Isiqithi samathambo sase-Atlantis apho sitholakala khona?

I-Atlantis (isiGrike: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, i-Atlnntis) yindawo yesiqithi engqungquthela, ekhankanywe okokuqala kwaye ichazwe ngumfilosofi wamaGrike uPlato kwiingxoxo zikaTimayo noCritias. Ngaloo nto i-Atlantis kunye nalapho ikhona khona, bebhikisana ukususela ekuqaleni kokukhankanywa kwayo. Le ngcamango ibonisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcamango: ngenxa yoko, yinto yocwaningo lwezinto zakudala, elinde ukufunyanwa, umthombo olahlekileyo wolwazi namandla angaphezulu, mhlawumbi akukho nto ingaphezu kwefilosofi kwiingozi zempucuko ekuphuhlisweni kwayo. Ngaba i-Atlantis eqinisweni, okanye yiyo kuphela into eyenziwe nguPlato, mhlawumbi ayiyi kwaziwa. Nangona kunjalo, ingcamango yokuba khona kwayo iyaqhubeka ikhuthaza kwaye ikhumbuze abaninzi, ivakalisa umnqweno wokufikelela kwixesha lokuchuma okanye ukubuyela kuyo.

Umvelaphi weNtsomi

Inkcazo ye-Atlantis Plato, ebonwa njengowokuqala, ivela kwiingxoxo zikaTimayo noCritias, ebhalwe ngo-360 BC. E. Kwindlela yesimboli yeSologi yencoko, umbhali uhambisa ibali lakhe ngengxoxo phakathi kwabapolitiki baseCritia kunye neHermocrate, kunye nabafilosofi bakaSocrates noTimaeus. Ngokuphathelele isiqithi sesiqithi uthi uCriitias, okokuqala ku-"Timaeus", ngokuchazwa ngokufutshane ngombuso omkhulu "emva kweentsika zeHercules", eyahlula ama-Athene emva kokuzama ukulwa neYurophu naseAsia Minor. Emva koko iCriitias iya kwi nkcazo ecacileyo yempucuko enamandla. Upolitiki uthi amabali akhe malunga neAthene neAtlantis yakudala aphuma ekutyelele eYiputa ummeli waseAthene uSolon kwikhulu lesithandathu BC. E. Wadibana nomfundisi waseSais owaguqulela imbali yamazwe asendulo, ebhalwe kwi-papyrus ngama- hieroglyphs aseYiputa, kwisiGrike.

Ingxelo yabafundisi baseYiputa

Ibali elithethwa ngababingeleli, uSolon wayengaziwa. Ngokweengxelo zetempile yaseYiputa yaseYiputa, ama - Athene alwa imfazwe kunye nabalawuli baseAtlantis malunga neminyaka elithoba elinesibhozo eyadlulayo.

Ookumkani bamandulo nabanamandla besiqithi seengingqi bakha inkululeko abayibusayo kunye nezinye iziqithi. Emva kwemfazwe, abalawuli babethumela imikhosi eYurophu naseAsia. Ukulwa nalo hlaselo, ama-Athene adala ukusebenzisana kwamaGrike. Kwiingxaki zokuqala, zahlukana, kwaye abaseAthene baxabana bodwa. Ukuhlasela kwakumiswa, kwaye iYiputa kunye namanye amazwe awanqotyiswa ngabalawuli baseAtlantis bekhululwa.

Kungekudala emva kokunqoba, nangaphambi kokubuya kwekhaya labase-Athene, isiqithi saseburhulumenteni sabakhokelela kwindyikitya yokuzamazama komhlaba kunye nezikhukula, kwaze kwaba yilapho yanyamalala phantsi kwamanzi. Ngokomxholo, onke amadoda akhalipho athatyathwa ngenye imini nobusuku obuthusayo. Yingakho amaYiputa awazange abulele abaseAtene.

