Imfundiso Inqanaba ukubunjwa izenzo ngengqondo kunye nokusekwa ACU kwizikolo zaseprayimari. Izinto le ngxelo.

Enye iingqiqo esisiseko in Soviet Educational Psychology na ingcamango ukuyilwa yokupasa izenzo kwengqondo (TPFUD). Umbhali walo - ISAZINZULU ezinkulu Potr Yakovlevich Galperin, owadala le ngcamango njengenye mpumelelo aphezulu psychology lesizwe kwinkulungwane yama-20. izimvo zakhe zingqinwa ngayo imihla yethu, yaye imfundiso usaqhubeka kusebenza njengesiseko indalo kweekhonsepthi mihla yemfundo.

izenzo Mental (CA) - uhlobo olulodwa umsebenzi izangoma womntu. Basuke ababulawa ngaphakathi ezingqondweni, abakwazi ukuba ulandelwe ngqo. CA ayifuni uncedo oluvela ngaphandle - umzekelo, ngokohlobo intetho elikhulu.

Ezinye iindidi zemisebenzi yabantu - njengokugula - ayikwazi yenziwe ngaphandle kwenkxaso lwangaphandle.

Nge UD nokusombulula iingxaki zengqondo ezahlukeneyo: ingqiqo - ekucingeni nokulibala, ngokweemvakalelo - kummandla kweemvakalelo.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngokwasengqondweni kwaye emfundo Ixabiso TPFUD kunokwenzeka ukuba ukulobola wadala iipropati LE kwangaphambili kunye nokulawula inkqubo kwendalo yazo. Ngelo xesha, nkqu iintshukumo ezininzi ezinzima - ezifana izibalo yomlomo okanye uhlalutyo ngephanyazo kulo ukuziphatha neqabane ngexesha neentlobano - baseka indlela kwemaliu.

Ngolwimi bezenzululwazi, theory Halperin ivumela inkqubo uhlelo of ekudaleni UD.

. P. Ya Galperin yafunyanwa kwaye ngokomfuniselo wabonisa ukuba isenzo umfundi akakwazi ukuthatha indlela yengqondo, ukuba lasungulwa ayilwamkeli ngokulandelelana kwizigaba ezintandathu:

• intshayelelo kunye nenkuthazo yokufunda;
• scheme ukwakhiwa ekuqhelaniseni basis of action (DTE);
• yakheka isenzo izinto;
• isenzo intetho (intetho elikhulu);
• isenzo intetho (malunga ngokwayo);
• isenzo yengqondo (intetho ngaphakathi).

Inyathelo 1: Intshayelelo uqeqesho kunye nenkuthazo

Ukuba ndimvuse umfundi umdla kwisenzo elizayo, utitshala usebenzisa uluhlu lwezixhobo kunye neendlela.

Kucetyiswa ukuba basebenzise inkuthazo yokuziphatha - ukubeka umfundi umzekelo oontanga ngokudumisa, ukuvuma. Utitshala kufuneka, ukugcina umntwana, phawula oko iintlobo yokulola yena aphendule, uze uyisebenzise.

Kubalulekile ukuba kukhuthazwe lisetyenziswa kuphela impumelelo yokwenene. Kungenjalo, umfundi akafundi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo iziphazamiso, baya ngokungazali kwakhe kakhulu.

kunokuba umoya wokhuphiswano xa bexoxa iingxaki kwandisa nenkuthazo.

Ngempumelelo sebenzisa imidlalo sebali-nxaxheba-idlala neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda qela. Noko ke, lo msebenzi kubalulekile ukuba babele ngokwaneleyo indima ukuba abantwana ayavela umona, ingqumbo, umona kunye nezinye iimvakalelo ezingakhiyo.

Owayebalasele kakhulu ngempumelelo ibalulekileyo yemisebenzi zezifundo yingxaki, apho abantwana bakwazi ukubonisa ubuchule babo kunye search. mngeni yabo ukuba ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kodwa Luyimfuneko ke kufuneka sizilungise. Ukuba ukhetha amazinga ahlukeneyo ukuntsonkotha wemisebenzi ingxaki kumaqela ahlukeneyo abafundi, kwaye ngabanye - ukulungiselela abantwana angena kulo qela.

Ekugqibeleni, uvuyo kwinkqubo yokufunda - yeyona ibalulekileyo khuthaza into.

Inyathelo 2. Construction scheme Ltd.

Oku akuthethi ukwenza intshukumo, kunye ndimlungiselele. Umfundi kufuneka bafunde kwaye asebenzise uhlobo olulodwa lokufundisa uphumezo DM eza kunceda ukuze isebenze kakuhle kwaye ukuba siqinisekiso isiphumo.

