantse kungabonakali. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, isantya yabo eliphezulu kwaye ibe nkulu kwe-100 km / h.

Isenzeko inkulu yendalo yale hlobo uthathwa ukuba isiganeko kwenzeka ngo-1911 kwi-Pamir kwiiNtaba eRashiya. Ukudilika Isigebenga kubangelwa yinyikima. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, le usuku zisendleleni phezu 2.5 iikhilomitha cc izinto evakalala. Kuye ukugcwala ngokupheleleyo kwilali USA ne bonke 54 abahlali. iintlobo ezinkulu ezifana ziintlekele rhoqo, kungekuphela eRashiya kodwa kwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Ukuba sithethe malunga inani lamaxhoba ukudilika kakhulu eyoyikekayo ukuba intlekele yendalo eyayikho 1920 e-China. Ngendlela efanayo Pamirs, isenzeko kwabangelwa ukunyikima komhlaba, nto leyo ekhokelele izinto evakalala buzalise ntili Kangxi zonke namagxamesi ayo, nemizana. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi preliminary, wababulala abantu abangaphezulu kwama-200,000.

Ipredikshini nokukhuselwa

Indlela kuphela ukhuseleko yokwenene evela landslides na isilumkiso zabo. Iingcali - iinjineli kunye komhlaba - ukuba iphuhlise isethi ezizodwa amanyathelo othintelo eyenzelwe ukulungiselela labantu ukuba iziganeko ezinjalo, uze uchaze ukuba yintoni na ingozi, ingozi, iintlekele zemvelo, etc ...

Kodwa ke ngelishwa, xa enyakanyakeni sele iqalile, naziphi na iindlela zokhuseleko olungasebenziyo. Ngokutsho izifundo, oyena nobangela landslides amanzi, ngoko ke isigaba sokuqala umsebenzi lonyanzeliso lo ukuqokelelwa yeyantlukwano ngokugqithiseleyo kokufuma.

Qikelela loo ngendalo kunzima, njengokuba kulo mzekelo, imali ye kwezulu aluchaphazeli ukuyilwa landslides, kwakunye emoyeni. Iintlekele yale hlobo kungenzeka ngesiquphe kwaye ube ngenxa yenyikima.

zekhephu

Le zekhephu inkulu yabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-10,000 kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Isibakala sokuba izinga lokuhamba ekungabonini ukusuka kuma-25 360 km / h. Zekhephu ke kweentlobo ezintathu: ezinkulu, abaphakathi nabancinane. Ezinkulu kwanto phantse yonke into umendo wayo, iilali yachithwa lula kunye nezinye izinto. I-avareji yingozi kuphela abantu ukutshabalalisa izakhiwo, akakwazi. zekhephu ezincinane phantse yingozi kunye, umgaqo, ayibonakali abantu.

Ipredikshini nokukhuselwa

Njengoko kwezinye iimeko, indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhuseleni amanyathelo othintelo. Iingcali kakhulu lula ukufumanisa nelamaxandeka kwadilika yaye ngokufuthi ulawulo lweentlekele ayikho imfuneko. Kwakhona, inkoliso zekhephu phantsi iindlela ezifanayo.

Ukuze ukuqikelela iinkcukacha udaka ezayo wafunda kwicala umoya kunye nemvula. Ukuba kwekhephu iwile-25 mm ubukhulu, kukho amathuba encinane isithwakumbe. Ukuba height 55 mm, kungenzeka kwandisa ukudilika. Ke esongwayo-100 aphindwe ikhephu nokufreshi kakhulu udaka kwisithuba kwiiyure ezimbalwa.

Ukukhusela kwintlekele amathambeka kwadilika enqatyisiweyo ithala namakhaka. Ukuba, ke, zange ayeke element, wenza ukuhlaselwa kumathambeka ski. Oku kwavusa ziyahlangana amancinci ngaphantsi yingozi ngokobunzima.