Ukongezelela, uPlato uchaza imbali yeAtlantis, ebonisa indlela abalawuli abafike ngayo apho bafuna ukunqoba ihlabathi lonke. Ibali labhalwa nguSolon kwaye ladluliselwa kwintsapho yakhe kwisizukulwana kwisizukulwana.

Ukuhlaziywa nguThixo

Ngokweengxelo zikaSolon, imbali yesiqithi seengingqi yaqala ekuqaleni kwexesha. Kwaye ngokokuba oothixo abangafiyo bahlula ihlabathi phakathi kwabo kwaye ngamnye ulawulo lwalo nxalenye. UThixo wamnika uPoseidon Atlantis. Kuphi, akucaciswanga, kodwa kwakukho isiqithi esingaphezulu kweLibya neAsia ezidibeneyo. Wakhetha njengomfazi wakhe umfazi ofayo uClayto kunye nalo wasungula ubukhosi bolawulo belizwe.

Poseidon kunye neClaytooth

UPoseidon wakha indlu kwinduli ephakamileyo, entliziyweni yesiqithi. Isakhiwo sakhuphuka ngaphaya kwetye elivundayo elisezantsi elwandle. Ukukhusela umfazi wakhe othandekayo uPoseidon ngokukhulula kunye nobugcisa bukaThixo bayijikeleze indlu yakhe kunye neendandatho ezinhlanu zamanzi nomhlaba. Izibindi ezifudumeleyo ezibandayo zazibetha phantsi komhlaba. Ngokuphuhliswa kwesi sixeko, abemi bayo abazange bafumane amanzi.

UClayto wazala u-Poseidon oonyana abalishumi, amabini amabini amawele. U-Atlant, unyana wokuqala wenkwenkwezi yokuqala, waba ngumbusi welizwe elikhulu likayise. Abazalwana bakhe baqeshwe ngamagosa, ngalinye elo lilawula ubukhulu balo mmandla. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yobukumkani yayiyindlu yowama phezu kwentaba kunye nelizwe elijikelezile. I-Atlanta yayinabantwana abaninzi, kwaye itrone yayidluliselwa kumdala kunabo bonke.

Ukuchuma ngokuXolo

Kwizizukulwana ezininzi, u-Atlantis wahlala enoxolo kwaye wayenempumelelo. Phantse zonke iimfuno zabemi zanikezelwa ngamacumu, amasimi kunye namahlathi esi siqithi. Yonke into engakhange iveliswe yayingenisiwe. Oku kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba kwakhiwa umdaka owakhwela kuwo onke amasongo ukusuka kolwandle ukuya kwisibini sobukumkani, i-acropolis apho indlu yasebukhosini yayimi kufuphi nePoseidon noClayto. Umlawuli ngamnye ophumelelayo wazama ukuphuma ngaphandle kwakhe ekudaleni ubukumkani obukhulu. Ekugqibeleni, i-Metropolis enhle kunye nedolophu yangaphandle yazisasa ngaphaya kwedonga elikhulu elingaphandle.

Imithetho yePoseidon

U-Poseidon wasungula imithetho yaseAtlantis, ekufuneka abalawuli bayigcine. Ibhunga elilawulayo liza kudibana rhoqo. Kwakuquka abameli abalishumi abalawuli bokuqala -Atlanta nabazalwana bakhe-ababenamandla amakhulu phezu kobomi nokufa kwezifundo zabo. Iintlanganiso zenzeka endlwini kaPoseidon, apho ababhali bokuqala babhala imithetho kwi-orihalk pillar. Okokuqala, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yembhiyozo yamandulo, i-archons yatshintsha izipho. Ngoko umbingelelo wenkomo engcwele yenzeke. Igazi lixutywe newayini kwaye litshiswa emlilweni njengesenzo sokuhlanjululwa. Abalawuli banikwa iwayini kwiikomityi zegolide, baqhumisela ngomlilo baza bafunga ukuba benze isigqibo ngokuhambelana nemimiselo emiselweyo. Wonke umntu wayela iwayini waza wanikela indebe yakhe etempileni. Emva koko kwalandelwa isidlo apho abathathi-nxaxheba bembethe iingubo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuye basombulula imibuzo malunga nobukumkani, ngokuhambelana nemithetho yePoseidon.