Ngokuba lo umfundi yakha isiseko ekuqhelaniseni amanyathelo (CCCs). It is a ngendlela isikhokelo kunye nemiyalelo, ulwazi, angayityhileli onke amacandelo amanyathelo. Jonga iinkcukacha kwimenu yemisebenzi, ubume kunye umyalelo lokubulawa kwabo, imveliso, usasazo kunye isihloko intshukumo.

Imfundiso Inqanaba ukubunjwa izenzo yengqondo wachaza iintlobo ezintathu zokufunda, nganye okuzalisekileyo ngaphezu yangaphambili. Ulwahlulo isekelwe ngokusekelwe imifuziselo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo i DTE.

1. Iimpawu aziphelelanga. highlights zabo yesifundo (umfundi) ngokwabo, ngokwenza amaphutha. Ltd. Le awuvumeli ukuba iimeko nenyathelo kwinqanaba amanyathelo eklasini, lona luhlala umzekelo ekwanti.
2. Iimpawu ziphelele. Inkcazo yezinto zonke iimeko apho ukubulawa isenzo kuya kuba. Kodwa isifundo akazibandakanyi ekudalweni imithetho, kodwa basebumnyameni bayithobele. ubuntu bakhe akazibandakanyi ekwenzeni imisebenzi, kwaye kunjalo (komsebenzi) kwaba uncreative ekuqaleni. Amava evela intshukumo enje, uyakuhlala engumsebenzi "omnye-off" kwaye inceda kwisifundo nje ixesha elifutshane. Ngapha koko, Ltd. kuseyinto umzekelo ekwanti ngenyathelo, ngaphandle nentetho equkayo. Yinto isicelo kwezinye izenzo kwiklasi enye.
3. Iimpawu exhaustively epheleleyo. Bona ngokubanzi ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, yaye umda - kuba zonke iindidi amanyathelo. Ltd. luxhomekeke ngokwayo, ngokusekelwe kulwazi evela kutitshala basis methodological.

Kulula ukubona ukuba ukuyilwa yokupasa iintshukumo yengqondo kwenziwa kuphela ngokususela udidi lwesithathu loqeqesho. Kwangaxeshanye, impumelelo liqinisekiswa kuphela xa omnye (yaye indawo esembindini TPFUD). Action kufuneka nayenza yempumelelo ngokupheleleyo kula manqanaba amathandathu indalo yayo. Nayiphi japan ilahleko intermediate kutshabalalisa imveliso yokugqibela.

Inyathelo 3. Formation izinto okanye imizimba isenzo

Action ngohlobo izinto kwenziwa kwisicwangciso lwangaphandle siyasebenza. Izinto kunye isekela ezibonakalayo izinto eziyinyani.

Action ngendlela mizimba lwenziwa kunye izinto sele iguqulelwe: imizobo, iitshati, iigrafu, imizobo. izinto yenyama ziboniswa kwi amakhadi ezizodwa sikhokelo.

umsebenzi ngamnye kade. Oku kunika umfundi ithuba lokuba ukulawula yonke imisebenzi kwaye intshukumo liphela.

Kweli nqanaba, umsebenzi ngamnye uthethile ngokuvakalayo. Oku kuvumela i sifundo ukwahlula phakathi intshukumo ncakasana (oku kuchazwa intetho) kunye izinto (ukuba izinto ngenkani).

Xa umsebenzi eqalisa ukujika ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle iimpazamo kunye zokumisa, amakhadi kunye nezenzo eendaba ahlambuluke. Kuhleli inkcazo yomlomo kuphela.

Inyathelo 4. Isenzo Speech. intetho elikhulu

Action lixhotyiswe isekela ezibonakalayo ayisekho umfundi. Ngoku zokucalu-calula izinto usebenzisa intetho elikhulu echaza uhlobo ebhalelwe Kwelinye iqela, okt. E. ayeba. Kukho umdlalo action intetho kunye neengxelo ngaye.

Imfuno amanyathelo intetho - esandisiweyo eneenkcukacha kwisithuba - ukucacisa ukuba interlocutor, elawula izifundo.

Esi sigaba iqulethe uvale qualitative eziphambili ekubunjweni CA: amanyathelo zangaphandle imenza ukuba ingcamango kwayo. Kuye nolahlo ngokubanzi, kodwa hayi inciphisiwe kwaye ezenzekelayo.

Inyathelo 5. isenzo Speech. intetho lwangaphandle ngayo ngokwayo

Ifom of action - ziyafana kwinyathelo 4, kodwa yokubiza nokuba ke intsebezo yelizwi ayivumelekanga. Utitshala ulawula ukulandelelana imisebenzi okanye ngenxa tyando. Inqanaba Ukugqitywa - xa umsebenzi ngamnye, ngokunjalo yonke intshukumo eyenziwa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo.

