Iiplastids zingahluka: iintlobo, isakhiwo, imisebenzi

Abantu abaninzi becinga ukuba ziphi iiplastids, ukusuka kwibhenki yesikolo. Kwikhosi ye-botany, kuthiwa kwiiseli zityalo, iiplastidi zinokubunjwa kobuninzi, ubukhulu, kwaye zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwiseli. Eli nqaku liyakukukhumbuza isakhiwo seeplastidi, iintlobo kunye nemisebenzi kwabo baphumelele esikolweni esidlulileyo, kwaye kuya kuba luncedo kubo bonke abanomdla kwi-biology.

Ulwakhiwo

Umfanekiso olapha ngezantsi ubonisa ngokucacileyo isakhiwo se-plastids kwiseli. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni, lune membrane yangaphandle neyangaphakathi eyenza umsebenzi okhuselayo, i-stroma - i-analogue ye-cytoplasm, i-ribosome, i-molecule ye-DNA, i-enzymes.

Kwii-chloroplast zikho izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo-i-granules. AmaGranas akhiwa kwii-thylakoids - izakhiwo ezifana neerks. Ama-Thylakoids abandakanyeka kwi- ATP kunye ne-oxygen.

Kwi-chloroplasts, ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, i-starch grains yenziwe.

I-Leukoplast ayinayo i-pigmented. Abenayo i-tilakoids, abazithatha inxaxheba kwi-photosynthesis. Uninzi lwe-leukoplast lugxininiswe kwisiqhamo kunye nengcambu yesityalo.

I-Chromoplast inokusetyenziswa kwamaconsi e-lipid-izakhiwo ezineep lipids, eziyimfuneko ukubonelela isakhiwo se-plastids ngamandla angaphezulu.

Iiplastids ingaba nemibala eyahlukileyo, ubukhulu kunye nemilo. Ubungakanani babo buvela kwi-5 ukuya ku-10 μm. Le fom idla ngo-oval okanye ngeenxa zonke, kodwa inokuba nayiphi na enye.

Iintlobo zeeplastidi

Iiplastids zingabi nambala (i-leukoplasts), eluhlaza (i-chloroplast), i-yellow okanye i-orange (i-chromoplast). Ziyi-chloroplast ezinika amaqabunga ezityalo umbala oluhlaza.

Olunye uhlobo lweplastids, i-chromoplast, lujongene nombala obomvu, obomvu okanye we-orange.

Iiplasitidi ezingenambala kwiseli zisebenza njengendawo yokugcina izondlo. I-Leukoplast iqukethe amafutha, isitashi, iiprotheni kunye ne-enzyme. Xa isityalo sidinga amandla angaphezulu, isitashi sihlulwe sibe yi-monomers - i-glucose.

I-Leukoplast phantsi kweemeko ezithile (phantsi kwefuthe lokukhanya kwelanga okanye ukongezwa kweekhemikhali) zingaguquka njenge-chloroplasts, ii-chloroplast ziguqulwa zibe ngama-chromoplast, xa i-chlorophyll ibhujiswe, kunye ne-pigment coloring ye-chromoplasts-i-carotene, i-anthocyan okanye i-xanthophyll-ibangelwa ngumbala. Olu tshintsho lubonakala ekwindla, xa amaqabunga neziqhamo ezininzi ziguqula umbala ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-chlorophyll kunye nokubonakaliswa kwee-pigment chromoplast.

Imisebenzi

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, iiplastidi ziyakwazi ukuhluka, kwaye imisebenzi yazo kwisisele yesityalo kuxhomekeke kwiindidi.

I-Leukoplast isebenza ikakhulu ngokugcina izondlo kunye nokugcinwa komsebenzi obalulekileyo wesityalo ngenxa yokukwazi ukugcina nokuvelisa iiprotheni, i-lipids, i-enzymes.

I-chloroplast idlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo ye-photosynthesis. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-chlorophyll igxile kwiiplastids, i-carbon dioxide kunye neamolekyu yamanzi ziguqulwa zibe yi-glucose kunye ne-molecule zomoya.

I-Chromoplasts, ngenxa yombala wayo oqaqambileyo, ukukhangela inambuzane ukuze iphole izityalo. Ukufundwa kwemisebenzi yale plastidi iqhubeka.