Inkundla yamaThixo

Kuze abalawuli bahlulele baze bahlala phantsi kwemithetho kaPoseidon, urhulumente wahlakulela. Xa imithetho yaqala ukulibaleka, kwavela iingxaki. Abalawuli baqalisa ukutshata abantu kwaye baziphathe njengabantu abangenangqiqo. Babanjwa ngokuzingca, kwaye baqala ukulwa namandla amakhulu. UZeus wabona oko kwenzekayo: abalawuli balahla imithetho yeothixo baza baqala ukusebenzisana nabantu. Wabutha bonke oothixo baseOlimus kwaye wayeza kwenza isigqibo malunga neAtlantis. Oku kugqiba ibali likaPlato.

Inyaniso okanye inyaniso?

Ngaba kwenziwe ngenjongo okanye ayikho, akukho mntu uyazi. Njengokuba akukho mntu uyayazi, uPlato wayekholelwa kubukho bobuqhetseba besiqithi, okanye kwakuyinyani ecacileyo. Abaninzi bayaqiniseka ukuba umbhali, owasebenzisa iinkcukacha ezininzi kwingcaciso yakhe, wayekholelwa kuye. Abanye bayaligatya, bethetha ukuba ngenxa yokuba imbali iyilungiso elungileyo likaPlato, wayekwazi ukufumana iinkcukacha ezininzi njengoko wayefuna. Kwakhona umbuzo ukuthandana kwakhe. Ngokutsho kukaSolon, isi siqithi sasiyiminyaka engama-9000 edlulileyo. Oku kuyahambelana nokuqala kweTyard Age. Ngeli xesha kunzima ukucinga ukuba kukho ubugcisa, ukuzakhela kunye nolwandle oluchazwe kwibali. Enye inkcazo yalokhu kungahambelani kukuchazwa kakubi nguSolon wesimboli saseYiputa njengama-1000. Ukuba kunjalo, u-Atlantis wayeneminyaka engama-900 ngaphambi kwexesha leengxelo. Oku kuhambelana nomda weBronze Age, xa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ukufezekisa inqanaba elichaziweyo lokuphuhliswa sele livele.

Abaninzi bamafilosofi bexesha elidala babecinga iAtlantis njengenkolelo, kuquka (ngokutsho kweStrabo) kunye no-Aristotle. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho iingcali zefilosofi, izazi-geographer, iimbali-mlando ezazamkela ibali likaPlato ngokuxabisekileyo. Omnye wabo kwakunguCrantor, umfundi kaPlato umfundi waseXenocrates, owayezama ukufumana ubungqina bokuba khona kwe-Atlantis. Umsebenzi wakhe, i-commentary kaTimayo, ilahlekile, kodwa enye i-historian yasendulo, i-Proclus, ibika ukuba uCrantor waya eYiputa kwaye efumene iifolumns kunye nembali yesiqithi esibhalwe kwi-hieroglyphics yaseYiputa. Njengokuba kukho yonke imisebenzi yangaphambili, kunzima ukuvavanya izibhengezo ezingenangqondo, njengoko kungekho zikho ubungqina, ngaphandle kokubhaliweyo.

Wesibini uTroy?