Inyathelo 6 Action intetho engaphakathi - inyathelo kwengqondo. umcabango ecocekileyo

Ukususela umfundi elisombulula umyalezo ingxaki uthunyelwa kuphela impendulo lokugqibela. Iimpahla Action - Mfutshane, svornutost, automatism. Nangona nzima into yokuba umfundi abekelwe isantya kubulawa, umsebenzi impazamo-free. Ukuba impazamo lisekhona - kufuneka ukususa indawo manqanaba zangaphambili.

Kweli nqanaba, ukuyilwa amanyathelo yengqondo, elizimeleyo naziphi na iimeko zangaphandle nangaphakathi abangabancedani. Inyathelo elinjalo ke kuthiwa ingcamango ecocekileyo.

Kuphela xa ukufundwa uhlobo lesithathu (ekwakheni ngokupheleleyo DTE) kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekwe kwisigaba-yakheka algorithm ngokupheleleyo LE. Olu ke uhlobo kuphela uqeqesho, apho bonke abafundi eklasini (group) ngokufanelekileyo eqinisekile impumelelo kwiziphumo zokufunda ngenxa yokuba nobuchule ngokupheleleyo.

Imfundiso Inqanaba ukubunjwa iintshukumo yengqondo - ebonisa notitshala yokwakha indlela inkqubo yemfundo kuseko ulwazi kunye nezenzo usebenzisa didactics eziphambili isixhobo - DTE - ukuba ibe yimpumelelo.

Imisebenzi yokufunda Universal (ACU)

Enye yeengxaki wemfundo mihla - ukutshintsha ihlabathi ngesantya lusanda ngokwanda. Ulwazi olufunyenwe esikolweni, ngaphandle umhla phambi kwexesha umfundi ukuze ayigqibe.

Ukongeza, kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho kunye nemfundo yomfundi kuxhomekeke katitshala, njengokuba nako ukuphuhlisa ngokuzimeleyo.

Ngokubhekele phaya ngoyaba ezi zibakala kuya kukhokelela (kwaye sele kukhokelele) ukuya nokungasebenzi iyonke kwinkqubo yemfundo.

Indlela kuphela ngaphandle imeko yengxaki - utshintsho namkhondo ephambili zezemfundo kokufumana kulwazi nakwizakhono for lobuqu meta-zezifundo (nadpredmetnym) izenzo jikelele lemfundo (ACU).

siphu- yayisetyenziselwa kwezi zenzo ngaphambili izenzo ngokwesiseko izakhono zokufunda jikelele.

Igama elithi "ECU 'ithetha ukuba:

• subject (umfundi) uyakwazi self-uphuhliso kunye self-nokuphucula, inxaxheba yaye ngabom wabele amava entlalo;
• lo mbandela bakwazi ukufunda ngokuzimeleyo ulwazi olutsha nezakhono, kuquka ukukwazi lokuhlela ngokwayo kunye nolwazi inkqubo yemveliso nokwenziwa;
• ndaba ekufundeni kwabo ukuze abe ezenkcubeko, ubuchule kwezentlalo, wokunyamezela.

Okwangoku, esi sikolo engundoqo eRashiya (ukusuka 5 ukuya kwibanga-9) ehamba ukuya umgangatho entsha yemfundo karhulumente federal. Entliziyweni yaso - nokudalwa ACU for abantwana abakule minyaka yobudala.

ACU uluhlu esikolweni esisiseko

Le nkqubo yakhelwe kwi-logic 'ukusuka amanyathelo kwengcinga. " Ngenxa yoko, yona iyafana kusini na ingqiqo sikhokelo ubhalo P. Ya. Galperina.

Ngaphezu koko, le ngcamango ibakala ukubunjwa izenzo ngengqondo abe, kunye methodological ngobhalo umsebenzi nokucinga, sisiseko esingundoqo nokudalwa ACU.

Enyanisweni, TPFUD ekwimo layo - akukho nto kodwa iteknoloji ukutsalwa intshukumo - ukusuka imathiriyeli yokucinga. ACU efanayo - liphezulu kunye umphumo lokugqibela eli ucaphulo: Amanyathelo ngengqondo kwihlabathi self-ephethwe, acinga self-ngokwaso.

Okuninzi kwiminyaka engama-25 eyadlulayo, ikhono efanayo ngokwasengqondweni njenge njongo wemfundo lowo ongazanga kuxoxwe. Namhlanje, ihlangabezana iimfuneko modernity.

ekugqibeleni imfundo Russian baba imfuneko ukuxhasa le ngcamango eziphambili kunye nendlela. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa beqokelela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu amava kuphuhliso sistemodeyatelnostnyh Education (Shchedrovitskii, OS anisimov et al.). Bona zinendlela elilodwa isizukulwana oqhubekayo ithiyori ngexesha elifanayo ngokulandelwa nokuphunyezwa kwayo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo updates okuqhubekayo.