Injini ye-Jet: umgaqo wokusebenza (ngokufutshane). Umgaqo we-injini yejet

Ukusebenza ngokuthe tye kuthatha intshukumo apho elinye lazo zihlulo lihlula kumzimba ngesilinganiso esithile. Umkhosi ovela ngenxa yolu hlobo lwenkqubo usebenza ngokwawo. Ngamanye amazwi, akanalo uqhagamshelwano oluncinane kunye namaziko angaphandle.

Ukuhamba ngokusebenzayo kwendalo

Ngexesha leeholide zasehlotyeni kumzantsi, phantse ngamnye wethu, ebhukuda elwandle, wadibana ne-jellyfish. Kodwa bambalwa abantu bacinga ukuba ezi zilwanyana ziyahamba ngendlela efanayo ne-injini ye-jet. Umgaqo wokusebenza ngohlobo lwaloo nhlanganisela unokubakhokwa xa ezinye iintlobo zeeplankton zasolwandle kunye nezibungu zeentlanzi zihamba. Kwaye ukusebenza kwezi ntembeko zihlala ziphakamileyo kuneendlela zobuchwepheshe.

Ngubani omnye onokubonisa ngokucacileyo indlela injini yejet isebenza ngayo? I-squid, i-octopus kunye ne-cuttlefish. Inkuthalo efanayo eyenziwa ngamanye amaninzi olwandle. Makhe sithathe, umzekelo, i-cuttlefish. Udonsa amanzi kwisigxina sakhe kunye nokusibeka ngamandla ngamandla, ngokubhekiselele ngasemva okanye kwicala. Ngaloo ndlela i-mollusc iyakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza kwiqela eliyimfuneko.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kwe-injini ye-jet nayo ingaqwalaselwa xa i-roller ishukunyiswa. Lezilwanyana zaselwandle zithatha amanzi kwindawo enkulu. Emva koko, iimisipha zomnqophiso wakhe womzimba, uphakamisela umbane ngaphandle komngxuma osemva. Ukuphendula kwe-jet eliphumela kukuvumela ukuba umntakwabo aqhubeke phambili.

Iinqwelo zoLwandle

Kodwa i-squid, emva koko, iphumelele ukuphelelisa okukhulu kwi-jet navigation. Ngona kunjalo uhlobo lwe-rocket lubonakala lukopishwe kulo mzimba wolwandle. Xa uhamba ngejubane elincinane, i-squid igoba ngokukhawuleza iphetshana le-diamond. Kodwa ukuphosa ngokukhawuleza kufuneka asebenzise "injini ye-jet" yakhe. Umgaqo womsebenzi wazo zonke izihlunu kunye nomzimba wakhe ufanelekile ukuqwalasela ngokubanzi iinkcukacha.

I-Squids inesambatho esiyingqayizivele. Ingumzimba wesisu ojikeleze umzimba wakhe kuwo onke macala. Ngethuba le ntshukumo, isilwanyana sithatha kule ngxibo ininzi yamanzi, iphosa ngokukhawuleza i-jet ngokusebenzisa umbhobho omncinane. Izenzo ezinjalo zivumela i-squid ukuba ibuyele emuva ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingamashumi asixhenxe ngeyure. Ngethuba le ntshukumo, isilwanyana siqokelela zonke iintsimbi zayo ezilishumi zibe yinqumle, eyenza umzimba ube nomfanekiso ochanekileyo. Kukho i-valve ekhethekileyo kumbhobho. Isilwanyana siphendulela ngoncedo lwe-contraction of muscle. Oku kuvumela umhlali wezilwandle ukuba ashintshe isikhokelo senkqubela. Inendima ye-helm ngethuba lokuhamba kwe-squid idlalwe yimizila yayo. Bawaqondisa ngakwesobunxele okanye ngasekunene, phantsi okanye phezulu, ukuphepha ngokukhawuleza ukudibanisa kunye nemithintelo eyahlukahlukeneyo.

Kukho uhlobo lwe-squid (stenotevtis), oluphethe isihloko somqhubi omhle phakathi kwe-mollusks. Chaza umgaqo we-injini ye-jet-kwaye uya kuqonda ukuba kutheni, ngokuphishekela intlanzi, ngezinye izilwanyana ziphuma emanzini, ziwa nakwiindawo zokuhamba ngeenqanawa ezihamba ngaphesheya kolwandle. Oku kwenzeka ntoni? Umqhubi we-squid, ephakathi kwendidi yamanzi, uhlakulela ukulungelelanisa. Oku kuvumela ukuba athabhe phezu kwamaza emgama ukuya kuma-50 mitha.