Ingxabano malunga nalapho i-Atlantis ikhona khona ukuphela kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba kwakungekho nje ingxakatho njengoko emva kokufumanisa ngo-1872 nguHenry Schliemann wesixeko esilahlekile saseTroy. Wenza oku ngoncedo luka-Homer's Iliad kunye ne-Odyssey, ngoko kwacaca ukuba imithombo yendalo, eyayihlolwe ngaphambili, iqulethe iinyaniso ezilahlekileyo. Ngowe-1882, inzululwazi u-Ignatius Donelly yashicilela incwadi yaseAtlantis: ihlabathi le-Antediluvian, elikhuthaza umdla kwisiqithi esiqingqiweyo. Umbhali wathatha inkolelo yePlaton ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye wazama ukuseka ukuba zonke iindawo ezidumileyo zasendulo zavela kwiinkcubeko eziphezulu ze-Neolithic. Abanye banikela ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo, ezibonisa izinto ezintle kwiAtlantis, zidibanisa kunye neendlela zamanye amazwekazi alahlekileyo njengeMu neLemuria, amanani athandwayo ekuhambeni kwe-theosophy, ukusebenzelana nemimoya kunye neemeko ezikhulayo ze-New Age.

Umzekeliso wePlato

Uninzi lwabaphengululi benqaba inkolelo ku-Atlantis njengengcamango 'yenkulungwane entsha' inkolo, ecinga ukuba inkcazo yeyona ndawo yayingumzekeliso kaPlato, okanye isekelwe kwenye impucuko eyaziwayo - iMinoan. Inyaniso yokuba ifilosofi yamaGrike yayivame ukuxelela ama-moralizing stories ngokuchaneka kobuxoki ichazwa ekuxhaseni le ngcamango. "Umkhombe" mhlawumbi umzekelo ogqwesileyo apho uPlato abonisa khona ukunyaniseka. Iingcali zenzululumkiso zixwayisa ukuba ukuqonda okungokoqobo kwimbali yintsholongwane. Kungenzeka ukuba uPlato uthumele isilumkiso kwabanye abantu malunga neengozi zokunyuka kwamakhosi, iinjongo zezopolitiko, ukuhlabelela ukuhlonipha nokusabalalisa ulwazi olungenalo inzuzo.

Inyaniso malunga neenjongo zefilosofi yamaGrike iya kuhlala iyaziwa kuphela, kodwa akukho mntu unokungabaza ngayo ixesha elide lokomfuziselo lomlando wakhe. Ukuba i-Atlantis ayikwazi ukuba yindawo ebonakalayo, ngokuqinisekileyo inendawo kwindawo yokucinga.

Iingcamango malunga nendawo

Kwakukho ezininzi, mhlawumbi amakhulu, iingcamango malunga nokuba i-Atlantis yayingubani, de kube negama liguqulelwe kwisibizo esingaqhelekanga (mhlawumbi nendawo). Oku kubonakaliswe kwinto yokuba ezininzi zeendawo ezicetywayo azikho kuzo zonke i-Atlantic Ocean. Ininzi yeziza ezicetywayo zikwabelana ngezinye iinkalo zembali yesiqithi seengingqi (amanzi, isiphelo esinobungozi, ixesha elifanelekileyo), kodwa ekugqibeleni akuzange kuboniswe ukuba oku kunjalo kuyi-Atlantis. Kuphi (umfanekiso walo, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, asikwazi ukubonelela) indawo enokuthi ikhona kuyo, unokufunda kwiluhlu lwezinto ezikhethiweyo. Ezinye zazo zenzululwazi okanye zezinto zakudala, ngelixa ezinye zadalwa ngeendlela zobungcali.

IMediterranean

Kuphi isiqithi esiqingqileyo, bazibuza kakhulu. Ininzi yeziza ezicetywayo zafumaneka ngaphakathi okanye kufuphi neLwandle iMeditera, okanye iziqithi ezifana neSardinia, eKrete, Santorini, eCyprus okanye eMalta.