Izikhukula kunye neentlekele zemvelo - izikhukula

Kukho iindidi ezimbini wezikhukhula: emlanjeni naselwandle. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le zemvelo banciphisa ¾ abemi kulo mhlaba.

Kwiintlekele zemvelo ezenzeka kwixesha 1947 ukuya 1967, yaza yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-200,000. Kubahlali of Russia lo mbuzo afanelekileyo kakhulu. Umzekelo, onogumbe St. Petersburg wabonisa izihlandlo 245. Eyona projekthi inkulu kwezi kwenzeka ngo-1824, kwaye iye ize yachazwa umbongo A. S. Pushkinym kaThixo "yeBronzi umgadi". Isibakala sokuba isixeko imi emazantsi kumathafa aselunxwemeni, kwaye kamsinya nje amanzi liphuma 150 cm, ezizeni amanzi iqala.

Ipredikshini nokukhuselwa

intlekele yendalo - ntyala kunye nokuthintelwa yayo kufuna intlonipho ilungelo lokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nophuhliso lweendawo zokuhlala abantu. Ukulungisa ukuhamba imilambo kunye nokukhusela indawo engqongileyo, unga nciphisa nokoyikiswa izikhukula ukuya ubuncinane. Kwakhona kokuba ezinzileyo dam ithala, nto leyo eza kunika ukhuselo ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokungaphelelanga. Ukuze kuphunyezwe ulondolozo lwexesha elide intlekele yendalo, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ulondolozo rhoqo kunye nolawulo bommandla wonxweme.

Umba ongundoqo elijongene ngobunzulu okanye amandla izikhukula, sisixa yemvula. Kwakhona iza kuphanda imiba morphological kunye eziphilayo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yeKomishoni yeHlabathi Iimeko zikaxakeka imiyalelo ezizodwa sele ziphuhlisiwe kwimeko izikhukula kunye nezikhukula. Siye sajonga leyo ebaluleke kakhulu.

1. Ebingaphambi konogumbe, kufuneka iiplasitiki uzilungiselele kunye imisele ecocekileyo, kwakunye nokunika njengomthombo yamandla ombane. Kubalulekile ukuba Stock phezu kwamanzi kunye nokutya okusela. Ukupheliswa kweentlekele zendalo kule hlobo ingathatha ixesha elide.
2. Ngexesha imilambo kufuneka ukuphepha iindawo ezomileyo ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe, nto leyo ekugqibeleni ukuze nezikhukhula. Kufuneka athuthe ngononophelo obukhulu. Ukuba amanzi phezu kwamadolo, kuyo nayiphi na imeko hayi ungahambisa kwimimandla nezikhukhula. Vavanya amandla ukuhamba abangaboni engenakwenzeka.
3. Emva koMkhukula akukho mfuneko yokuba ukutya eziye esidyojwe yamanzi onogumbe. Ukuba bangaba iintsholongwane. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo amanzi okusela, nekufuneka ayiseleki ngaphandle itshekhi ziingqondo.

Xa okubonisa imilambo, nesiphango ukungalingani kunye nezikhukula zithathelwa ingqalelo iimeko zemozulu, kwakunye intshukumo kwimimandla uxinzelelo ephantsi (iinkanyamba kunye ngumoya onamandla). Morphology bonxweme Kuqikelelwa, kwakunye ke inqanaba lamanzi kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokungqinelana nemeko iitafile gagasi.

Ekuphetheni

Ukongeza kwezi ngendalo, kukho kwakhona umlilo (intlekele yendalo okanye ngenxa zezinto ezenziwa luluntu), nkanyamba, inkanyamba kunye naseluqhwitheleni, nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu ubomi babantu. Ukuze kuthintelwe kwaye bazikhusele kwintlekele, kufuneka ulandele ngokucacileyo zonke iingcebiso ingcali yaye njalo uzilungiselele iintlekele zemvelo ezinjalo.