Ukuba sicinga injini ye-jet, yintoni umgaqo wokusebenza wesilwanyana ungakhankanywa okwamanje? Oku, ekuqalekeni, i-octopus ye-baggy. Abashukumi abavela kuzo abahambi ngokukhawuleza njenge-squid, kodwa xa kwenzeka ingozi isantya sabo singaba nomona nangona abaprinta abafanelekileyo. Izazi ze-biologists eziye zafunda i-octopus ukufuduka ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba ziyahamba ngendlela ye-injini ye-jet isebenza ngayo.

Isilwanyana esinamanzi amaninzi siphonswa ngaphandle kwe-funnel, senza idonga emibini okanye kwiimitha ezimbini nesigamu. Kule meko i-octopus ibhukuda ngendlela ekhethekileyo - ngasemva.

Eminye imizekelo yokuqhuma kwejet

Kukho iikhephethi kwihlabathi lezityalo. Umgaqo we-injini ye-jet inokubonwa xa, nangona kuthinteka kakhulu, "ikhukhamba ekhuni" inqumla kwi-stem ngesivinini esiphezulu ngelixa lixakeka i-liquid sticky with the seeds. Kule meko, isiqhamo ngokwawo sihamba umgama omkhulu (ukuya kwi-12 m) kwindlela eyahlukileyo.

Umgaqo we-injini ye-jet nayo ingabonwa xa kusekho emkhombeni. Ukuba ukusuka kuwo kumanzi ngendlela ethile ukuphonsa amatye atyebileyo, ke uhambo oluchaseneyo luya kuqala. Umgaqo ofanayo usebenza kwi-system-rocket-propulsion system. Kuphela kukho ukutyhala kusetyenziswa endaweni yamatye. Benza amandla asebenzayo aqinisekisa ukunyakaza kokubili emoyeni nakwiindawo eziphelileyo.

Uhambo olumangalisayo

Ngeenqwelo eziya kwindawo, uluntu luye lwaphupha ixesha elide. Oku kubonakaliswa yimisebenzi yabalobi bezobuxoki, ukuba bafezekise le njongo, banike ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iqhawe lebali lomlobi waseFransi uHercule Savinin Cyrano de Bergerac lafika kwiNyanga kwinqwelo yensimbi, apho i-magnet enamandla yayihlala iphonswa khona. I-Munchausen edumileyo yafikelela kwiplanethi efanayo. Isiqu esikhulu senyosi sincede ukuba enze uhambo.

Ukuqhuma kweJet kwasetyenziswa e-China kwiminyaka yokuqala yeminyaka eyi-BC. Iimarokethi eziqhelekileyo zokuzonwabisa xa zifana nezibhabhu ze-bamboo, ezazaliswa ngumpu. Ngendlela, iprojekthi yeyokuqala imoto kwiplanethi yethu, eyenziwe nguNewton, nayo yayinjini ye-jet.

Imbali yokudalwa kweeteksi

Ngekhulu le-19 kuphela. Iphupha loluntu malunga nezulu liqale ukufumana iimpawu eziphathekayo. Kwakukho kule nkulungwane ukuba iinguqulelo zesiRashiya uNI Kibalchich yakha iprojekthi yokuqala yehlabathi ngenqwelo ye-jet. Onke amaphepha adalwe nguNarodnaya Volya entolongweni, apho wazilandela emva kokuzama kukaAlexander. Kodwa, ngelishwa, ngomhla ka-03.04.1881, uKibalchich wabulawa, kwaye ingcamango yakhe ayizange ifumaneke ngendlela ebonakalayo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Iingcamango zokusebenzisa iinqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo eziya kwendawo zachazwa ngumsululwazi waseRussia uK. E. Tsiolkovsky. Ngethuba lokuqala umsebenzi wakhe, oqulethe inkcazo yesikhalazo somzimba we-mass mass in the form of equation mathematical, yanyatheliswa ngo-1903. Kamva, isayensi yakha iprogram ye-injini ye-jet, iqhutywe ngumbane wamanzi.

U-Tsiolkovsky waqulunqa i-missile yamanqanaba amaninzi kwaye wabonisa ingcamango yokudala kwiindawo ezikufutshane zomhlaba zezixeko ze-cosmic. U-Tsiolkovsky uqinisekisile ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yindlela ephela yendawo yokuhamba ngeenqwelo-moya i-rocket. Oko kukuthi, idivayisi exhotywe nge-injini ye-jet, igalelwe kwaye ixutywe. Umsila onjalo kuphela onokukwazi ukunqoba amandla okuvumba kunye nokudlula ngaphaya kwemoya yoMhlaba.