Ukukhuphuka kwe-volcano kwiFree, ekuthandeni kwinyanga yeshumi elinesixhenxe okanye yeshumi elinesihlanu BC, kwabangela i-tsunami enkulu, leyo, ngokutsho kweengcamango ezigqithiswe yiingcali, zatshatyalalisa impucuko yeMinoan kwisiqithi saseKrete. Le nhlekelele ingakhuthaza ukubonakala kwimbali yamathambo e-Atlantis. Abaxhasi beengcamango babhekisela kwinto yokuba abaseYiputa basebenzisa ikhalenda yenyanga ngokusekelwe kwiinyanga, kunye namaGrike-ilanga, ngokusekelwe kwiminyaka. Ngako oko, kunokwenzeka ukuba ixesha eliguqulelwe njengeminyaka eyi-9 000 leminyaka ngokwenene lihambelana neenyanga eziyi-9000, ngokubeka ukufa kwe-Atlantis malunga neminyaka engamakhulu asixhenxe.

Santorini

Ukuqhuma kwentomba-mlilo kwisiqithi saseMedithera saseS Santorini ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kweMinoan, mhlawumbi, kubangele ukuba i-cataclysm yabhubhisa i-Atlantis. Ukugxeka okuyiyo ngcamango kukuba amaGrike asendulo ayayazi kakuhle iziqhwithi, kwaye ukuba kwakukho ukuqhuma, kuya kubakho ukukhankanywa kwalo. Ukongezelela, uFaro Amenhotep III wayala umthunywa wakhe ukuba atyelele iidolophu ezijikeleze iKrete, kwaye wafumana bahlala apho, apho kuthiwa yonke into yachithwa ngokupheleleyo.

Spartel

Enye ingcamango isekelwe ekudalweni kwakhona kwe-geographie yolwandle lwaseMeditera ngelixa i-Atlantis yayikhona. Apho kwakukho, ubonisa uPlato - ngaphandle kweentsika zeHercules. Ngoko kuthiwa iStrait of Gibraltar, ukudibanisa uLwandle lweMeditera kunye ne-Atlantic Ocean. Iminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo eyadlulayo inqanaba elwandle lalingama-130 emzantsi ngaphantsi, kwaye kwintlambo kwakukho eziliqela iziqithi. Omnye wabo, i-Spartel, yi-Atlantis, apho yawa khona, nangona kukho inani lokungahambelani neenguqulelo zePlato.

Sardinia

Ngo-2002, intatheli yaseNtaliyane uSergio Frau washicilela incwadi ethi "The Hercules Pillars" apho wathi ngaphambi kokuba uEratosthenes bonke ababhali bamaGrike babenalo kwi-Sicilian strait, kwaye uhambo luka-Alexandre Omkhulu ukuya empuma lwafuneka ukuba u-Eratosthenes achaze ihlabathi ukuba aqhube iintsika eGibraltar. Ngokutsho kwengqungquthela yakhe, kwakukho iAtlantis, apho iSardinia namhlanje. Enyanisweni, i-tsunami yabangela ukubhujiswa kwintlekele kwisiqithi, kubhubhisa i-Nuraghian impucuko. Abasindileyo babedlulela kwisiqhelo saseItaliyane esasondelene nabo, basungula inkcubeko yase-Etruscan, eyaba ngumthombo weRoma kamuva, kanti abanye abasindileyo babeyinxalenye 'yezizwe zolwandle' ezahlasela iYiputa.

Ngaphandle kweMeditera

Ngaphandle kweLwandle lweMeditera, i-Antarctica yayikuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi-ukusuka e-Ireland naseSweden ukuya e-Indonesia naseJapan. Zininzi zezi ngcamango zixhomekeke kububungqina obunelisayo. Ezi zimbini zezona zixutyushwa kakhulu kwiindawo zaseCaribbean nase-Antarctica.

Road Bimini - Sunken Atlantis?

