Isivumelwano Belovezhskoe ngo-1991. isivumelwano Bialowieza kwi nokuphelisa ye-USSR kunye nokudalwa ico

1991, iSoviet Union. Xa sijonga emva kwaye uzama ukunika uvavanyo yembali iziganeko ka-1991, sinokuthi ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba ilizwe lethu yatshatyalaliswa meko efanayo ezazisetyenziswa Libya, eSiriya, Iraq, iYiputa, kwaye ngoku Ukraine. Ngethamsanqa, uninzi nxaxheba ekuweni waseUSSR, iinkumbulo zayo wabhala memoirs yakhe. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imbali ebhalwe yi boyisileyo. Kweli nqaku, sizama aqhelane izimvo ezahlukeneyo phezu iziganeko ezakhokelela ukuvela xwebhu efana isivumelwano Belovezhskoe ngo-1991.

umcimbi yangasemva

Ngowe-1985, weza amandla sezopolitiko oselula, siqinisekile uMikhail Gorbachev. Emva zonke oonobhala-jikelele yangaphambili abantu abadala wamphatha kakuhle kakhulu. Kodwa kamva wokuguqula wawagxotha lizwe libe kwintlekele yoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko. Ngokuya okubonakala ezithile ngokwezinga abantu kweli lizwe, ukuvela uluntu yeklasi elitsha - le oligarchy. Xa republic ezininzi anda abavakalelwa wesizwe, wayefuna zonke ngaxeshanye ngesiquphe geqe.

Gorbachev: ligorha okanye ngumngcatshi?

Ngaba Gorbachev ukuba wabonakala ityala Isivumelwano Belovezhskoe 1991? Uhlahlo eSoviet Union yayisekelwe kakhulu kwintengiso kwezibonelelo. Ilizwe liya wambopha mboleko. Ngcembe phambi Gorbachev yayilukhetho - nokuba loo uwugcinayo ohlaziya abaxhamla eUnited States, yaye wamkela mboleko evela IMF, okanye owenza egameni kwilizwe labo. Wakhetha nemeko yokuqala. Kananjalo umbono ezithandwa kakhulu kukuba weza igunya ngoncedo eUnited States. Ekuqaleni, waba ithuba nje sisininzi samalungu Politburo kwamane kubaviwa Romanov kunye Grishin. Long ayikwazanga bengavumelani, ngoko kwakukho iintlanganiso eziliqela. Ngenxa yoko, "ngequbuliso" Wama Gorbachev. Nantoni na, kodwa wayiqhubela lizwe ukusa kwinqanaba endingayi kubuya, emva koko kwabakho endingayi kubuya ngawo.

Impembelelo evela ngaphandle ngomhla wokupheliswa USSR

Zawo republic ezininzi ebibanjwe zimvo yobulali kwi geqe. Ayikho into efana? Ukraine, umzekelo? Ukubonakala kakhulu ye neqela ukuhluleka neemfuno uzimele geqe Balaklava na ezothusayo? UMikhail Gorbachev wayezama ukuba bahlale ezitulweni ezimbini ngaxeshanye. Kwelinye icala, ilizwe kufuneka mboleko, kwaye zingafumaneka ngokuthi ibeke ukusebenzisa iinguqu ebekwe, yaye kwelinye icala, wayefuna ukwenza ngcono ukuba USSR. Oku kungqinwa iziganeko ngoNovemba 1990 kwaye kwenziwe isigqibo sokuba kubekho i zimvo lonke Gorbachev ukubeka endaweni bezwe abakhukhumeleyo.

NgoNovemba 1990, iinkokheli ziiriphabliki ezintathu lweBaltic bafika e-Paris ukuba kokusayina Charter of the iYurophu enobunye. Yaba umbulelo qha baqhankqalaze Gorbachev kubo wagxothwa eholweni. Ngoko ke nge-100% ngokuqinisekileyo ayitsho ukuba ityala kokupheliswa eSoviet Union ilala ngokupheleleyo phezu kwakhe yaye ndingcatshe lokhokho. Enye mbuzo uyintoni ezi nkokeli ngokubanzi senziwe kwintlanganiso OSCE. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba le meko ixesha enziwe. Oxhamlayo?

Izithuko kwi aseBalti

Ukuthatha ithuba ngokupheleleyo ingqalelo kulwa Iraq, phantsi koxinzelelo ka Kryuchkov, Pugo kunye Yazov ebusika US, Gorbachev wanika lanqwala ukuba ingcinezelo ubundlobongela yezenzo obuzimele eUnited lweBaltic. Kwaye January 13, 1991 Lithuanians wathabatha phezu iziko kamabonwakude le e Vilnius iindawo zakhiwe. imikhosi Special "Alpha" wayalelwa ukuba uqhwithela. Abafa 13 abemi 'zoxolo "ku Balaklava. It uhlala onke amajelo ihlabathi picture baya emkhosini ngokubulala abantu abamsulwa ukuhlangana, nje ufuna ukuzimela uphile eYurophu. Emva kweveki, le meko kwaphindwa Riga. Kwaye ngo April eMoscow for "uhlolo" livela Nixon. Kubonakala Gorbachev wayeka ukuqhuba iinkosi Western - umdlalo yaziswa B. N. Eltsina. Iqale le ntshutshiso. Ngxabano Yeltsin and Gorbachev bafikelela sharpness engakholelekiyo.