Ukuhlola indawo

Inqaku likaTsiolkovsky, elipapashwe kwi-periodical "I-Scientific Review", liqinisekisile igama lolophuli kwenzululwazi. Akukho mntu wathwala ingxabano yakhe.

I ngcamango kaTsiolkovsky yafunyanwa ngabafundi beSoviet. Ephethwe nguSergei Pavlovich Korolev, baqalise i-satellite yokuqala yomhlaba. Ngo-Oktobha 4, 1957, esi sithuthi sazisa i-rocket nge-injini ye-jet. Umsebenzi we-RD wawusekelwe ekuguquleni kwamandla amachiza, adluliselwa ngumbane kwi-jet jet, eguqula amandla okhenkethi. Kule meko, i-rocket ihamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Injini ye-jet, umgaqo wokusebenza osetyenziswe iminyaka emininzi, uyifumana isicelo sayo kungekhona kuphela kwi-cosmonautics, kodwa nakwi-aircraft. Kodwa uninzi lwazo zonke zisetyenziselwa ukuqalisa iibhoksi. Emva koko, i-RD kuphela iyakwazi ukuhambisa ifowuni kwindawo apho naluphi na uhlobo olungekho.

Jet injini

Nabani na oye waphosa isibhamu okanye nje ukubukela le nkqubo evela ngaphandle uyazi ukuba kukho amandla atyunayo ngokuqinisekileyo. Yaye kunye nenani elikhulu lokuhlawulwa, ukubuyela ngokuqinisekileyo kuyanda. Injini ye-jet isebenza. Umgaqo wokusebenza kwawo ufana nendlela eya kugxilwa ngasemva ngaphantsi kwe-jet yamagesi atshisayo.

Ngokuphathelele i-rocket, kuyo yinkqubo, ngexesha apho umxube uvutha khona, uqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo kwaye uqhubeka. Le yile injini elula, enamandla. Uyazi kakuhle zonke i-rocket-modelists.

Kwi-injini esebenzayo (i-LRE), umxube obandakanya i-fuel and oxidant isetyenziselwa ukudala umbane osebenzayo okanye i-jet propelling. Okukugqibela, njengomthetho, i-nitric acid okanye i-oksijeni yamanzi. Amafutha kwi-LPRE i-kerosene.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kwe-injini ye-jet, eyayisemasampuli yokuqala, igcinwa kuze kube namhlanje. Kuphela ngoku isebenzisa i-hydrogen engcolileyo. Kwi-oxidation yale nkunkuma, ukunyusa okukodwa kukunyuka ngama-30% xa kuthelekiswa ne-LPRE yokuqala. Kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba imbono yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen yaphakanyiswa nguTsiolkovsky ngokwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima obukhoyo emsebenzini kunye nale nkunkuma ephazamisayo ayifumaneki.

Yintoni umgaqo we-injini ye-jet? I-Fuel kunye ne-oxidizer faka ikamelo lokusebenza ukusuka kwamathangi ahlukeneyo. Ukongezelela, izixhobo ziguqulwa zibe ngumxube. Itshisa, ngaloo ndlela ikhulula ubuninzi beqondo lokushisa phantsi koxinzelelo kwiindawo ezininzi ze-atmospheres.

Amacandelo eklasini yokusebenza ye-injini ye-jet iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. I-oxidizing agent isetyenziswe apha ngqo. Kodwa umbane uhamba umgama omde phakathi kweendonga zekamelo kunye nombhobho. Nantsi ityhutyhile kwaye, sele isele iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, iphonswa kwindawo yomsakazo ngokusebenzisa imicu emininzi. Ukuqhubela phambili, i-jet eyenziwe ngumbhobho uyaphuma kwaye inikezela ngeenqwelo-moya ngethuba lomqhubi. Yiloo ndlela ungatsho ngayo uhlobo lwenjini ye-jet umgaqo wokusebenza (ngokufutshane). Kule nkcazo, amanqaku amaninzi ayengakhankanyiwe, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kweLPRE kwakungeke kwenzeke. Phakathi kwabo, i-compressors yayidinga ukudala uxinzelelo olufunekayo kwi-injection, iipavves, i-turbine zokutya, njl.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamhlanje

Nangona i-injini ye-jet idinga amaninzi amaninzi, i-LRE iyaqhubeka ikhonza abantu namhlanje. Zisetyenziselwa njengeenjini ezihamba phambili eziphathekayo, kunye nokutshintshwa kwezithuthi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhululo. Kwi-aviation, ezinye iintlobo zezeteksi zisetyenzisiweyo, ezinemigangatho yeendlela zokusebenza kunye nokuyila.