Apho i-Triangle yeBermuda ikhona, wonke umntu ubonakala eyazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo zidibaniswa neziganeko eziyimfihlakalo, i-Caribbean basinakuchukumisa izakhiwo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi, ezibizwa ngokuba yiNdlela yeBimini, eyafunyanwa ngabaqhubi bee-pilot kuma-1960. Indlela yeBimini iqulethwe ngamatye amakhulu ahlelwe emigqeni emibini ejikelezayo emanzini angacacileyo kwiikhilomitha eziliqela ukusuka kwiiBimini Islands. Iindwendwe ezininzi zahamba apho ukuze zizame ukufakazela okanye ukuchasisa imvelaphi ye technogen yalezi zifundo kwaye ngandlela-thile zidibanise neAtlantis. Uninzi lwezenzululwazi, ngakumbi i-geologists, lufumene ubungqina obungaqinisekanga okanye lwafika kwisigqibo sokuba le yinto yendalo. Abanye, nangona kunjalo, baxela ngokucacileyo ukuba ilitye lilinganisane kwaye liceba ukuba yindalo nje yendalo. Kukho nawuphi na, akukho ntsalela, eyayiza kuqinisekisa ukuba indlela ikhokelela kwisiqithi esiqingqiweyo, ayifumanekanga.

Antarctica

Inkolelo yokuba i-Antarctica yindawo apho i-Atlantis (ifoto) ifakelwe khona yayidume ngokukhethekileyo kwi-1960-1970. Kwakukhutshwa ngumdlalo we-Lovecraft "i-Ridges of Madness", kunye nekhadi lePiri Reis, elibonakala libonisa i-Antarctica njengoko kwakungekho ngaphandle kweqhwa, ngokubhekiselele kulwazi lwalo xesha livunyelwe. UCharles Berlitz, u-Erich von Daniken, kunye noPetros Kolosimo babephakathi kwabalobi abathandwayo abenza loo ngcamango. Nangona kunjalo, inkolelo ye-continental drift iyaphikisana nale ngcamango, kuba ngexesha lobomi bePlato Antarctica lalisendaweni yalo kwaye lilondoloze isimo sezulu esingenakuxhomekeka. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwemimandla engachangekanga kubangela iingcamango ezininzi, njengeAtlantis, kuze kube namhlanje.

Inkcubeko yasePapa

Uphando kunye nokufumanisa izixeko elide-yalahleka kunye neempucuko na isihloko sinxulumana indawo okanye ixesha ngobungqola ethandwayo. Atlantis waba siqithi wasentsomini, ogama yajika ukuba ube yimbalasane zonke ezinye izixeko elahlekileyo. Ukuphawulwa kulo zikhona kuzo zonke iintlobo zoncwadi, ukususela imisebenzi Renaissance kwibali mihla inzululwazi, iingcinga, amaphepha ngabembi ngokwenzululwazi, ethi "New Age." Zikamabonwakude neemovie nabo baye basebenzisa -ngomtsalane Atlantis. Inkolelo iye bemlinga, kangangokuba omnye hotele ezinkulu eBahamas, Atlantis Paradise Island Resort, iiholide iye yesihloko isixeko elahlekileyo.

Intshukumo "New Age", kukho abo bakholelwa ukuba Atlantis, apho kwakukho impucuko enobuchwepheshe, nokuzeyisa destructed ngenxa inkqubela ngokukhawuleza, okanye sebenzisa iteknoloji amazwe. neyawo kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa kunye nezinye iinkcubeko zamandulo, njengokuba abaninzi abathembekileyo, "New Age" nezifuna ukudibanisa ngezenzeko ezahlukeneyo eliyimfihlakalo mbono mnye. Ekugqibeleni, le ngxoxo eliqhubayo oko Atlantis, apho le siqithi ezazikayo - ubungqina umdla olungenasiphelo loluntu kunye nomnqweno ukuba nihluthe umbono yangoku zehlabathi, baze baqhubeke ukukhangela fumanisa iimfihlelo ngemihlaba ezidakileyo elidlulileyo.