Krakatoa: abafileyo baza kuvuswa

Krakatau - mlilo phakathi Java ne eSumatra, edume kakhulu kwi Malay Archipelago (Indonesia). Oku ngokuqhelekileyo stratovidnoy, intaba ngumlilo-uphefumla nzulu nomdla volcanology, kwaye iqhutywa nje kuphela umdla yenzululwazi, kodwa woyika ukuba ubomi amawaka abantu. Kukholelwa ukuba mlilo ngo-1883 yaba yeyona enamandla kwimbali kwimbali ebhaliweyo yoluntu. Kodwa ke masiqale ukusuka ekuqaleni. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba xa Java ne iSumatra baba isiqithi, kwaye Sunda Strait yayingekabikho. Ngowe-535 AD kwakukho dubulo enkulu kulo mlilo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwisahlulo siqithi, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu jikelele ngomlinganiselo-langa.

Nangona le ngozi khange yachazwa yeembali, amakhonkco umthi, wafunda Dendrochronologists avumele ijaji ukuba "auknulos" kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Krakatau mlilo yaye akazange acinge ngoko hamba uye kulala, yaye umsindo wakhe uhlala wabonakalaliswa udubulo ezinamandla kunye nemisi nothuthu. Kwaba kakhulu eliphezulu neziqithi enkulu (9 ukuya ku-5 km), ezinemithi ngaphezu kweemitha eziliwaka ngentla komgangatho wolwandle. Kunye nezinye iziqithi ezincinane ukuba kumabhodlo mlilo mngxuma kokubhalwa kwembali, ukuphakama kwayo, ngokutsho kuqikelelo mlilo, kungaba amawaka amabini yemihla metrov.Istoricheskie ukukhankanya ngonyaka emanyumnyezi 1680, kodwa yintoni eye yenzeka ligqithisile zonke ukumelwa iintlobo uluntu malunga emibi Agasti 1883 inqaba daka Earth.

Kuqhuma le mlilo Krakatau yaqala ngo May. Ekuqaleni, aba ukuhlasela rhoqo, akamvumelanga ukuba andenze nabani. Nangona kunjalo, ezi cottons intaba esirholwe ubunzima enkulu iliwa kunye ongaphantsi kwasekwa imigodi. Qheke Agasti 27 iindudumo omkhulu ephendula. Xa km 150 eBatavia (ngoku Jakarta) udubulo yadiliza uphahla ndabukrazula ucango off kwiihenjisi zalo, kwaye isandi sivakala Madagascar (in amawaka-4 km ukusuka kumbindi womhlaba). Inxalenye enkulu wesiqithi wawisa ngosuku olulandelayo. Elwandle uswele ngayo nezikhukhula. Daka ukusuka contact and dubulo ulwelo gidromagmatichesky yenzekile kunye namanzi wadibana ukuba kwikholam evukile emoyeni uthuthu, yakhokelela ekumisweni lokuhamba pyroclastic 900 leemitha. Nguye kwisantya i Uloliwe nemoto eSumatra, ukuzisa ekufeni kubantu amawaka amabini.

Kodwa akuzange bonke. Njengeliso eliphandliweyo zeengxondorha wawa emhlabeni km 500 ukusuka kumbindi womhlaba, kunye mlilo lahlala phezu ngasempumalanga Indian Ocean. A inwebu uthuli naxa maleko rarefied le mesosphere nomphakamo km 70. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba amandla ka dubulo ku amaxesha 10,000 ngaphezulu ugwayimbo iibhombu atom wawisa kwi eHiroshima. Okubulala elikhulu emhlabeni izihlandlo eziliqela umhlaba. Giant, ukuya ku-30 m, i-tsunami kude kwiidolophu malunga 300 kunye needolophana, kwafa abantu 36,000. kunokuba Le tsunami buthathaka fomu, kwakukho nkqu Atlantic unxweme France! lo mlilo Krakatoa ngokwayo ziwile, waya phantsi kwamanzi.

Ngaba sinokuthi oku konke? Ngowe-1927, i-dubulo kwenzeka zasemanzini ngaphezu kwamanzi olwandle wabonisa nomphakamo kancinane yeemitha 9, enkcochoyini. Usana ogama Krakatoa mlilo, Anaki (Mntwana Krakatoa). Kodwa lo kid ikhule ngomyinge ephala. Wonakaliswe emazeni olwandle, Noko ke, waphumelela ngokwakhe indawo ngakumbi nangakumbi zokuphila. Ngowe-1930, kwakukho sele mlilo ezisentlabathini, udaka kunye balomeleza iindonga yesiqithi entsha, awenze ukumelana yokukhukuliseka olwandle. Ngowe-1933, yena ifikelele kubude 67 m, kwaye ngo-1950 -. 138 ulwandle m ngoko ikwazile ixesha elifutshane lokuzuza isandla ongentla kweso siqithi.

Kodwa mlilo Krakatau akazange anikezele: ngo-1960 isiqithi entsha kwakhona wavuka ngaphezu kwamanzi ukuya kwiimitha ezili-30 ngo-1968 ukuphakama kwayo kweemitha ezili-160 sele ngoku ikhula ngesantya ngeesentimitha eziyi-13 ngeveki ... indawo yayo isekhona kude kowangaphambili, kodwa mlilo sele usondele kuyo - kwiimitha 813 ngentla komgangatho wolwandle. Ukususela ngowe-1994, Anak Krakatau, iye nayo ibe ndingatyhilekanga. kwentaba Small kwenzeka phantse veki nganye. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwezi yaqalwa ngo-2008 yaye ngo-2009. Kwi siqithi ityalwe mlilo kuphela. Urhulumente Indonesian iye yavalwa abahlali ukulungisa kweekhilomitha kufutshane ezintathu ukususela ezintabeni eziyingozi.