Ukuphuhliswa kweenqwelo

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwada kwafika ixesha apho iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yaqhambuka, abantu bahamba kuphela ngeenqwelo-moya eziqhutyelwa i-propeller. Ezi zithuthi zixhotyiswe ngeenjini zangaphakathi zomlilo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela ayizange iqhubeke. Ngentuthuko yayo, kwakukho isidingo sokwakha iindiza ezinamandla kunye nokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, abaqulunqi beenqwelo-moya bejamelene neengxaki ezinokubonakala zingenakukhutshwa. Inyani kukuba nangona ukwanda kwamandla injini , ukwanda kwenqwelo-moya kwanda kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokuphuma kwimeko efunyenweyo yafunyanwa ngumNgesi uFrank Will. Wadala injini entsha, ebizwa nge-injini ye-jet. Olu qulunqo lunikezela ngamandla ukuphuhliswa kweenqwelo-moya.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kweenjini ze-jet yeenqwelo-moya iyafana neyo-fire hose. I-hose yayo inokuphela. Ukuphuma emhadeni omncinci, amanzi akwandisa kakhulu ijubane. Isiphumo esiphezulu sempembelelo esiphezulu sinamandla kangangokuthi umnini-mlilo akanakunzima ukubeka ipayipi ezandleni zakhe. Le ndlela yokuziphatha yamanzi inokuchaza umgaqo we-injini ye-jet.

Ukuhamba kweeteksi

Olu hlobo lweenjini ze-jet lilula. Ukumelela kungenziwa ngendlela yombhobho eneziphelo ezivulekile, ezifakwe kwi-moya ehambayo. Ngaphambili, icandelo lalo lihamba likhulu. Ngenxa yolu qulunqo, umoya ozayo unganciphisa isivinini sawo kunye noxinzelelo lwayo luyanda. Indawo enkulu kunaleyo yombhobho yilapho igumbi lokutsha. Apha, i-fuel injected kunye nokutsha komlilo. Inqubo enjalo ikhuthaza ukufudumala kweegesi zenziwe kunye nokwanda kwazo. Oku kwenza i-jet injini. Ivelisa zonke iigesi ezifanayo xa ziphosa ngaphandle ukusuka kumgca omncinci wombhobho. Yiyo le ntonga eyenza inqwelo iqhume.

Iingxaki zokusetyenziswa

Iinjongo ze-jet ezihamba ngokuchanekileyo zinokungalungi. Bayakwazi ukusebenza kuphela kuloo moya, ehambayo. Inqwelo-moya, eseburhulumenteni, ayikwazi ukuqaliswa ngeteksi ngqo. Ukuze kuphakanyiswe leyo moya, nayiphi enye injini yokuqala iyadingeka.

Uluhlu lweengxaki

Umgaqo wokusebenza kwe-jet injini ye-turbojet uhlobo lwenqwelo-moya, olungenako ukusilela kwe-ramjet, yavumela abaqulunqi bezindiza ukuba benze i-aircraft epheleleyo kakhulu. Lo msebenzi usebenza njani?

Into ephambili kwi injini ye-turbojet yi-turbine yegesi. Ngoncedo lwawo, i-compressor yomoya iyasebenza, idlulayo apho umoya ocinezelweyo uqondiswe kwigumbi elikhethekileyo. Ukuveliswa kwamafutha okushisa (ngokuqhelekileyo i-kerosene) iimveliso ziwela phezu kwee-turbine blades, kunokuba ziqhuba. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukugeleza kwegesi-moya kudlulela kumbhobho, apho kukhawuleza ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nokudala amandla amakhulu okusebenza.

Ukwanda kwamandla

Amandla okulandelelana okunyanzelekayo anokunyuka kakhulu ngaphezu kwexesha elifutshane. Ngenxa yale njongo, ukusetyenziswa emva kokusetyenziswa. Ingumjovo wexabiso elongezelelweyo lepetroli kumjelo wegesi ophunyuka kwi-turbine. Engasetyenziswanga kwi-turbine, i-oksijini inegalelo ekutshiseni i-kerosene, eyenza inyuse injini. Kwizinga eliphezulu, ukwanda kwexabiso layo kufinyelela kuma-70%, kwaye ngexabiso elincinane lifikelela kuma-25-30%.