Imvume ekuyilweni ico

Phantsi yengcinezelo evela US Gorbachev kwafuneka ukuba uyavumelana federalization ye-USSR kunye nokudalwa i-Commonwealth of Independent States. Waqalisa ukulungiselela isivumelwano ohambelana (ngenxa yale mvumelwano iya kuba isivumelwano Belovezhskoe 1991), nto leyo yaba umququ yokugqibela-arhente zokhuseleko ye-USSR. Ilizwe kwaqhambuka -Agasti mdibi. yasekwa iKomiti Emergency. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kumabonakude yonke zontathu iintsuku mdibi losasazo ballet.

Iziganeko ngo-Agasti 1991

Agasti 19-21, 1991. Imbali kubhaliwe abaphumeleleyo, kuba kulindelekile ukuba ulwazi wangena kule ncwadi njengenzame ubhedu. Nangona nakubeni ke iinzame ukuthintela ukuwa kweli lizwe. Kryuchkov, Pugo, Boldin, Chenin, Baklanov, Pavlov kunye Yazov wazama ukumbamba amandla ezandleni zabo. Ufaka umongameli, baya ngenkani kuwoyisa lizwe, lowo warhalela ukuzimela. Ngenxa yoko, babeya ukugcina ingqibelelo kweli lizwe. Kodwa bambalwa siyazi ukuba wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano oseka ico olucwangciselwe Agasti 20 wanelisekile kunye neenkokeli zawo onke 9 obuzimele-nye republic ye-USSR yaye zigcinwe engqinelanayo.

yonke nyaniso kukuba Gorbachev wakwazi thethana nabo. Kwelinye icala, ngokuvuma ekudalweni ico, uMikhail Gorbachev waya malunga US, yaye kwelinye icala, kwiRiphabliki wafumana ilungelo ukuzimela, kodwa umanyano. Imiba ephambili wayeza kuqhubeka isigqibo kubo eMoscow. Ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, le meko kodwa alunakulungela abaninzi. Gorbachev nentsapho yakhe yafakwa phantsi endlwini ngo eCrimea (yena ngelo xesha waphumla elwandle).

Njani iqhawe Yeltsin

NgoAgasti 21 ke wayelungiselela uhlaselo kweNdlu White kwi yesicelo. Yeltsin izicwangciso amandla bamba badlulisele ngawo Zavidovo. Kodwa "ngequbuliso" wafumana inani elikhulu ngabomvu umambese ngemizimba yabo. I-White House Wayengqongwe sisihlwele sabantu 50 000. Cinga! Ngequbuliso abantu abaninzi kangaka wavuka waya yesicelo. Kukho free wankcenkcesha, nihluthe, zathunyelwa izicumba iti, kuphekiwe ukutya ngendlela engazange mveliso.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwakukho iingxwelerha. Wamagazi. abantu abaliqela kunye cocktails Molotov (abazolileyo) beza phantsi kwiitanki. It Nangoku ngokupheleleyo icace injongo kwiitanki wangena Red Square. Ukuba zisebenza kuphela kwindawo evulekileyo. Kunye nabezomkhosi abaqalise kombuso, akazange azi. Nokuba nje iinzame oyike. Kakade ke, ezazivela Koloni abasebenza ngomumo, kwaye ngokulula ucinge umfanekiso emoyeni. Defence UMphathiswa Yazov obo wanika umyalelo lokurhoxisa amajoni ukusuka eMoscow. Kule lika luyaphela, kunye baphembeleli zalo entolongweni.

Eli tyala ibonisa ukuba emkhosini abafane Tyhila gca umgaqo abanobuchule zokujonga phambili. Uninzi umdla kukuba emva kokuba zikhutshiwe zokuqala wenza Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin kunye George Bush. Kwakhona ithetha lukhulu. Emva kwezi ziganeko, uye watshintsha lukhulu. ukuthembeka kwakhe zezopolitiko wawa naye, bambalwa abantu ingqalelo. Wakhangela luthuthu sizoku lwisana hyped Yayingumfanekiso siqinisekile, eNamandla Yeltsin.

Isivumelwano Belovezhskoe

Ukuba waphelelwa nakwiiriphabliki Gorbachev eSoviet waqalisa ukuba kakhulu yamkele isibhengezo ukuzimela eSoviet Union. Ngoku ukuhlanganisa kubo ibe mfelandawonye akwenzeki. Kwaye ke Iziphumo zako konke oku yatyikitywa ngoDisemba 8, 1991 Belovezhskoe Agreement ngonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngomhla ngokusekwa i-Commonwealth of Independent States. Utyikityo ungamvavanyi Gorbachev kunye Yeltsin.

Kwaye ukuba Gorbachev ekuqaleni wadlalela ukuba federalization ye republic ye ico, i Yeltsin kunye ngakwisiginitsha yakhe wabanika inkululeko epheleleyo. Ngaloo ndlela ke Ndowuseza uhluthe Umnqweno amahlakani Western ophela eli lizwe. Belovezhskoe isivumelwano ngo-1991 yabhengeza ukuba Union of seeRiphablikhi Socialist Free yaphela.